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In a coastal zone of a seas recreation resources are various. In general, they distinguished by 3 blocks, according to features of atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere as a parts of geographical sphere. At the same time, the exponents and qualities were separated, and the scales were elaborated for every of them. The resources estimations were made according to medicine-biological qualities of the coastal zone for next exponents: beach, cliff, submarine slope, water, sediment etc., Рекреационные ресурсы береговой зоны морей являются разнообразными. В общем, они разделены на 3 блока в соответствии с делением географической оболочки на ресурсы атмосферы, гидросферы и литосферы. В свою очередь, в каждом блоке были выделены показатели, для которых были разработаны оценочные шкалы. Оценка ресурсов велась в соответствии с медико-биологическими показаниями., Рекреаційні ресурси берегової зони морів відрізняються різноманітністю. Взагалі вони поділяються на 3 блоки, відповідно до поділення географічної оболонки на ресурси літосфери, атмосфери та гідросфери. В свою чергу, в кожному блоці були визначені показники, і для них були визначені шкали оцінювання. Оцінювання берегових ресурсів розроблялося у відповідності із медико-біологічними показниками.

[ES] El presente trabajo final de máster consiste en el diseño de una instalación para la desalación de agua de mar procedente del mar mediterráneo empleando para ello membranas de ósmosis inversa (OI). Para la elección de la ubicación se ha realizado un estudio de la situación del agua en España, la cual exige la utilización de recursos de agua no convencionales. Para la aplicación de la ósmosis inversa en el diseño de la instalación se han estudiado los fundamentos más importantes de esta tecnología aplicada a producción de agua potable, de manera que el agua producto pueda destinarse a consumo humano. Por lo tanto, atendiendo a las características del agua de mar, se ha realizado el diseño de una desaladora que incluye un proceso de OI, un pretratamiento de filtros de arena y filtros de cartucho seguidos del acondicionamiento del agua con químicos y un postratamiento de remineralización y cloración., [EN] This master's final work consists of the design of a seawater desalination plant for the desalina tion of seawater from the Mediterranean Sea using reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. In order to choose the location, a study of the water situation in Spain has been carried out, which re quires the use of non-conventional water resources. For the application of reverse osmosis in the design of the installation, the most important fundamentals of this technology applied to the production of drinking water have been studied, so that the product water can be used for human consumption. Therefore, taking into account the characteristics of seawater, the design of a desalination plant that includes a RO process, a pretreatment of sand filters and cartridge filters followed by water conditioning with chemicals and a post-treatment of remineralization and chlorination has been carried out.

By 2025, there will be insufficient drinking water according to a report of the world meteorological organization (WMO). In order to provide drinking water it was found that the use of seawater in the concrete industry was necessary. Researchers in the last decade’s findings have revealed some very important facts, but still it remains to be a dynamic subject for further study about the chemical deterioration of concrete for sea water used. This research presents an experimental study of the effect of sea water in concrete mixture, Totally 57 specimens (27cubes, 18cylinders, 12columns) where tested. The concrete cubes were going to be cured for 7, 28 and 96 days. The cubes were divided into three groups, group (A) concrete is mixed and cured in fresh water (FF). Group (B) was mixed and cured in seawater (SS), while group (C) mixed in fresh water and sea water (FS) by 50%. From the experimental results it was found that, The compressive strength in concrete mix B (SS) was higher than concrete which mix A (FF) and mix C (FS) by 31% and 7% at age 7 days, but at age 28 days the compressive strength in concrete mix A (FF) was higher than concrete which mix B (SS) and mix C (FS) by 4% and 10%, and at 96 days the compressive strength in concrete mix A (FF) was higher than concrete which mix B (SS) and mix C (FS) by 13% and 18%, due to the chloride contains tends to accelerate the setting of cement and may be due to salt crystallisation formation facing the strength gain. Keywords: Columns; Sea water; Fresh water; GFRP-reinforced concrete; Fire, Compression behaviour. Title: Compressive Strength of Concrete Mixed and Cured with Different Ratios of Fresh and sea Water Author: Magdy M.M. Genedy, Samy Akil Fawzy, Girgis Jacoup Ghattas, Nehal M. Ayash International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research ISSN 2348-7607 (Online) Vol. 11, Issue 1, April 2023 - September 2023 Page No: 1-7 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 15-April-2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830766 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/compressive-strength-of-concrete-mixed-and-cured-with-different-ratios-of-fresh-and-sea-water, International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research, ISSN 2348-7607 (Online), Research Publish Journals, Website: www.researchpublish.com

Buried metal objects in seawater may undergo corrosion because of the corrosive ions such as chloride ions present in seawater. However, a paint coating may control the corrosion of the metal objects such as robots. Corrosion resistance of mild steel in 3.5 % sodium chloride solution before and after coating with Asian guard red paint has been evaluated by polarization study and AC impedance spectra. In presence of Asian guard red paint, the linear polarization resistance increases, corrosion current decreases, charge transfer resistance increases, double layer capacitance decreases and impedance value increases. That is corrosion resistance of mild steel objects in 3.5 % sodium chloride solution increases after coating with Asian guard red paint.

Peer reviewed: True, The standard approach to exploring prebiotic chemistry is to use a small number of highly purified reactants and to attempt to optimize the conditions required to produce a particular end product. However, purified reactants do not exist in nature. We have previously proposed that what drives prebiotic evolution are complex chemical ecologies. Therefore, we have begun to explore what happens if one substitutes "sea water", with its complex mix of minerals and salts, for distilled water in the classic Miller experiment. We have also adapted the apparatus to permit it to be regassed at regular intervals so as to maintain a relatively constant supply of methane, hydrogen, and ammonia. The "sea water" used in the experiments was created from Mediterranean Sea salt with the addition of calcium phosphate and magnesium sulfate. Tests included several types of mass spectrometry, an ATP-monitoring device capable of measuring femtomoles of ATP, and a high-sensitivity cAMP enzyme-linked immunoadsorption assay. As expected, amino acids appeared within a few days of the start of the experiment and accumulated thereafter. Sugars, including glucose and ribose, followed as did long-chain fatty acids (up to C20). At three-to-five weeks after starting the experiment, ATP was repeatedly detected. Thus, we have shown that it is possible to produce a "one-pot synthesis" of most of the key chemical prerequisites for living systems within weeks by mimicking more closely the complexity of real-world chemical ecologies.

Coastal zones are extremely vulnerable and, at the same time, anthropogenically pressed. Excessive enrichment of marine waters with nutrients and organic matter can lead to “red tides”, oxygen deficits, decreasing assimilation capacity, etc. The purpose of this work is to study atmospheric precipitations as a source of nutrients directly affecting waters of the coastal areas of Crimea and, ultimately, strengthening eutrophication consequences. In 2004–2008, and from 2015 to present, samples of atmospheric precipitations have been collected at the Marine Hydrometeorological Station in Sevastopol. They have been analyzed for the content of inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica. For 2009–2014, direct measurements are unavailable and a previously retrieved multiple nonlinear regression equation has been used to estimate the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in atmospheric precipitations depending on meteorological conditions, including the number of precipitations, number of days without precipitations, relative air humidity, wind direction vectors, and air temperature. Data obtained in this study have revealed that atmospheric precipitations are one of important inputs of nutrients for local areas. Their relative contribution increases on the time scale of days, while the role of rivers remains the most important on the annual scale. The contribution of atmospheric precipitations to the inventory of nutrients becomes more significant in the summer, when seasonal stratification in the water column prevents vertical mixing of waters, and the ambient concentration of nutrients in the upper layer of water is minimal.

Günümüzde tüm dünyanın sorunu haline gelen temiz su ihtiyacını karşılamak için yeni çözümler bulunması gerekmektedir. Bu çözümlerden bir tanesi de deniz suyundan tatlı su elde edilmesidir. Üç tarafı denizlerle kaplı olan ülkemiz hem bu açıdan hem de bu sistemler için gerekli olan enerji göz önüne alındığında yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından olan güneş enerjisini kullanmak açısından da oldukça şanslı bir konumda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada güneş enerji destekli vakum destilasyon yöntemi kullanılarak deniz suyundan tatlı su elde edilmesinin teorik analizi yapılmıştır. Sistem için gerekli olan enerji ihtiyacı da yine güneş enerjisi kullanılarak PV paneller tarafından sağlandığı düşünülmüştür. Sistemden vakum altında ve atmosferik basınçta üretilecek olan su miktarları hesaplanarak kıyaslama yapılmış ve vakum altında üretim yapılmasının avantajları ve dezavantajları değerlendirilmiştir. Sistemin maliyet analizi de yapılmış olup yaklaşık olarak üretilecek suyun metreküp fiyatı belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada İzmir ili iklim koşulları ve Ege denizi değerleri kullanılmıştır. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda 100,30,20,10 ve 5 kPa basınç altında elde edilen su miktarları, sistemin enerji ihtiyacı hesaplanmış ve maliyet analizi yapılarak m3 su maliyeti hesaplanmıştır. Hesaplamalar sonucunda en yüksek su üretimi 5 kPa basınç altında elde edilmiş olup maliyeti yıllık üretime göre 19.50₺ olarak hesaplanmıştır. New solutions must be found to meet the clean water need, which has become the problem of the whole world today. One of these solutions is obtaining fresh water from seawater. Our country, which is covered by sea on three sides, is in a very lucky position in terms of using solar energy, which is one of the renewable energy sources, both in this respect and considering the energy required for these systems. theoretical analysis was made. The energy requirement for the system is also thought to be provided by PV panels using solar energy. The amount of water to be produced from the system under vacuum and at atmospheric pressure has been calculated and compared, and the advantages and disadvantages of producing under vacuum have been evaluated. The cost analysis of the system was also made and the cubic meter price of the water to be produced was determined. In this study, the climatic conditions of the province of Izmir and the values of the Aegean Sea were used. As a result of the study, the amount of water obtained under 100, 30, 20, 10 and 5 kPa pressure, the energy need of the system was calculated and the cost analysis was made and the m3 water cost was calculated. As a result of the calculations, the highest water production was obtained under 5 kPa pressure, and its cost was calculated as 19.50 ₺ according to the annual production.

The results of the analytical study substantiated the operating conditions for the highly efficient use of the temperature potential of seawater in heat pump heating systems (HPHS) for buildings a building with correspondingly improved environmental indicators. Based on the analysis of the regional conditions of the Odessa water area of the Black Sea, the initial parameters have been substantiated and rational modes of operation of an improved HPHS with central, decentralized or local heating of the subscriber energy carrier have been determined. As indicators for evaluating the efficiency of the HPHS operation, the conversion factor of energy flows and the specific consumption of external energy for the drive of the compressor and the circulating pump of cooled water in the operation of heat pump units were considered. For seawater in the Odessa water area of the Black Sea during the entire heating period, the following temperatures were considered as initial data for analysis: water at the inlet to the evaporator (5–10) ° C, at the outlet (1 °C); calculated temperature difference of the coolant in the heating system (50–40) °C, indoor air (20 °C); estimated outdoor temperature (–18 °C). The characteristic correspondence between the flow rates of the cooled sea water and the heated energy carrier of the heat supply system was taken into account. The prerequisites of high efficiency of the heat pump heat supply system in which the actual conversion coefficient exceeds the seasonal normalized calculated and minimum value at an outdoor temperature of (–10) °C under the limiting conditions of the monoenergy regime for both new and reconstructed buildings were substantiated. In the course of the study, it has been determined that the total specific consumption of external energy for the compressor drive and the circulation of cooled water in the operation of a heat pump unit with a characteristic ratio of water equivalents, even under the limiting conditions of the monoenergetic mode of operation of the heat supply system at an outdoor temperature of (–10) °C, are within the range of generally accepted values (w = 0.28–0.34).

The photo-oxidation of polypropylene at two different temperatures and in three different environments—air, distilled water and sea water—has been followed as a function of the irradiation time. The photo-oxidation kinetic is dramatically dependent on the amount of oxygen available for the oxidation reactions and on the temperature. While the photo-oxidation is very fast in air, the degradation is much slower in the two aqueous media. The degradation in sea water is slightly slower than in distilled water. In all cases, the degradation kinetic increases remarkably with the temperature. This behavior has been attributed to the lower oxygen availability for the oxidation reactions of the polymers. The light difference of the degradation kinetic between the two aqueous media depends on the small difference of the oxygen concentration at the test temperatures of 40 and 70 °C. At the latter temperature, the difference between the degradation kinetic in distilled water and sea water is still less important because increasing the temperature decreases the solubility of the oxygen, and it tends to became very similar in both samples of water.

Microplastics ( This study investigates water samples collected in the inner part of Isfjorden and Adventfjorden, located in western Svalbard, which is influenced by inflowing water masses from the Fram Strait in addition to local runoff from rivers and surrounding glaciers. The world's northernmost settlement, Longyearbyen, is also located here and has a non-treated wastewater outflow to Adventfjorden. The samples were collected on both sides of the opening of Adventfjorden. Two in the inflowing current and two in the outflowing current of the fjord. Replicate water samples were collected with a CTD cast equipped with Niskin bottles in June 2021. An already established oleo-extraction was applied to extract anthropogenic particles (¿50 µm) from the samples. The subsequent quantitative and qualitative analysis was conducted via Micro-FTIR. Results from the examination of the microplastics will be presented together with previous modelling experiments of fibre transport pathways from the wastewater outlet from Longyearbyen. Also see: https://micro2022.sciencesconf.org/427046/document, In MICRO 2022, Online Atlas Edition: Plastic Pollution from MACRO to nano

Both marine and nonmarine oil spills may have a significant negative impact on the environment. Polyetheleneglycol (PEG) has been used to coat magnetic nanoparticles Fe2O3 and AL2O3 to create nano solutions. FTIR and SEM methods were used to analyze the physicochemical characteristics of nano solutions as they had been created. The removal of crude oil from water using polyetheleneglycol (PEG)-coated magnetite nanoparticles was explored in this work in a variety of environmental relevant settings using a low-cost, simple hydrothermal approach. Using the ideal conditions, an oil removal experiment revealed complete oil removal from sea water (NP concentration: 1.6, 1.6, 1.2 wt percent, time removed: 1,2,3,4,5,6, and 24 hours). Lower chain alkanes (C9-C21) and more than 67 percent of C22-C25 were completely removed after 6 hours of separation, according to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results. More than 67 percent of C22-C25 alkanes were completely removed by increasing the separation time to 24 hours. In the absence of naturally occurring organic macromolecules (NOM), oil was almost completely removed from synthetic nanosolutions and synthetic sea water using varied NP concentrations. Alkanes in the C9–C20 range were also virtually completely eliminated. As a fictitious oil spill, crude oil was used to evaluate the activity of the nanosolution as it had been created. The findings demonstrate that the CMC-coated Ag nanoparticle displays the maximum crude oil removal percentage after removal time (6 hours). The optimal circumstances were 1.2 wt percent, as determined by an experimental design. The capacity of chosen pure Fe2O3, AL2O3, and Ag nanoparticle-coated polymers like PEG to minimize the genotoxicity caused by seawater crude oil was examined in vivo for the first time in the current preliminary investigation to see if they had any genotoxic effects. The results demonstrate that, under suitable environmental conditions, these nanoparticles may be used to remove oil quickly and effectively., ISSN 1000-4890 CN 21-1148 E-mail: cjournal516@gmail.com

Considering the current rate of expansion of the lumber processing industry in the world, the current annual allowable cut of one million cubic meters of round logs is considered to be insufficient to satisfy the increasing demand of timber industries. One major area that has been highlighted in the forest policy is the introduction of lesser-used species to widen the natural resource base of the forest and to address the imbalance between supply and demand for the resources. As a contribution to addressing this problem, oil palm lumber, a lesser-used species, was subjected to different moisture content variations to determine its behavior with respect to discoloration. Specimens of oil palm trunks were extracted at Norpalm Oil Mill in the Western Region of Ghana. Oil palm lumber specimens were conditioned in a kiln to a moisture content of 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. The results obtained covered discoloration and mold. The effect of the extractives on the discoloration of oil palm lumber was also investigated by means of immersing some samples of oil palm lumber into sea water and tap water for 48 h. Although Dursban 4E is a widely used preservative in the timber industry, oil palm lumber specimens of 40 mm thick immersed in Dursban 4E for 48 h and conditioned in a kiln to a moisture content of 30% were discolored from week 2. However, oil palm lumber specimens of 40 mm thick that were immersed in tap water for 48 h, and thereafter immersed in Dursban 4E for another 48 h, then kiln dried to a moisture content of 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%, did not show any discoloration from week 2 to week 18. It was discovered that in the utilization of oil palm lumber, it should be immersed in tap water for 48 h before any chemical treatment is given, and thereafter kiln dried. From the general results, the species proved to be good substitute for some of the ‘noble’ species that are going extinct from the forests of Ghana.

Local treatment of 30 preschool children suffe­ring from acute respiratory diseases, acute catarrhal tonsillopha­ryngitis was conducted using the drug Horlospas for Children, which is a metered dose spray containing sea salt, colloidal silver, chlorhexidine bigluconate, marigold and sage extracts, eucalyptus and mint essential oils. A notable acceleration of inflammation regression and a significant decrease in the number of complications after acute respiratory disease were registered. The use of combined drug Horlospas for Children has reduced the number of catarrhal tonsillopharyngitis episodes in the winter, even in sickly children of preschool age., Местное лечение 30 детей дошкольного возраста с ОРЗ, острым катаральным тонзиллофарингитом было проведено препаратом Горлоспас для детей, представляющим собой дозированный спрей, содержащий морскую соль, коллоидное серебро, хлоргексидина биглюконат, экстракты календулы и шалфея, эфирные масла эвкалипта и мяты. Зарегистрировано заметное ускорение регресса воспалительного процесса и достоверное уменьшение количества осложнений после перенесенного острого респираторного заболевания. Применение комплексного препарата Горлоспас для детей позволило сократить количество эпизодов катарального тонзиллофарингита в зимнее время даже у часто болеющих детей дошкольного возраста., Місцеве лікування 30 дітей дошкільного віку з ГРЗ, гострим катаральним тонзилофарингітом було проведено препаратом Горлоспас для дітей, що є дозованим спреєм, який містить морську сіль, колоїдне срібло, хлоргексидину біглюконат, екстракти календули і шавлії, ефірні масла евкаліпта та м’яти. Зареєстровано помітне прискорення регресу запального процесу і вірогідне зменшення кількості ускладнень після перенесеного гострого респіраторного захворювання. Застосування препарату Горлоспас для дітей дозволило скоротити кількість епізодів катарального тонзилофарингіту в зимовий час навіть у дітей дошкільного віку, які часто хворіють.

Sea water as a raw material resources for the kitchen salt production, besides containing NaCl, has also containing other dissolved salts such as hygroscopic calcium and magnesium salts. The high content of other salts cause industrial NaCl has a low quality. This aim research was to find out the effect of seawater evaporation on NaCl content changes. Seawater obtained from Nggolonto, Nagekeo, NTT, was used with an initial volume of 200 mL, then it was concentrated in varying of final volume, i.e. 20, 23, 25, 27 and 29 mL. The NaCl content was calculated based on total chloride ion content, corrected toward magnesium and calcium ions content and the presence of sulphate anion. In addition, the chloride and magnesium also calcium ions content was analyzed volumetrically, while the sulphate anion was determined spectrophotometrically. The research result showed that NaCl content increase significantly up to 27 mL of final volume and was constantly afterward. Furthermore, the highest of NaCl content obtained from final volume of 29 mL was 96.01%. Nevertheless, comparing to SNI 06-0303-1989, its content was still below the standard of 98.5%.

10 pages, 5 figures.-- Under a Creative Commons license., Understanding the ocean carbon sink and its future acidification-derived changes requires accurate and precise measurements with good spatiotemporal coverage. In addition, a deep knowledge of the thermodynamics of the seawater carbonate system is key to interconverting between measured and calculated variables. To gain insights into the remaining inconsistencies in the seawater carbonate system, we assess discrete water column measurements of carbon dioxide fugacity (fCO2), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), and pH measured with unpurified indicators, from hydrographic cruises in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans included in GLODAPv2.2020 (19,013 samples). An agreement of better than ± 3% between fCO2 measured and calculated from DIC and pH is obtained for 94% of the compiled dataset, while when considering fCO2 measured and calculated from DIC and TA, the agreement is better than ± 4% for 88% of the compiled dataset, with a poorer internal consistency for high-CO2 waters. Inspecting all likely sources of uncertainty from measured and calculated variables, we conclude that the seawater carbonate system community needs to (i) further refine the thermodynamic model of the seawater carbonate system, especially K2, including the impact of organic compounds and other acid-base systems on TA; (ii) update the standard operating procedures for the seawater carbonate system measurements following current technological and analytical advances, paying particular attention to the pH methodology that is the one that evolved the most; (iii) encourage measuring discrete water column fCO2 to further check the internal consistency of the seawater carbonate system, especially given the new era of sensor-based seawater measurements; and (iv) develop seawater Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) for fCO2 and pH together with seawater CRMs for TA and DIC over the range of values encountered in the global ocean. Our conclusions also suggest the need for a re-evaluation of the adjustments applied by GLODAPv2 to pH, which were based on DIC and TA consistency checks but not supported by fCO2 and DIC consistency, The research leading to these results was supported through NOAA's Ocean Acidification Program (OAP) via Award #NA17OAR0170332; through NERC via project NE/P021263/1; through the Spanish Research Agency via project PID2019-104279GB-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; and through GAIN via grant IN607A2018/2, With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

The element concentrations of three rivers flowing into Sagami Bay were com-pared. In all three rivers measured, the element concentration remained high for more than half month due to the direct impact of a large typhoon. The effect of river water inflow on the seawater concentration was observed up to about 500 m from the estuary, and after that, the element concentration was mostly constant., Departmental Bulletin Paper, 原著, 2020年度 神奈川大学総合理学研究所共同研究助成論文

Articulo Científico, Metal and metallothionein (MT) in mixed zooplankton were investigated as means of monitoring metal availability regarding environmental exposure. Spatial and temporal variability of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn and Pb in zooplankton and seawater were studied in Saronikos Gulf (Aegean Sea, Eastern Mediterranean), once every second month during an annual cycle (2011–2012). Particulate organic carbon and chlorophyll α were also measured in seawater samples. Median zooplankton metal concentrations were 0.65, 32.4, 7.1, 864, 1420, 40.2 and 26.8 μg g-1 dw for Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn and Pb, respectively, and 109 μg g-1 ww for MTs. Metal levels in zooplankton and MTs were higher at sites influenced by human-derived pressures. Additionally, metal concentrations in pelagic fish flesh from the Greek MED-POL data base were used for bioconcentration and biomagnification factors calculation. Bioconcentration from water to zooplankton was higher than metal transfer from either seston to zooplankton or zooplankton to fish., SI

Reinforced concrete structures that are destroyed due to corrosion attacks need serious handling. One method of preventing corrosion is by using an inhibitor. In this study, the inhibitors used were tobacco leaf extract inhibitors with variations of 0%, 4% and 8%. The method used to analyze the corrosion rate that occurs is the weight loss method. Tests carried out by providing electricity to the test object using a voltage of 5V. The results showed that the influence of the addition of tobacco extract inhibitors at concentrations of 4% and 8% was able to reduce the density of anodic and cathodic currents which resulted in a reduced corrosion rate in steel reinforcement. This proves that tobacco extract can be used as a green corrosion inhibitor because it effectively decreases the corrosion rate.

The presence of water on pavement causes loss of strength and moisture damage. Therefore, cracks and stripping occur on pavement over time. Pavements in the provinces on the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts are exposed to salty water as a result of overflow of sea due to atmospheric conditions in winter. For example, if wind blows towards the land, water level in sea rises and floods the land. In this study, effects of the Aegean and Mediterranean Sea waters which have different salinity rates on hot mix asphalt were investigated. Both stripping (Nicholson, California and Texas Boiling) and adhesion (Vialit) tests were carried out in order to evaluate the adhesion between aggregates and bitumen in samples which were exposed to Aegean and Mediterranean Sea waters which have different salinity rates. According to the test results, it was observed that the adhesion between aggregates and bitumen decreased with the increase in salinity. The unconditioned indirect tensile strengths of the hot mix asphalt exposed to pure water, Aegean Sea water and Mediterranean Sea water were determined as 798, 730 and 687 kPa respectively, while the conditioned indirect tensile strengths were determined as 725, 478 and 438 kPa. Also, the tensile strength ratios of hot mix asphalt conditioned with pure water, Aegean and Mediterranean Sea water were determined as %91, %68 and %60 respectively. The tensile strength ratios of the samples conditioned with the Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea waters have not met the specification limit value. It has been determined that Aegean and Mediterranean Sea waters which have different salinity rates damage to hot mix asphalt. Therefore, it is suggested that, certain features of pavements which built near the seaside should be improved. In literature, effect of solutions formed from the components of sea water on samples prepared in laboratory has been examined, but natural sea water has not been used on samples directly. This circumstance shows the originality of study.

The aim of this study was to determine whether endemic coral fish commonly consumed by Jeddah residents could serve as bioindicators of oil contamination. In addition, we planned to investigate the relationship between amino acid changes and hydrocarbon concentrations in fish tissue. The composition of amino acids was analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization. An analytical study of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total petroleum hydrocarbons was conducted by combining gas chromatography with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied using Statgraphics software to determine the impact of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total petroleum hydrocarbons on the amino acid profile of three species of fish. In addition, the bioconcentration factor was estimated in the studied species and was used to validate the results obtained from the multivariate analysis. Based on the results of the study, the sum of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with two cycles, and with five to six cycles, is in reverse order in Plectropomus pessuliferus with respect to Epinephelus tauvina and Cephalopholis argus. The factor analysis showed high factor scores for aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, chrysene, and total petroleum hydrocarbons, and for lipids and benzo(g,h,i)perylene, which could be explained by bioaccumulation. It was concluded that the high proportions of glutamic acid (8.32–11.10%) and aspartic acid (6.06–8.27%) in the muscles of the studied species are a sign of contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons. The incremental lifetime cancer risk values for the three endemic fish exceeded the limit value (>10−5), indicating a high potential cancer risk for the Saudi population.

As compared to China’s overall oil reserves, the reserve share of offshore oilfields is rather significant. However, offshore oilfield circumstances for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) include not just severe temperatures and salinity, but also restricted space on offshore platforms. This harsh oil production environment requires polymers with relatively strong salt resistance, solubility, thickening ability, rapid, superior injection capabilities, and anti-shearing ability. As a result, research into polymers with high viscosity and quick solubility is recognized as critical to meeting the criteria of polymer flooding in offshore oil reservoirs. For the above purposes, a novel hydrophobically associating polymer (HAP) was prepared to be used for polymer flooding of Bohai offshore oilfields. The synthetic procedure was free radical polymerization in aqueous solutions starting at 0 °C, using acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), and poly(ethylene glycol) octadecyl methacrylate (POM) as comonomers. It was discovered that under ideal conditions, the molecular weight of HAP exceeds 2.1 × 107 g⋅mol−1. In a simulated reservoir environment, HAP has substantially greater solubility, thickening property, and salt resistance than conventional polyacrylamide (HPAM), with equivalent molecular weight. Finally, the injectivity and propagation of the two polymers in porous media were investigated. Compared with HPAM, which has a similar molecular weight, HAP solution with the concentration of 0.175% had a much better oil displacement effect in the porous medium, which can enhance oil recovery by 8.8%. These discoveries have the potential to pave the way for chemical EOR in offshore oilfields.

The use of blast furnace cement is an effective way to meet the requirements of sustainable development. However, CEM III/C is characterized by slow strength gain. The problem can be worse for plasticized reinforced blast furnace cement concretes mixed with sea water in view of shorter durability. The mitigation of corrosion in plasticized blast furnace cement concretes mixed with sea water can be provided through a composition of minor additional constituents, with percentage by mass of the main constituents: alkali metal compounds, 2…3; calcium aluminate cement, 1; clinoptilolite, 1. The alkali metal compounds are known to activate hydraulic properties of ground granulated blast furnace slag. A calcium aluminate cement promotes the accelerated chemical binding of Cl− and SO42−-ions with the formation of Kuzel’s salt. A clinoptilolite occludes these aggressive ions. The positive effects of the mentioned minor additional constituents in the blast furnace cement were supported by the increased early strength gain and the higher structural density, as well as by a good state of steel reinforcement, in the plasticized concretes mixed with sea water.

Sea water and sea salt obtained from it are widely used as substances in the production of medicinal products. Complex chemical composition of sea water which contains various salts, calls for the development of a common quality standard for sea water-based medicines. The aim of the study was to analyse and summarise available data on the sources of sea water-based medicines, and on the current test methods, as well as to develop a unified approach to quality control. The paper summarises information on the use of sea water for medical purposes. It presents comparative data on the chemical composition of sea water obtained from different sources, manufacturing technologies of sea water-based medicines, and composition of medicines produced from sea water or sea salt. The paper summarises data on the use of sea water for the production of various dosage forms: drops, sprays, aerosols. The study revealed qualitative and quantitative differences in the content of major cations and anions in drug products. The authors analysed the use of various chemical and physico-chemical test methods for qualitative and quantitative characterisation of medicines. It was concluded that there is a need to harmonise quality control methods for sea water-based medicines.

Cereals in general and millets in particular have been identified as major food crops globally and increase in crop production is required to meet the demands of the ever increasing global population. However, continuous climatic variations or abiotic stresses have led the drastic reduction in food grain yields. In view of affects of abiotic stresses on food crops plants, present study was undertaken to analyze the comparative responses of salinity stresses induced by various concentrations of NaCl (50mM, 100mM, 250mM and 500mM) and sea water (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) during seed germination and seedling growth under ex-vitro conditions in kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.). After 6-days and 12-days of salinity stress treatments, observations were recorded and after 12-days of treatments, results reveal that salinity stress caused by NaCl-salt concentration (250mM) proves to be very lethal causing strong seed germination and therefore, the mean germination frequency (33% ±0.530 was recorded while further increase in NaCl concentration (500mM) was found to be fully toxic and seed germination frequency was obtained as zero in comparison to control experiment (94% ±0.35). Similarly, in case of salinity stress induced by sea water treatments, 25% of the sea water concentration was found to cause strong promotion instead of inhibition and (71% ±0.17) of the seeds could exhibit promotion in germination frequency and further increase in sea water concentration (50%) and above was turned out to be fully toxic. Furthermore, during biochemical studies, protein contents in the tissues growing under NaCl-salinity stresses at (50mM, 100mM and 250mM) were estimated and significantly it was found to decline with the increase in concentration of NaCl-salt stress solutions. After 12th days of treatments, protein contents were found to be minimum (198.2 mg/g) in the tissues that were growing in high concentration of NaCl (250mM) solution than the control solution (476.4mg/g) grown tissues.

Polymers are known to be sensitive to aging; their lifetime can be predicted through experimental tests. This paper displays an experimental study on the long-term performance of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) exposed to solar (UV) radiations and artificial (UV) lamp radiations, drinking water and sea water. The performance of this polymer was analyzed in terms of strain variation; strain at break in tension, and Young's modulus. The results obtained showed that the amount of absorbed water is independent of the nature of the solvent, and only the absorption kinetics may be regulated by the species contained in the medium. This seems to indicate that plastification of polymers is a reversible phenomenon. In addition, it was found that the tensile strength and elastic modulus drop with increasing immersion time. Compared with seawater, the absorption of drinking tap water, after 36 months, leads to a non-linear behavior of the polymethyl methacrylate. Exposition of PMMA to artificial (UV) lamp radiations and solar (UV) radiations, for the same duration of exposure, resulted in greater performance degradation when the polymer was exposed to artificial (UV) lamp radiations. In addition, the results obtained after a 19 month exposure period that the artificial (UV) lamp radiations changes the behavior of this material from viscoelastic to viscoplastic

Petroleum crude oil is transported on a global scale through marine vessels and barges by the sea route. Oil spills into the marine environment are known to cause long term effects on the health of marine life and human beings in addition to harming the eco-system. In this study, petroleum refinery effluent samples were collected and analyzed for their physico-chemical properties. Thirty two bacterial strains were isolated by direct isolation and post enrichment in crude oil. Among these, fourteen isolates could utilize petroleum hydrocarbons as sole carbon source on Bushnell Hass Agar plates supplemented with crude oil within 2 days. Out of these fourteen strains, four could decolorize 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol within 36 h completely. They were identified as Bacillus cereus WD22, Pseudomonas aeruginosa WD23 and WDE11 (2 strains) and Acinetobacter baumannii OCB1 by 16sRNA sequencing. All four strains could tolerate salinity up to 4.0%w/v. The reduction in total petroleum hydrocarbons in sea water spiked with crude oil (1.0%v/v) supplemented with trace amounts of glucose and yeast extract was studied by gravimetric analysis. P. aeruginosaWD23 degraded 27.25% of supplied petroleum crude oil under limited nutrient conditions in seawater in 15 days.

Objectives. The development of a decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation.Methods. The design of a decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation makes it possible to decrease the boiling points of seawater and the obtained fresh water and brine by changing the pressure in the desalinatior thus increasing the device’s energy efficiency.Results. The use of the designed decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation practically reduces the boiling point of seawater, completely eliminating Joule's parasitic heat release. The Peltier thermoelectric effect of heating and cooling is completely preserved, bringing the desalinator efficiency coefficient up to almost 100% and improving its energy-saving characteristics as a whole.Conclusion. A decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation can be used to produce fresh water and concentrated solutions from any aqueous solutions, as well as to treat wastewater from industrial enterprises with simultaneous bacterial and virus disinfection. The construction materials of the desalination device are environmentally friendly.

Due to the importance of underwater exploration in the development and utilization of deep-sea resources, underwater autonomous operation is more and more important to avoid the dangerous high-pressure deep-sea environment. For underwater autonomous operation, the intelligent computer vision is the most important technology. In an underwater environment, weak illumination and low-quality image enhancement, as a pre-processing procedure, is necessary for underwater vision. In this paper, introduced the Deep learning based Underwater Metal object detection using input Image data by using several step to improve the model performance. In this experimentation we are using TURBID dataset 100 images to validate the performance. And also we compare the performance result by given the input images in different validation level. In first input image is initially preprocessed and that images is given to the KFCM-Segmentation. The segmented images are given to the DWT Extraction to extract the features from those images. And finally the Convolution Neural Network (CNN) is used to classify the images to detect the objects. Also this proposed model attained the classification accuracy of 98.83%. This method is much suitable for detect the objects in underwater robotically. Metallic parts of machines of ships or aero planes may submerge in sea water. They may undergo corrosion when they come in contact with sea water which contains 3.5% sodium chloride. This is most commonly responsible for the corrosive nature of the sea water. The robots made of materials such as mild steel may also undergo corrosion when they come in contact with sea water, while is search. If a paint coating is given, it will control the corrosion of these proposed materials. Hence this work is undertaken. Mild steel is coated with Asian guard red paint. Corrosion resistance of mild in3.5% sodium chloride solution is measured before coating and after coating by electrochemical studies such as such as polarization study and AC impedance spectra. The corrosion inhibition efficiency offered by red paint to mild steel in 3.5% sodium chloride is 99.98%.

Plesiomonas shigelloides are gram-negative, thermotolerant, motile, and pleomorphic microorganisms that are only distantly related to those of the Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae families. One of the most common sources of P. shigelloides contamination is human stool, but it may also be found in a wide range of other animals, plants, and aquatic habitats. Antimicrobial resistance in P. shigelloides from seawater and shellfish was investigated, and pathogenicity involved genes were characterized as part of this study. Out of 384 samples of shellfish, 5.7% included P. shigelloides. The presence of P. shigelloides was also discovered in 5% of the seawater sampled. The antimicrobial resistance of 23 P. shigelloides isolates derived from those samples was investigated. All isolates were sensitive to nalidixic acid, carbenicillin, cephalothin, erythromycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin in the study. Several strains isolated from diseased shellfish were tested for virulence in shellfish by intraperitoneal injections. The LD50 values ranged from 12 × 108 to 3 × 1012 cfu/shellfish. When looking for possible virulence factors that may play a significant role in bacterial infection in the current study, we found that all of these genes were present in these strains. These include genes such as elastase, lipase, flagellin, enterotoxin, and DNases. According to these findings, shellfish may serve as a reservoir for multi-resistant P. shigelloides and help spread virulence genes across the environment.

The hull plates of the ship made of mild steel (MS) are always in contact with seawater are always in contact with aggressive ions such as chloride ions present in seawater.The corrosion resistance of the hull plates of the ship made of mild steel has been investigated by polarization study. Sandalwood oil extract containing 5 g each of Cardamom (disambiguation), Clove (disambiguation), Nutmeg, India Sambrani (loban), Chrysopogon zizanioides, commonly known as vetiver and Camphor was used as corrosion inhibitor along with Trisodium citrate (TSC), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (SDP) and Zn2+. The corrosion resistance was measured in the absence and presence of various inhibitor systems: Trisodium citrate (TSC) 100 ppm+ Zn2+ 50ppm system, sodium dihydrogen phosphate (SDP) 100 ppm+ Zn2+ 50ppm system, Oil coated (3days) MS, Oil coated (3days) MS +TSC 100 ppm+ Zn2+ 50 ppm system and Oil coated (3days) MS +SDP100 ppm+ Zn2+ 50 ppm system were used. It is observed that when mild steel is immersed in SW+TSC 100 ppm+ Zn2+ 50ppm system , the corrosion resistance of MS increases. When mild steel is immersed in SW+ SDP 100 ppm+ Zn2+ 50ppm system , the corrosion resistance of MS increases. When mild steel is immersed in Oil coated (3days) MS in Sea water system , the corrosion resistance of MS increases. When mild steel is immersed in Oil coated (3days) MS in SW+TSC 100 ppm+ Zn2+ 50ppm system , the corrosion resistance of MS increases. When mild steel is immersed in Oil coated (3 days) MS in SW+ SDP 100 ppm+ Zn2+ 50ppm system , the corrosion resistance of MS increases. This is revealed by the fact that there is increase in LPR value and decrease in corrosion current value. The corrosion potential is shifted to anodic side. This indicates that in this inhibitor system, the anodic reaction of metal dissolution is controlled predominantly. This implies that these inhibitor systems may be coated on mild steel surface used as hull plates to prevent corrosion of mild steel in sea water.

В работе рассмотрена возможность определения суммарного содержания олова в различных формах нахождения в водах Азовского и Черного морей, отличающихся по солености. Оловоорганические соединения при наличии в водах мешают определению неорганических форм олова прямым вводом методами ИСП-спектрометрии. Показано, что перед определением суммарного содержания олова в различных формах нахождения в водах с оловоорганическими соединениями требуется СВЧ-минерализация анализируемых образцов, в условиях которой обеспечивается количественный перевод в неорганическую форму олова. Наибольшую эффективность разложения образцов воды достигали при использовании окислительных смесей на основе азотной кислоты (5.0 см3 HNO3; 4.0 см3 HNO3 + 1.0 см3 HCl и 3.0 см3 HNO3 + 2.0 см3 H2О2). Установлены пределы определения олова (ПОSn) в растворах, приготовленных на деионизованной и модельных морских водах с различной соленостью. Значения ПОSn по предложенной схеме анализа для ИСП-АЭС в образцах вод Азовского и Черного морей при прямом вводе пробы составили 0.40 и 0.47 мкг/дм3, соответственно. При ИСП-МС определении ПОSn также повышается с ростом минерализации воды и колеблется от 0.03 (деионизованная вода) до 0.45 мкг/дм3 (модельная морская вода с соленостью 18 ‰). Разработанная схема анализа позволила определять суммарное содержание олова с учетом всех форм его нахождения в морских водах. Удовлетворительная сходимость результатов анализов после СВЧ-минерализации вод наблюдается при ИСП-АЭС определении суммарного содержания олова в диапазоне от 0.45 до 10.0 мкг/дм3, а для ИСП-МС в диапазоне от 0.40 до 5.00 мкг/дм3. В проанализированных образцах вод Азовского и Черного морей установили суммарные содержания олова, составившие 0.20 и 0.23 мкг/дм3, соответственно. The paper considers the possibility of determining the total content of tin in various forms of presence in the waters of the Azov and Black Seas, which differ in salinity. Organotin compounds, when present in waters, interfere with the determination of inorganic forms of tin by direct injection by ICP spectrometry. It is shown that before determining the total content of tin in various forms of presence in waters with organotin compounds, microwave mineralization of the analyzed samples is required, under which a quantitative conversion to the inorganic form of tin is ensured. The highest efficiency of decomposition of water samples was achieved using oxidizing mixtures based on nitric acid (5.0 см3 HNO3; 4.0 см3 HNO3 + 1.0 см3 HCl и 3.0 см3 HNO3 + 2.0 см3 H2О2). Limits for the determination of tin (LOQSn) in solutions prepared in deionized and model sea waters with different salinities have been established. According to the proposed scheme of analysis for ICP-AES, the LOQSn values in water samples from the Azov and Black Seas were 0.40 and 0.47 µg/dm3, respectively, with direct injection of the sample. In the ICP-MS determination of LOQSn also increases with increasing water salinity and ranges from 0.03 (deionized water) to 0.45 μg/dm3 (model sea water with a salinity of 18 ‰). The developed scheme of analysis made it possible to determine the total content of tin, considering all forms of its presence in sea waters. Satisfactory convergence of the results of analyzes after microwave mineralization of waters is observed for ICP-AES determination of the total tin content in the range from 0.45 to 10.0 μg/dm3, and for ICP-MS in the range from 0.40 to 5.00 μg/dm3. In the analyzed water samples of the Azov and Black Seas, the total tin content was found to be 0.20 and 0.23 µg/dm3, respectively. Данная работа выполнена с использованием научного оборудования ЦКП «Эколого-аналитический центр» Кубанского государственного университета. The research was carried out using the scientific equipment of the Center for Collective Use «Ecological Analytical Center» of the Kuban State University.

The presence of water on pavement causes loss of strength and moisture damage. Therefore, cracks and stripping occur on pavement over time. Pavements in the provinces on the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts are exposed to salty water as a result of overflow of sea due to atmospheric conditions in winter. For example, if wind blows towards the land, water level in sea rises and floods the land. In this study, effects of the Aegean and Mediterranean Sea waters which have different salinity rates on hot mix asphalt were investigated. Both stripping (Nicholson, California and Texas Boiling) and adhesion (Vialit) tests were carried out in order to evaluate the adhesion between aggregates and bitumen in samples which were exposed to Aegean and Mediterranean Sea waters which have different salinity rates. According to the test results, it was observed that the adhesion between aggregates and bitumen decreased with the increase in salinity. The unconditioned indirect tensile strengths of the hot mix asphalt exposed to pure water, Aegean Sea water and Mediterranean Sea water were determined as 798, 730 and 687 kPa respectively, while the conditioned indirect tensile strengths were determined as 725, 478 and 438 kPa. Also, the tensile strength ratios of hot mix asphalt conditioned with pure water, Aegean and Mediterranean Sea water were determined as %91, %68 and %60 respectively. The tensile strength ratios of the samples conditioned with the Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea waters have not met the specification limit value. It has been determined that Aegean and Mediterranean Sea waters which have different salinity rates damage to hot mix asphalt. Therefore, it is suggested that, certain features of pavements which built near the seaside should be improved. In literature, effect of solutions formed from the components of sea water on samples prepared in laboratory has been examined, but natural sea water has not been used on samples directly. This circumstance shows the originality of study.

Currently, a significant amount of research is focused on detecting Marine Debris and assessing its spectral behaviour via remote sensing, ultimately aiming at new operational monitoring solutions. Here, we introduce a Marine Debris Archive (MARIDA), as a benchmark dataset for developing and evaluating Machine Learning (ML) algorithms capable of detecting Marine Debris. MARIDA is the first dataset based on the multispectral Sentinel-2 (S2) satellite data, which distinguishes Marine Debris from various marine features that co-exist, including Sargassum macroalgae, Ships, Natural Organic Material, Waves, Wakes, Foam, dissimilar water types (i.e., Clear, Turbid Water, Sediment-Laden Water, Shallow Water), and Clouds. We provide annotations (georeferenced polygons/ pixels) from verified plastic debris events in several geographical regions globally, during different seasons, years and sea state conditions. A detailed spectral and statistical analysis of the MARIDA dataset is presented along with well-established ML baselines for weakly supervised semantic segmentation and multi-label classification tasks. MARIDA is an open-access dataset which enables the research community to explore the spectral behaviour of certain floating materials, sea state features and water types, to develop and evaluate Marine Debris detection solutions based on artificial intelligence and deep learning architectures, as well as satellite pre-processing pipelines.

Рассмотрена возможность определения суммарного содержания олова в водах Азовского и Черного морей с использованием техники генерации гидридов. Проведена оптимизация условий генерации гидридов олова для последующего определения методами атомно-эмиссионной спектрометрии с индуктивно-связанной плазмой (ИСП-АЭС) и масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно-связанной плазмой (ИСП-МС). При изучении матричного влияния компонентов установлено, что переходные металлы Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+ и Fe3+ снижают аналитический сигнал олова. Изучена возможность нивелирования влияния переходных металлов различными связывающими маскирующими агентами (L-цистеином, ЭДТА, винной кислотой, иодидом калия и тиокарбамидом), из которых наибольшую эффективность показал L-цистеин. В оптимизированных условиях анализа установлены пределы определения неорганического олова в модельных водах, составившие вне зависимости от уровня солености 0.05 и 0.03 мкг/дм3 для ИСП-АЭС и ИСП-МС, соответственно. Оценена возможность определения олова в водах с применением техники генерации гидридов, когда аналит присутствует в форме оловоорганических соединений. Показано, что для ИСП-спектрометрического определения аналита с генерацией гидридов в воде, содержащей оловоорганические соединения, требуется СВЧ-минерализация образцов. Удовлетворительную сходимость результатов анализов наблюдали при определении суммарного содержания олова в морских водах в диапазонах концентраций 0.05-2.00 и 0.03-2.00 мкг/дм3 для ИСП-АЭС и ИСП-МС, соответственно. Разработанные методики применили при определении олова в водах Азовского и Черного морей, суммарные содержания аналита в них составили 0.15 и 0.23 мкг/дм3, соответственно. The current paper considers the possibility of determining the total tin content in the waters of the Azov and Black seas using the hydride generation technique. The conditions for the generation of tin hydrides were optimized for the subsequent determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). When studying the matrix effect of the components, it was found that the transition metals Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ reduce the analytical signal of tin. The possibility of leveling the influence of transition metals by various binding masking agents (L-cysteine, EDTA, tartaric acid, potassium iodide and thiocarbamide), of which L-cysteine showed the greatest efficiency, was studied. Under the optimized analysis conditions, the limits for the determination of inorganic tin in the model waters were established, which, regardless of the salinity level, were 0.05 and 0.03 μg/dm3 for ICP-AES and ICP-MS, respectively. The possibility of determining tin in waters using the hydride generation technique, when the analyte was present in the form of organotin compounds, was evaluated. It has been shown that for the ICP spectrometric determination of the analyte with the generation of hydrides in water containing organotin compounds, microwave mineralization of the samples was required. The satisfactory convergence of the analyses’ results was observed when determining the total content of tin in sea waters in the concentration ranges of 0.05-2.00 and 0.03-2.00 μg/dm3 for ICP-AES and ICP-MS, respectively. The developed methods were used to determine tin in the waters of the Azov and Black seas; the total analyte content in them was 0.15 and 0.23 μg/dm3, respectively. Исследования проводились в рамках выполнения Госзадания Минобрнауки РФ, проект № FZEN-2020-0022, с использованием научного оборудования ЦКП «Эколого-аналитический центр» Кубанского госуниверситета. Current studies were performed within the framework of the government assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, project no. FZEN-2020-0022, the experiments were carried out with the use of scientific equipment of the Environmental Analytical Center of Collective Use at the Kuban State University.

This study aims to estimate the degradation process of polylactide (PLA) in natural aqueous environments. The biological degradation of PLA took place in the Baltic Sea and in the natural pond over a period of 1 to 16 months. The characteristic abiotic parameters of both environments were monitored during incubation time, and their influence on the PLA degradation was discussed. The changes in weight, chemical structure, mechanical properties and surface morphology of investigated samples were also tested during incubation. The obtained results indicate that polylactide is not very susceptible to an enzymatic attack of microorganisms present in natural aqueous environments.

Assessing the presence of viruses in large-volume samples involves cumbersome methods that require specialized training and laboratory equipment. In this study, a large volume concentration (LVC) method, based on dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) and Wet Foam Elution™ technology, was evaluated in different type of waters and different microorganisms. Its recovery efficiency was evaluated through different techniques (infectivity assays and molecular detection) by spiking different viral surrogates (bacteriophages PhiX174 and MS2 and Coxsackie virus B5 (CVB5) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Furthermore, the application of a secondary concentration step was evaluated and compared with skimmed milk flocculation. Viruses present in river water, seawater and groundwater samples were concentrated by applying LVC method and a centrifugal ultrafiltration device (CeUF), as a secondary concentration step and quantified with specific qPCR Human adenoviruses (HAdV) and noroviruses (NoVs). MS2 was used as process control, obtaining a mean viral recovery of 22.0 ± 12.47%. The presence of other viruses was also characterized by applying two different next-generation sequencing approaches. LVC coupled to a secondary concentration step based on CeUF allowed to detect naturally occurring viruses such as HAdV and NoVs in different water matrices. Using HAdV as a human fecal indicator, the highest viral pollution was found in river water samples (100% of positive samples), followed by seawater (83.33%) and groundwater samples (66.67%). The LVC method has also proven to be useful as a virus concentration method in the filed since HAdV and NoVs were detected in the river water and groundwater samples concentrated in the field. All in all, LVC method presents high concentration factor and a low limit of detection and provides viral concentrates useful for subsequent molecular analysis such as PCR and massive sequencing., This study was partly supported by grant PCI2019-103643, RTI2018-097346-B-I00 and AGL2017-86797-C2-1-R AGL funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER “A way of making Europe”, by the European Union. Sílvia Bofill-Mas is a Serra-Hunter Fellow at the University of Barcelona. Eva Forés is an APIF fellow at the University of Barcelona. Marta Itarte is a fellow of the Catalan Government “AGAUR” (FI) at the University of Barcelona. We thank Rosina Girones for her scientific assessment and Mauricio Córdova for his collaboration in the application of the method in situ.

Trošenje neobnovljivih resursa i ispuštanje velikih količina ugljikovog dioksida (𝐶𝑂2 ) dovelo je do potrebe pronalaženja ekološki i ekonomski prihvatljivih materijala. Danas se u svijetu pokušavaju pronaći efikasna rješenja kao zamjena za sintetička vlakna. Korištenje celuloznih vlakana u kompozitima pokazalo je svoje prednosti. U radu su izrađeni uzorci morta ojačani vlaknima brnistre tretiranih morskom vodom, uzorci su ispitani na savojnu i tlačnu čvrstoću te su dobiveni rezultati uspoređeni sa uzorcima sa drugim vlaknima, Consumption of non-renewable resources and the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide (𝐶𝑂2) has led to the need to find environmentally and economically acceptable materials. Today the world is trying to find effective solutions as a replacement for synthetic fibres. The use of cellulose fibres in composites has shown its advantages. In this paper, mortar samples with Spanish broom fibres treated with sea water were made, the samples were tested for flexural and compressive strength, and obtained results were compared with samples with other fibres.

U današnje vrijeme se sve više teži ekološkom razvoju. Iz tog razloga se i u građevinarstvu sve više primjenjuju prirodna vlakna u zamjenu za sintetička vlakna, zbog svoje pristupačnosti. U ovom radu ispitani su uzorci cementnog morta, ojačani vlaknima brnistre dobivena morskom obradom, te uzorci ojačani polipropilenskim i staklenim vlaknima. Uzorci su ispitani na tlačnu i savojnu čvrstoću pri starosti od 28 dana, te su uspoređeni njihovi rezultati., Nowadays, there is more and more ecological development. For this reason, natural fibers are increasingly used in construction in exchange for synthetic fibers, due to their affordability. In this paper, samples specimens of cement mortar, reinforced broom fibers obtained by sea treatment, and samples specimens of cement mortar reinforced with polypropylene and glass fibers were used. The samples 28-days old specimens were tested for compressive and flexural strength, and their results were compared.

We employed Fast Repetition Rate fluorometry for high-resolution mapping of marine phytoplankton photophysiology and primary photochemistry in the Lancaster Sound and Barrow Strait regions of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in the summer of 2019. Continuous ship-board analysis of chlorophyll a variable fluorescence demonstrated relatively low photochemical efficiency over most of the cruise-track, with the exception of localized regions within Barrow Strait, where there was increased vertical mixing and proximity to land-based nutrient sources. Along the full transect, we observed strong non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, with relaxation times longer than the 5-minute period used for dark acclimation. Such long-term quenching effects complicate continuous underway acquisition of fluorescence amplitude-based estimates of photosynthetic electron transport rates, which rely on dark acclimation of samples. As an alternative, we employed a new algorithm to derive electron transport rates based on analysis of fluorescence relaxation kinetics, which does not require dark acclimation. Direct comparison of kinetics- and amplitude-based electron transport rate measurements demonstrated that kinetic-based estimates were, on average, 2-fold higher than amplitude-based values. The magnitude of decoupling between the two electron transport rate estimates increased in association with photophysiological diagnostics of nutrient stress. Discrepancies between electron transport rate estimates likely resulted from the use of different photophysiological parameters to derive the kinetics- and amplitude-based algorithms, and choice of numerical model used to fit variable fluorescence curves and analyze fluorescence kinetics under actinic light. Our results highlight environmental and methodological influences on fluorescence-based photochemistry estimates, and prompt discussion of best-practices for future underway fluorescence-based efforts to monitor phytoplankton photosynthesis.

This study aims to solve the overfitting problem caused by insufficient labeled images in the automatic image annotation field. We propose a transfer learning model called CNN-2L that incorporates the label localization strategy described in this study. The model consists of an InceptionV3 network pretrained on the ImageNet dataset and a label localization algorithm. First, the pretrained InceptionV3 network extracts features from the target dataset that are used to train a specific classifier and fine-tune the entire network to obtain an optimal model. Then, the obtained model is used to derive the probabilities of the predicted labels. For this purpose, we introduce a squeeze and excitation (SE) module into the network architecture that augments the useful feature information, inhibits useless feature information, and conducts feature reweighting. Next, we perform label localization to obtain the label probabilities and determine the final label set for each image. During this process, the number of labels must be determined. The optimal K value is obtained experimentally and used to determine the number of predicted labels, thereby solving the empty label set problem that occurs when the predicted label values of images are below a fixed threshold. Experiments on the Corel5k multilabel image dataset verify that CNN-2L improves the labeling precision by 18% and 15% compared with the traditional multiple-Bernoulli relevance model (MBRM) and joint equal contribution (JEC) algorithms, respectively, and it improves the recall by 6% compared with JEC. Additionally, it improves the precision by 20% and 11% compared with the deep learning methods Weight-KNN and adaptive hypergraph learning (AHL), respectively. Although CNN-2L fails to improve the recall compared with the semantic extension model (SEM), it improves the comprehensive index of the F1 value by 1%. The experimental results reveal that the proposed transfer learning model based on a label localization strategy is effective for automatic image annotation and substantially boosts the multilabel image annotation performance.

Application of the membrane distillation (MD) process for the treatment of high-salinity solutions contaminated with oil and surfactants represents an interesting area of research. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of low-concentration surfactants in oil-contaminated high-salinity solutions on the MD process efficiency. For this purpose, hydrophobic capillary polypropylene (PP) membranes were tested during the long-term MD studies. Baltic Sea water and concentrated NaCl solutions were used as a feed. The feed water was contaminated with oil collected from bilge water and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). It has been demonstrated that PP membranes were non-wetted during the separation of pure NaCl solutions over 960 h of the module exploitation. The presence of oil (100–150 mg/L) in concentrated NaCl solutions caused the adsorption of oil on the membranes surface and a decrease in the permeate flux of 30%. In turn, the presence of SDS (1.5–2.5 mg/L) in the oil-contaminated high-salinity solutions slightly accelerated the phenomenon of membrane wetting. The partial pores’ wetting accelerated the internal scaling and affected degradation of the membrane’s structure. Undoubtedly, the results obtained in the present study may have important implications for understanding the effect of low-concentration SDS on MD process efficiency.

Lignin, a characteristic component of terrestrial plants. Rivers transport large amounts of vascular plant organic matter into the oceans where lignin can degrade over time; however, microorganisms involved in this degradation have not been identified. In this study, several bacterial strains were isolated from marine samples using the lignin-derived compound vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) as the sole carbon and energy source. The optimum growth temperature for all isolates ranged from 30 to 35°C. All isolates grew well in a wide NaCl concentration range of 0 to over 50 g/L, with an optimum concentration of 22.8 g/L, which is the same as natural seawater. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these strains are the members of Halomonas, Arthrobacter, Pseudoalteromonas, Marinomonas, and Thalassospira. These isolates are also able to use other lignin-derived compounds, such as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, and benzoic acid. Vanillic acid was detected in all culture media when isolates were grown on ferulic acid as the sole carbon source; however, no 4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyrene was detected, indicating that ferulic acid metabolism by these strains occurs via the elimination of two side chain carbons. Furthermore, the isolates exhibit 3,4-dioxygenase or 4,5-dioxygenase activity for protocatechuic acid ring-cleavage, which is consistent with the genetic sequences of related genera. This study was conducted to isolate and characterize marine bacteria of degrading lignin-derived compounds, thereby revealing the degradation of aromatic compounds in the marine environment and opening up new avenues for the development and utilization of marine biological resources.

This study shows the chemical–physical and nutritional results obtained using food-grade sea water for the preparation of fresh pasta Gnocchi with respect to those prepared with tap water. Gnocchi obtained by mixing the flour with seawater (GSW) were compared with traditional Gnocchi made with tap water (GTW). The contents of sodium chloride, macro and micro elements, volatile molecules profile, thermal properties, and morphological analysis were investigated in both Gnocchi types. The analysis of chlorides showed that the samples prepared with sea water had a significantly lower NaCl content after cooking in comparison with those prepared with tap water. These results were also confirmed by the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis for sodium content. The profiles of the volatile molecules acquired by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) evidenced significant differences between the groups of aromatic molecules of the two typologies of samples. Morphological analysis evidenced that both raw and cooked GSW Gnocchi were structurally tightened whereas GTW Gnocchi showed a labile and weak macromolecular network. In addition, GSW Gnocchi was more thermally stable than GTW Gnocchi, as evidenced by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

Present investigation aims for the synthesis and characterization of a new eco-environmental and cost-effective silver nanocomposite (AgNPs) for application as multifunctional inhibitor of scaling and corrosion. The AgNPs was synthesized by reduction of silver ions using Allium cepa peels extract. The AgNPs exhibit impressive stability and resistance to thermal and biochemical degradation. The AgNPs were round shaped, monodispersed and non-aggregated, with surfaces rich in oxygen and nitrogen sites. Compared to the crude extract, AgNPs exhibits higher antimicrobial activity and afforded a 3-log reduction in population of Desulfovibrio sp. At 30 ​°C, AgNPs inhibits carbonate scale, sea water corrosion and bio-corrosion at efficiencies of 30.8%, 14.4% and 55.9%, respectively, and 37.4%, 37.3%, 45.6%, respectively at 60 ​°C. AgNPs sustained its high efficiency even after being preserved for 180 days and addition of d -tryosine and mevalonic acid phosphate further intensified the efficiency by synergistic effect.

Untreated and minimally treated wastewater discharged into the environment have the potential to adversely affect groundwater dependent ecosystems and nearshore marine health. Addressing this issue requires a systems approach that links land use and wastewater management decisions to potential impacts on the nearshore marine environment via changes in water quality and quantity. To that end, a framework was developed to assess decisions that have cascading effects across multiple elements of the ridge-to-reef system. In an application to Kona (Hawai‘i, USA), eight land use and wastewater management scenarios were evaluated in terms of wastewater system upgrade costs and wastewater related nutrient loads in groundwater, which eventually discharge to nearshore waters, resulting in potential impacts to marine habitat quality. Without any upgrades of cesspools or the existing wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), discharges of nutrients are expected to increase substantially with permitted development, with potential detrimental impacts to the marine environment. Results suggest that converting all of the existing cesspools to aerobic treatment units (ATU) and upgrading the existing WWTP to R-1 quality provide the highest protection to nearshore marine habitat at a cost of $569 million in present value terms. Other wastewater management options were less effective but also less costly. For example, targeted cesspool conversion (a combination of septic and ATU installation) in conjunction with the WWTP upgrade still provided a substantial reduction in nutrients and potential impacts to marine habitat quality relative to the present situation at a price point roughly $100 million less than the entirely ATU option. Of note, results were more sensitive to the inclusion of the WWTP upgrade option than they were to assumptions regarding the efficiency of the cesspool conversion technologies. The model outputs also suggest that the spatial distribution of potential impacts should be carefully considered when comparing different wastewater management scenarios. When evaluated separately, the WWTP option reduced total nutrients by more than the targeted cesspool conversion option at a fraction of the cost. However, potential improvements in marine habitat quality only occurred in the immediate vicinity of the WWTP, whereas the benefits under targeted cesspool conversion were more evenly distributed along the coast.

Bacterial communities colonized on submerged substrata are recognized as a key factor in the formation of complex biofouling phenomenon in the marine environment. Despite massive maritime activities and a large industrial sector in the nearshore of the Laccadive Sea, studies describing pioneer bacterial colonizers and community succession during the early-stage biofilm are scarce. We investigated the biofilm-forming bacterial community succession on three substrata viz. stainless steel, high-density polyethylene, and titanium over 15 days of immersion in the seawater intake area of a power plant, located in the southern coastal region of India. The bacterial community composition of biofilms and peripheral seawater were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequenced 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The obtained metataxonomic results indicated a profound influence of temporal succession over substrate type on the early-stage biofilm-forming microbiota. Bacterial communities showed vivid temporal dynamics that involved variations in abundant bacterial groups. The proportion of dominant phyla viz. Proteobacteria decreased over biofilm succession days, while Bacteroidetes increased, suggesting their role as initial and late colonizers, respectively. A rapid fluctuation in the proportion of two bacterial orders viz. Alteromonadales and Vibrionales were observed throughout the successional stages. LEfSe analysis identified specific bacterial groups at all stages of biofilm development, whereas no substrata type-specific groups were observed. Furthermore, the results of PCoA and UPGMA hierarchical clustering demonstrated that the biofilm-forming community varied considerably from the planktonic community. Phylum Proteobacteria preponderated the biofilm-forming community, while the Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria dominated the planktonic community. Overall, our results refute the common assumption that substrate material has a decisive impact on biofilm formation; rather, it portrayed that the temporal succession overshadowed the influence of the substrate material. Our findings provide a scientific understanding of the factors shaping initial biofilm development in the marine environment and will help in designing efficient site-specific anti-biofouling strategies.

Funding: The project was funded by the Nesbit Cleland Trust (St Abbs Marine Station), Royal Haskoning DHV, Nature Scotland and the MASTS pooling initiative (the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland). MASTS is funded by the Scottish Funding Council (grant reference HR09011). Understanding larval duration and hence dispersal potential of the European oyster Ostrea edulis is crucial to inform restoration strategies. Laval duration has an obligatory period of maturity to pediveliger (when larvae are ready to settle), but also an unknown period until metamorphosis is triggered by a settlement cue. The extent to which larvae can prolong the pediveliger period and delay metamorphosis has not been studied. Here we show that O. edulis larvae can delay metamorphosis for a period of 11 days, while retaining the capability to settle in high proportions when presented with a suitable settlement cue. O. edulis larvae are likely to be able to delay metamorphosis even further, since 80% of larvae in the control treatment were still alive when the experiment was terminated at day 14. The results indicate the ability of O. edulis larvae to more than double pelagic duration and probably further delay metamorphosis. We discuss these findings in the context of larval mortality, and the importance of O. edulis' larval settlement requirements for dispersal potential, recruitment success and connectivity of restoration sites. Publisher PDF

One of the reasons of coming out of order of metal structures, operating in water environment, including sea conditions, is the corrosion. Thus, for example, the corrosion wear of metal of the ship hull underwater part can reach from 0.3 up to 0.5 mm/year. The corrosion of welds is the ever more critical situation. The rate of their fracture exceeds the rate of the base metal corrosion and in some cases it may reach 1-3 mm/year [1, 2]. The great selective corrosion in the form of fissures along the welds (on both sides) was observed in heat-affected zone (HAZ) metal of slot, butt welds and welds for welding-on to the basic workpiece, i.e. up to 1 mm/year, in some cases a through corrosion fracture of the fusion line (formation of blowholes) was observed [1]. In the opinion of the work authors [2] the welds are subjected to fracture due to the occurrence of thermal electromotive force between the parts welded under conditions of high electric conductivity of the sea water (Seebeck effect). To repair the corroded welded joints of metal structures, operated under the water, a wet underwater welding is used. At the E.O.Paton Electric Welding Institute the specialized flux-cored wires have been developed, which are designed for welding low-carbon and low-alloyed steels, including those of a higher strength. In the latter case the electrode materials of an austenite type are used to provide resistance against cold crack formation in the HAZ [3]. The work was aimed at study of corrosion resistance of welded joints with ferrite and austenite deposited metal, made by the underwater wet welding, under the conditions, which simulate the service conditions in sea water., Однією з причин виходу з ладу металевих конструкцій, що працюють у водному середовищі, включаючи морські умови, є корозія. Так, наприклад, корозійний знос металу корпусу корабля під водою може досягати від 0,3 до 0,5 мм / рік. Корозія зварних швів - це все більш критична ситуація. Швидкість їх руйнування перевищує швидкість корозії основного металу, а в деяких випадках вона може досягати 1-3 мм / рік [1, 2]. Велика селективна корозія у вигляді тріщин уздовж зварних швів (з обох боків) спостерігалася в зоні впливу теплової дії (HAZ) металу щілинних, стикових зварних швів та зварних швів для приварювання до основної заготовки, тобто до 1 мм / рік, в деяких випадках спостерігався наскрізний корозійний руйнування лінії розплавлення (утворення продувних отворів) [1]. На думку авторів роботи [2], шви зазнають руйнування внаслідок виникнення теплової електрорушійної сили між частинами, звареними в умовах високої електропровідності морської води (ефект Зеебека). Для ремонту корозійних зварних з'єднань металевих конструкцій, що експлуатуються під водою, застосовується вологе підводне зварювання. В Інституті електрозварювання Е. О. Патона були розроблені спеціалізовані порошкові дроти, призначені для зварювання низьковуглецевих та низьколегованих сталей, у тому числі високої міцності. В останньому випадку електродні матеріали типу аустеніту використовуються для забезпечення опору проти утворення холодних тріщин у ВТЗ [3]. Робота була спрямована на вивчення корозійної стійкості зварних з'єднань із нанесеним ферритовим та аустенітним металом, виготовленим підводним мокрим зварюванням, в умовах, що імітують умови експлуатації в морській воді.

Hydraulic fracturing of unconventional reservoirs has seen a boom in the last century, as a means to fulfill the growing energy demand in the world. The fracturing fluid used in the process plays a substantial role in determining the results. Hence, several research and development efforts have been geared towards developing more sustainable, efficient, and improved fracturing fluids. Herein, we present a dynamic binary complex (DBC) solution, with potential to be useful in the hydraulic fracturing domain. It has a supramolecular structure formed by the self-assembly of low molecular weight viscosifiers (LMWVs) oleic acid and diethylenetriamine into an elongated entangled network under alkaline conditions. With less than 2 wt% constituents dispersed in aqueous solution, a viscous gel that exhibits high viscosities even under shear was formed. Key features include responsiveness to pH and salinity, and a zero-shear viscosity that could be tuned by a factor of ~280 by changing the pH. Furthermore, its viscous properties were more pronounced in the presence of salt. Sand settling tests revealed its potential to hold up sand particles for extended periods of time. In conclusion, this DBC solution system has potential to be utilized as a smart salt-responsive, pH-switchable hydraulic fracturing fluid.

Bu çalışmada, deniz suyunda bekletilen farklıistifleme dizilimine sahip doğal lif takviyeli cam elyaf kompozit numunelerinkritik burkulma yükleri deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Deneyleringerçekleştirilebilmesi için fiber olarak jüt ve cam kumaşlar, matris olarak daepoksi reçine kullanarak farklı konfigürasyonlarda kompozit malzemelerüretilmiştir. Takviye ve matris arası yapışma miktarının artırılması için jütkumaşlara alkali işlem uygulanmıştır. Kompozit numuneler deniz suyunda ve odakoşullarında 2 ay (60 gün) boyunca bekletildikten sonra burkulma deneyine tabitutulmuşlardır. Deneyler sonucunda elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda, doğal liftakviyeli kompozit numunelerin kritik burkulma yükleri belirlenmiştir. Yapılandeneysel çalışma sonucunda, deniz suyunun doğal kompozitlerin burkulmadayanımını olumsuz yönde etkilediği görülmüştür. Simetrik ve antisimetrik dizilimlikompozitler karşılaştırıldığında, Akdeniz suyunda bekletilen antisimetrik (02c/902j)asdizilimli numunelerde meydana gelen kritik burkulma yükünün, (02c/902j)ssimetrikdizilime sahip numunelere göre daha düşük olduğu gözlenmiştir., In this study, the critical buckling loads ofnatural fiber reinforced glass fiber composite specimens with differentstacking sequences kept in seawater were experimentally investigated. Jute andglass fabrics as fiber and epoxy resin as matrix were used to produce thecomposites in different configurations. Alkali treatment was applied to jutefabrics in order to increase the amount of adhesion between the reinforcementand the matrix. Composite specimens were subjected to buckling test kept inseawater and room conditions for two months (60 days). Critical buckling loadsof natural fiber reinforced composite specimens were determined in thedirection of the data obtained as a result of the tests. As a result of theexperimental study, it was seen that sea water influenced the buckling strengthof natural composites in the negative direction. When the symmetric andantisymmetric composites were compared, it was observed that the criticalbuckling stress in the specimens with antisymmetric (02g/902j)us kept inMediterraneanseawater was lower than those with symmetric sequence(02g/902j)s.