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In these studies, the physical and physiological seed properties and seedling's vigour properties in five ZP maize hybrids (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, ZP4 and ZP5) were investigated. Hybrid seed was divided into small (SF) and large fractions (LF) The hybrid combination and seed size did not significantly (p ≥ 0.05) affect seed germination. Width, thickness, length, seed weight, dead seeds, abnormal seedling, stem and root growth and fresh seedling weight were significantly influenced by hybrid and seed fraction LF produced higher stems by 1.18 cm, longer roots by 2.94 cm and higher seedling weight by 0.032 g (the hybrid average) as compared to SF. The influence of hybrids on stem growth differed by 1.9 cm on SF seed and 1.7 cm on LF seed. Significant and positive dependence (p ≥ 0.001) between seed germination was determined with the growth of stem, root and seedling weight, as well as with the 1000 seed weight (p ≥ 0.01) and with a thickness (TS) (p ≥ 0.05). Seed germination with abnormal seedlings achieved a negative (p ≥ 0.01) significant correlation.

Целью данного исследование являлось изучить влияние нового комплексного удобрения «БОРАМ» и поиск оптимальной его концентрации для предпосевной обработки семян томата сорта «Дачник». Эксперимент проводился на базе РГАУ-МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева в 2022 году и включал в себя два этапа исследования: 1. лабораторный опыт, где определяли энергию прорастания и всхожесть семян томата, обработанных различными концентрациями микроудобрения; 2. вегетационный опыт – обработанные семена высевались в вегетационные сосуды и выращивались в искусственных условиях. В качестве исходных компонентов для синтеза нового удобрения применялась смесь борной кислоты, моноэтанол, порошок металлической меди. В результате серии реакций поликонденсации получили комплексное соединение борат моноэтаноламина – удобрительную смесь БОРАМ. Замачивание семян томата сорта «Дачник» в растворе удобрения в соотношении 1 мл удобрения на 1000 мл воды увеличили энергию прорастания на 34,7%, а всхожесть семян на 27,9% от контрольных значений (замачивание в воде). При замачивании семян в концентрации 1 мл удобрения на 500 мл воды установлено снижение показателей энергии прорастания и всхожести приблизительно на 40 % от контроля. В вегетационном опыте выявлено, что обработка семян томата микроудобрением в концентрации 1 мл удобрения на 1000 мл воды способствовала лучшему развитию растений. Обнаружено увеличение количества листьев на 34,6 %, длины надземной части на 77,3% и корневой системы на 48,1% по сравнению с контрольными растениями на 15 день вегетации., This research aims to study the impact of the new complex fertilizer “BORAM” and find the balanced concentration for the pre-sowing treatment of seeds of the tomato variety "Dachnik". The experiment was carried out based on the Russian State Agrarian University – Timiryazev Moscow Agricultural Academy in 2022 and included two stages: 1. laboratory experiment, which determined the germination ability and viability of tomato seeds treated with various concentrations of microfertilizer; 2. Greenhouse trial the treated seeds were sown in vegetation vessels and grown in simulated conditions. A mixture of boric acid, monoethanol, and metallic copper powder was used as initial components for the synthesis of a new fertilizer. Several polycondensation reactions resulted in a complex organic compound monoethanolamine borate, a fertilizer mixture BORAM. Soaking the seeds of the tomato variety "Dachnik" in a fertilizer solution in the ratio of 1 ml of fertilizer per 1000 ml of water increased the viability by 34.7%, and the germination of seeds by 27.9% of the control values (soaking in water). When seeds were soaked at a concentration of 1 ml of fertilizer per 500 ml of water, a decrease in germination energy and germination was found by approximately 40% of the control. The greenhouse experiment showed that the treatment of tomato seeds with microfertilizer at a concentration of 1 ml of fertilizer per 1000 ml of water contributed to better plant development. We noted an increase in the number of leaves by 34.6%, the length of the aerial part by 77.3%, and the root system by 48.1% compared to control plants on the 15th day of vegetation.

Seed processing and dormancy break treatments are recommended for rendering seeds restoration-ready. Conversely, fruit structures and seed coats may protect seeds from environmental harm in the field. We evaluated the effects of seed processing (by either keeping fruit structures or extracting seeds) and/or scarification (of physically dormant seeds) on the seedling emergence and establishment of 10 legume tree species from tropical forests and savannas of Central Brazil. We sowed seeds in a greenhouse for reference and in a field experiment conducted in tilled ready-to-seed sites. We monitored seedling emergence and survival for a year. We calculated the costs of harvesting, processing, and pretreating seeds, and considered the final cost of a 1-year-old seedling. Seed extraction resulted in lower emergence for most species in the greenhouse and in the field. It also accelerated emergence of three and four species in the greenhouse and the field, respectively. Scarification resulted in lower seedling emergence in the field for half of the species, while it increased emergence of three species in the greenhouse. Most species presented accelerated emergence both in the greenhouse and the field. The seedling cost was 1.6 to 74.6 times higher when seeds were processed, and 1.3 to 6.0 times when seeds were scarified, except for one species. Keeping fruit structures and seed coats reduced the costs of seeds and increased the success of direct seeding.

The production of cotton seeds in Brazil is expanding every year aiming, above all, to attend to the expansion of the cultivated area in the Center-West region. In a general way, the route followed by the seeds from the field to the factory consists of harvesting, transportation, processing in sawmills, as well as clear processes carried out in the seeds, such as: delinting, pre-cleaning and classification, treatment, packaging and storage at the next seed. The objective of this study was to gather information and present it so that they can assist in decision making in the production of cotton seeds in the context of agribusiness. For this purpose, a narrative review was chosen, which was carried out through searches of bibliographic references in the different indexing bases (Portal of CAPES periodicals, Google academic and Scielo), and also in the references of the studies selected to compose this article, always looking for topics related to the culture studied. Thus, in this study, a series of quality control measures was observed that is required during any of the phases of the production process, whose main objective is to prevent the seeds from suffering genetic or varietal contamination and also mechanical damage, since the use of high quality seeds can prevent problems in labor and financial prejudices resulting from irregularities and failures in the emergency. Failures in cotton in various producing regions of the country are frequent, mainly due to the use of seeds of unknown origin and quality. La producción de semillas de algodón en Brasil viene aumentando cada año con el objetivo, sobre todo, de atender la expansión del área cultivada en la región Centro-Oeste. En general, el recorrido que se sigue las semillas desde el campo hasta la factoría consiste en la cosecha, transporte, procesamiento en desmotadoras de sierra, además de los procesos que se realizan en las semillas de desmotadora, prelimpieza y clasificación, tratamiento, embolsamiento y almacenamiento hasta la siguiente siembra. El objetivo de este estudio fue recopilar información y presentarla para que pueda ayudar en la toma de decisiones en la producción de semillas de algodón en el contexto del agronegocio. Por lo tanto, se optó por una revisión narrativa, que se realizó a través de búsquedas de referencias bibliográficas en las diferentes bases de indexación (Portal de periódicos de la CAPES, Google académico y Scielo), y también en las referencias de los estudios seleccionados para componer este artículo, siempre buscando temas relacionados con la cultura estudiada. Así, en este estudio se observó una serie de medidas de control de calidad que se requieren durante cualquiera de las fases del proceso productivo, cuyo principal objetivo es evitar que las semillas sufran contaminación genética o varietal y también daños mecánicos, ya que el uso de semillas de alta calidad puede prevenir problemas en el cultivo y pérdidas financieras resultantes de la falta de uniformidad y fallas en la emergencia. Las fallas en el algodón en las diversas regiones productoras del país son frecuentes, principalmente por el uso de semillas de origen y calidad desconocidos. A produção de sementes de algodão no Brasil vem se ampliando a cada ano visando, sobretudo, atender a expansão da área cultivada na região Centro-Oeste. De uma maneira geral, o roteiro seguido das sementes do campo até a usina consiste na colheita, transporte, beneficiamento em descaroçadores de serra, além é claro dos processos realizados nas sementes, tais como: deslintamento, pré-limpeza e classificação, tratamento, envasamento e armazenamento até a próxima semeadura. O objetivo deste estudo foi reunir informações e apresentá-las para que possam auxiliar na tomada de decisão na produção de sementes de algodão no âmbito do agronegócio. Para tanto, escolheu-se uma revisão narrativa que foi realizada por meio de pesquisas de referências bibliográficas nas diferentes bases de indexação (Portal de periódicos da CAPES, Google acadêmico e Scielo), e, ainda, nas referências dos estudos selecionados para compor este artigo, buscando sempre temas relacionados com a cultura estudada. Assim, observou-se neste estudo uma série de medidas de controle de qualidade que é requerida durante qualquer uma das fases do processo produtivo, cujo objetivo principal é evitar que as sementes sofram contaminação genética ou varietal e também danos mecânicos, pois a utilização de sementes de alta qualidade pode prevenir problemas na lavoura e prejuízos financeiros decorrentes de desuniformidade e falhas na emergência. Fracassos em algodoais nas várias regiões produtoras do país são frequentes, por causa, principalmente, da utilização de sementes de origem e qualidade desconhecidas.

Main conclusion Seed-processing technologies such as polishing and washing enhance crop seed quality by limited removal of the outer layers and by leaching. Combined, this removes chemical compounds that inhibit germination. Abstract Industrial processing to deliver high-quality commercial seed includes removing chemical inhibitors of germination, and is essential to produce fresh sprouts, achieve vigorous crop establishment, and high yield potential in the field. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris var. altissima Doell.), the main sugar source of the temperate agricultural zone, routinely undergoes several processing steps during seed production to improve germination performance and seedling growth. Germination assays and seedling phenotyping was carried out on unprocessed, and processed (polished and washed) sugar beet fruits. Pericarp-derived solutes, known to inhibit germination, were tested in germination assays and their osmolality and conductivity assessed (ions). Abscisic acid (ABA) and ABA metabolites were quantified in both the true seed and pericarp tissue using UPLC-ESI(+)-MS/MS. Physical changes in the pericarp structures were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We found that polishing and washing of the sugar beet fruits both had a positive effect on germination performance and seedling phenotype, and when combined, this positive effect was stronger. The mechanical action of polishing removed the outer pericarp (fruit coat) tissue (parenchyma), leaving the inner tissue (sclerenchyma) unaltered, as revealed by SEM. Polishing as well as washing removed germination inhibitors from the pericarp, specifically, ABA, ABA metabolites, and ions. Understanding the biochemistry underpinning the effectiveness of these processing treatments is key to driving further innovations in commercial seed quality.

Циљ истраживања је био да се испита утицај старости и дораде семена на параметре квалитета. У лабораторијским условима су испитивани параметри: клијавост, енергија клијавости и проценат влаге семена купуса (Brassica oleracea L.), плавог патлиџана (Solanum melongena L.) и д иње ( Cucumis melo L.) током три узастопне године. Резултати су показали да постоји разлика у клијавости семена различитих култура. Процес дораде семена је највише утицао на повећање клијавости семена плавог патлиџана, а најмање семена диње. Са годинама старости, код свих сорти, опадали су сви испитивани параметри али у различитом проценту. Процентуално најмањи пад клијавости са старошћу семена је забележен код диње, а највећи код плавог патлиџана. Слични резултати су забележени и код енергије клијања. У случају влаге семена, највећи процентуални губитак влаге је забележен код семена диње, док је код семена купуса и плавог патлиџана тај губитак био уједначен и мањи. The aim of the research was to examine the influence of seed age and processing on quality parameters. In laboratory conditions, the following parameters were examined: germination, germination energy and moisture percentage of cabbage seeds (Brassica oleracea L.), blue eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and melon (Cucumis melo L.) for three consecutive years. The results showed that there is a difference in seed germination of different culturе. The process of seed processing had the greatest influence on the increase of germination of blue eggplant seeds and the least of melon seeds. With age, in all varieties, all examined parameters decreased, but in a different percentage. The smallest decrease in germination with seed age was recorded in melons, and the largest in blue eggplant. Similar results were observed for germination energy. In the case of seed moisture, the highest percentage loss of moisture was recorded in melon seeds, while in cabbage and blue eggplant seeds this loss was even and smaller.

U 2020. godini proizvodnja ZP hibrida zasnovana je na 1.422,65 ha. Najveći deo proizvodnje je ugovoren sa eksternim proizvođačima, dok je 20,3 ha bilo zasnovano na površinama Instituta ZP u Krnješevcima i Školskom dobru. Proizvodnja je zasnovana kod svih 12 eksternih proizvođača sa kojima je bila ugovorena i 2019. godine. Klimatski proizvodna sezona nije bila idealna za proizvodnju semenskog kukuruza. Iako tokom godine nije bilo dugačkih perioda sa visokim temperaturama, u kritičnim fazama je bilo nedovoljno padavina. U početnim fazama razvoja (od setve do nicanja) je u mnogim regionima zabeležena nedovoljna količina padavina. U severnoj Bačkoj je u tom periodu beskišan period potrajao do prve polovine maja. Tada su nastupile obilnije količine padavina, praćene nižim temperaturama nego što su uobičajene za taj period. Sve je to uticalo na slabije sklopove i neujednačeno nicanje. Svake godine se sve više pokazuje da je otežano kvalitetno uklanjanje metlica ukoliko se ne koriste samohodni sekači metlica (Kastriks), zato što je iz godine u godinu sve manje kvalitetne sezonske radne snage. To se naročito pokazalo u ovoj godini, na koju je dodatno uticala i globalna pandemija COVID-19. Svi eksterni proizvođači su ove godine u većoj ili manjoj meri koristili i Kastriks pri uklanjanju metlica. Biljne bolesti su ove godine imale izraženiji uticaj nego prethodnih godina, naročito u pojedinim regionima. U centralnoj Bačkoj na jednoj lokaciji je zabeleženo 8% obolelih biljaka od plamenjače kukuruza (Sclerophtora macrospora). U poslednjih 10 godina tako nešto nije zabeleženo u proizvodnji semenskog kukuruza. Sve obolele biljke su uklonjene iz useva u fazi intenzivnog porasta, a nakon toga je usev tretiran preparatom Krilt (1 l/ha). Intervencija je bila uspešna i ostvaren je prinos od 3,35 t/ha. U zapadnoj Bačkoj je na više lokaliteta bila primetna velika šteta uzrokovana mehurastom gari (Ustilago maydis). Procenat zaraženih klipova i vegetativnih delova biljaka je varirao između genotipova. Zadnjih nekoliko godina sve je veća pojava i treće generacije kukuruznog plamenca, ali s obzirom da svi proizvođači preventivno više puta tretiraju useve, nije zabeležena ni na jednoj izolaciji veća šteta. Berba i sušenje semenskog kukuruza je obavljena u 7 doradnih centara. S obzirom da od septembra do početka oktobra gotovo da nije bilo padavina, berba je protekla bez većih zastoja. Prosečan prinos primarno dorađenog semena svih izolacija iznosio je 3,3 t/ha, dok je prosečna klijavost svih ispitanih partija semena 96,84%. Ukupno je proizvedeno 4.700 t primarno dorađenog semena. In 2020, the production of ZP hybrids was based on 1,422.65 ha. The largest part of the production was contracted with external producers, while 20.3 ha were based on the fields of the Maize Research Institute in Krnješevci and Školsko dobro. Production was made with all 12 external producers with which it was contracted in 2019. By climate production season was not ideal for the production of maize seed. Although there were no long periods with high temperatures during the year, there was insufficient rainfall in the critical phases. In the initial stages of development (from sowing to germination), insufficient rainfall was recorded in many regions. In northern Bačka, the dry period lasted until the first half of May. Then there were more abundant amounts of precipitation, followed by lower temperatures than usual for that period. All this affected lower plant dencity and uneven emergence. Every year, it becomes more and more difficult to properly remove tassels if self propelled detasseling machines (Castrix) are not used, because the quality of seasonal labor is decreasing year by year. This was especially evident this year, which was additionally affected by the global COVID-19 pandemic. This year, all external producers have to a greater or lesser extent used Castrix for detasseling. Plant diseases have had a more pronounced impact this year than in previous years, especially in some regions. In central Bačka, 8% of infected plants with Sclerophtora macrospora were recorded at one location. In the last 10 years, something like that has not been noticed in the production of maize seed. All diseased plants were removed from the crop in the phase of intensive growth, and after that the crop was treated. The intervention was successful and the yield was 3.35 t / ha. In western Bačka, great damage was noticed at several localities caused by Ustilago maydis. The percentage of infected cobs and vegetative parts of plants varied between genotypes. In the last few years, the appearance of the third generation of corn borer has been increasing, but considering that all producers treat crops preventively several times, no major damage has been noticed on any of the isolations. Harvesting and drying of maize seed was performed in 7 processing centers. Since there was almost no precipitation from September to the beginning of October, the harvest passed without major delays. The average yield of primarily processed seeds of all isolations was 3.3 t / ha, while the average germination of all tested seed lots was 96.84%. A total of 4,700 t of primarily processed seed was produced.

Purpose. To study the influence of modern protectants and microfertilizer on sowing qualities and yield properties of spring wheat seeds under conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. In laboratory conditions, sprouting seed activity, seed vigor, and laboratory germination were determined in spring wheat varieties MIP Zlata, Bozhena, MIP Raіduzhna, Diana with various treatment options. There was investigated the effect of protectants Maxim Star 025 FS (1.5 l/t), Celest Max 165 FS (1.5 l/t) and their combinations with microfertilizer Oracle seeds (0.5 l/t). Untreated seeds of these varieties were the control. The yield properties of the treated seeds were studied in the field conditions according to the method of the State variety testing. Results. It was found positive effect of the protectants and the microfertilizer on sowing qualities of spring wheat seeds. When treating the seeds, there is a tendency to an increase in sprouting seed activity by 1–8 %, in seed vigor and laboratory germination by 0.5–2.5 %. The most sprouting seed activity was noted in the variant Celest Max 165 FS, 1.5 l/t + Oracle seeds, 0.5 l/t; the most seed vigor was in the variant Maxim Star 025 FS, 1.5 l/t+ Oracle seeds, 0.5 l/t; the most laboratory germination was in the both above options. In the variants with protectants and microfertilizer, wheat yield increased significantly for the varieties MIP Zlata (higher by 0.30–0.36 t/ha), Bozhena (0.31–0.36 t/ha), MIP Raіduzhna (0.31–0.37 t/ha), Diana (0.32–0.37 t/ha). The highest yield increase was observed when processing seeds with protectant Сelest Max 165 FS combined with complex microfertilizer Oracle seeds. Conclusions. The most sprouting seed activity for all varieties studied was noted in the variant Celest Max 165 FS + Oracle seeds, the most seed vigor was in the variant Maxim Star 025 FS + Oracle seeds, the most laboratory germination was in both these variants. The most yield increase was obtained in the variant of seed processing with the protectant Celest Max 165 FS combined with the microfertilizer Oracle seeds. Thus, there was established increase in yield and sowing qualities of spring wheat seeds when processing with various protectants combined with microfertilizer. Therefore, we propose to use the mentioned preparations in seed farms., Цель. Изучить влияние современных протравителей и микроудобрения на посевные качества и урожайные свойства семян пшеницы яровой в условиях Правобережной Лесостепи Украины. Методы. В лабораторных условиях у добазовых семян сортов пшеницы яровой МІП Злата, Божена, МІП Райдужна, Діана с разными вариантами обработки определяли активность наклевывания, энергию прорастания и лабораторную всхожесть. Исследовали влияние протравителей Максим Стар 025 FS (1,5 л/т), Селест Макс 165 FS (1,5 л/т) и их комбинаций с микроудобрением Оракул семена (0,5 л/т). Контроль – необработанные семена этих сортов. Урожайные свойства обработанных семян изучали в полевых условиях по методике государственного сортоиспытания. Результаты. Выявлено положительное влияние протравителей и микроудобрений на посевные качества семян пшеницы яровой. При обработке семян отмечена тенденция к повышению активности наклевывания (на 1–8 %), енергии прорастания и лабораторной всхожести (на 0,5–2,5 %). Самая высокая активность наклевывания семян отмечена в варианте Селест Макс 165 FS, 1,5 л/т + Оракул семена, 0,5 л/т; энергия прорастания – Максим Стар 025 FS, 1,5 л/т + Оракул семена, 0,5 л/т; лабораторная всхожесть – в обоих вышеупомянутых вариантах. В вариантах с протравителями и микроудобрением также существенно повышалась урожайность сортов МІП Злата (прибавка 0,30–0,36 т/га), Божена (0,31–0,36 т/га), МІП Райдужна (0,31–0,37 т/га), Діана (0,32–0,37 т/га). Наибольшая прибавка урожайности отмечена в варианте обработки семян протравителем Селест Макс 165 FS вместе с комплексным микроудобрением Оракул семена. Выводы. Самая высокая активность наклевывания семян всех исследуемых сортов отмечена в варианте Селест Макс 165 FS + Оракул семена, энергия прорастания – Максим Стар 025 FS + Оракул семена, лабораторная всхожесть – в обоих вышеупомянутых вариантах. Наибольшая прибавка урожайности получена в варианте обработки семян протравителем Селест Макс 165 FS вместе с комплексным микроудобрением Оракул семена. Установлено повышение урожайности и посевных качеств семян пшеницы яровой при обработке упомянутыми выше протравителями с микроудобрением, поэтому предлагаем применять эти препараты в семеноводческих хозяйствах., Мета. Вивчити вплив сучасних протруйників і мікродобрива на посівні якості та врожайні властивості насіння пшениці ярої в умовах Правобережного Лісостепу України. Методи. У лабораторних умовах у насіння сортів пшениці ярої МІП Злата, Божена, МІП Райдужна, Діана з різними варіантами обробки визначали активність кільчення, енергію проростання та лабораторну схожість. Досліджували вплив протруйників Максим Стар 025 FS (1,5 л/т), Селест Макс 165 FS (1,5 л/т) та їх комбінацій з мікродобривом Оракул насіння (0,5 л/т). Контроль – необроблене насіння цих сортів. Урожайні властивості обробленого насіння вивчали в польових умовах згідно з методикою державного сортовипробування. Результати. Виявлено позитивний вплив протруйників і мікродобрива на посівні якості насіння пшениці ярої. За обробки насіння відмічено тенденцію до підвищення активності кільчення (на 1–8 %), енергії проростання та лабораторної схожості (на 0,5–2,5 %). Найвищу активність кільчення насіння відмічено у варіанті Селест Макс 165 FS, 1,5 л/т + Оракул насіння, 0,5 л/т; енергію проростання – Максим Стар 025 FS, 1,5 л/т + Оракул насіння, 0,5 л/т; лабораторну схожість – в обох вищезгаданих варіантах. У варіантах з протруйниками і мікродобривом також істотно підвищувалась урожайність сортів МІП Злата (приріст 0,30–0,36 т/га), Божена (0,31–0,36 т/га), МІП Райдужна (0,31–0,37 т/га), Діана (0,32–0,37 т/га). Найвищий приріст урожайності відмічено у варіанті обробки насіння протруйником Селест Макс 165 FS разом з комплексним мікродобривом Оракул насіння. Висновки. Найвищу активність кільчення у насіння всіх досліджуваних сортів відмічено у варіанті Селест Макс 165 FS + Оракул насіння, енергію проростання – Максим Стар 025 FS + Оракул насіння, лабораторну схожість – в обох наведених вище варіантах. Найбільший приріст урожайності отримано у варіанті обробки насіння протруйником Селест Макс 165 FS разом з комплексним мікродобривом Оракул насіння. Встановлено підвищення врожайності і посівних якостей насіння пшениці ярої за обробки вищезгаданими протруйниками сумісно з мікродобривом, тому пропонуємо застосовувати ці препарати у насінницьких господарствах.

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of soybean seeds with high level of mechanical damages from different processing stages and stored with and without fungicide treatment. Collections of seed samples were performed during the processing at the following points: hopper, pre-cleaning, dryer, cleaning, spiral, sieve-classifier and the gravity table. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 9 x 2 factorial scheme, with 9 collection points and two seed treatments, in four replicates. The seeds were then evaluated immediately after processing and after six months of storage. The processing progressively improved the attributes of soybean seed quality throughout the different stages in which the gravity table plays an important role in the improvement of the physiological and sanitary quality of the lot, favoring the storage potential and vigor of the seeds. The treatment of the seeds with fungicides is effective in controlling fungi before and after storage. The storage of soybean seeds with high level of mechanical damage markedly increases their deterioration. RESUMO Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a qualidade de sementes de soja com elevado índice de danos mecânicos, provenientes de diferentes etapas do beneficiamento e armazenadas com e sem tratamento com fungicida. Foram efetuadas, ao longo do beneficiamento, coletas de amostras de sementes, nos seguintes pontos: moega, prélimpeza, secador, limpeza, espiral, classificador-peneira e densimétrica. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 9 x 2, sendo 9 pontos de coleta e dois tratamentos de sementes, em quatro repetições. As sementes foram avaliadas logo após o beneficiamento e aos seis meses de armazenamento. O beneficiamento melhora os atributos da qualidade de sementes de soja ao longo das diferentes etapas em que a máquina densimétrica desempenha papel importante no aprimoramento da qualidade fisiológica e sanitária do lote favorecendo o vigor das sementes. O tratamento das sementes com fungicidas carbendazim + thiram é eficiente no controle dos fungos de Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp. e Aspergilus sp. antes e depois do armazenamento. O armazenamento de sementes de soja, com elevado índice de danos mecânicos, aumenta acentuadamente sua deterioração.

This paper presents an analysis of the process of cleaning three alfalfa seed lots using seed processing equipment. The effect of the initial quality of alfalfa seed on the losses and gains of processed alfalfa seed was examined. The quality of alfalfa seed during processing was also examined. During alfalfa seed processing, the losses and gains of processed alfalfa seed depend on the initial seed purity and the technology applied. The experiment was carried out at the seed processing centre of the Institute for Forage Crops in Krusevac. A total of three lots of natural alfalfa seed were processed using the fine-cleaning machine Alfa-4 (Damas, Denmark) and the magnetic machine IV (Emcek Gompper, Germany). The following seed processing parameters were observed in the present study: pure seed (%), weed and other seed crops (%), inert matter (%), seed mass (kg), seed loss (%) and processing output (%). On the basis of the results obtained, it is possible to analyse the processing of alfalfa seed and the required equipment adjustments during the process. The equipment adjustments during processing were made depending on the quantity and type of weeds and other substances found in the natural seed.

The use of larger seeds may improve the initial development, plant stand, and mass productivity in forage crops. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the size of seeds of Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense L.), standardized on density, on parameters of physiological quality and crop productivity. Seeds were processed in a gravitational table in order to become uniform in terms of density and then submitted to sieves with apertures of 1.75 or 2.00 mm. Three different treatments (seeds without size classification, seeds with diameter between 1.75 mm and 1.99 mm, and seeds with diameter above 2.00 mm) were compared. This study consisted of a laboratory stage for the analysis of physiological variables of seed, and a stage in field plots under a randomized block design and 3 replicates. Larger seeds presented better physiological and productive performance and had a higher germination rate, seedling growth, and forage yield at the first cut. Both the sieve with opening of 1.75 mm and that of 2 mm were suitable for processing of seeds of this species. RESUMO: O emprego de sementes maiores pode melhorar o desenvolvimento inicial, o estande de plantas e a produtividade de massa em cultivos forrageiros. Este trabalho visou avaliar o efeito do tamanho da semente de capim sudão (Sorghum sudanense L.), padronizada quanto à densidade, sobre parâmetros da qualidade fisiológica e de produtividade da cultura. As sementes foram processadas em mesa gravitacional, para serem uniformizadas em termos de densidade, e depois submetidas ou não a peneiras com abertura de 1,75 ou 2,00 mm. Assim, foram comparados três tratamentos (sementes sem classificação por tamanho; sementes com diâmetro entre 1,75 mm e 1,99 mm; e sementes com diâmetro acima de 2,00 mm). O trabalho consistiu de uma fase laboratorial, para análise de variáveis fisiológicas da semente, e uma fase em parcelas a campo, sob delineamento em blocos casualizados e três repetições. Sementes maiores apresentaram melhor desempenho fisiológico e produtivo, sendo superiores na taxa de germinação, crescimento de plântula e rendimento de forragem ao primeiro corte. Tanto a peneira com abertura de 1,75 mm quanto a de 2 mm mostraram-se adequadas para o processamento de sementes da espécie.

Currently, the domestic agricultural sector has become increasingly professionalized; therefore, measures aimed at safety in the workplace and monitoring of environmental risks have been gaining major importance in this scenario. Thus, this study aimed at assessing internal environmental conditions of four soybean processing plants (SPPs) operating with a screen-air machine, densimetric table and with or without spiral separator. These plants are in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), being assessed on site considering every feature related to machinery and equipment, as well as technological level. Field evaluations comprised measurements of noise, illuminance and suspended dust. Results showed that none of the SPPs is in full accordance with current laws for the investigated parameters, among which noise level is what most threatens the environmental conditions. Moreover, lightening conditions are unsatisfactory since the environments are extremely dark, not reaching minimal standard. Regarding the suspended dust is possible to claim that there is an emerging risk.

In this study we analysed the influence of meteorological conditions and applied agrotechinque on the seed production and its quality. Large differences in meteorological conditions influenced seed production in the period of 2006. and 2007. During this time, we made the competent control of seed production of maize and soybean, on the areas of PKB Corporation. The control was administered after the valid Regulations of the seed production control ('Službeni glasnik RS' # 60/06). The quality control and seed improvement have been done in the certified laboratories. The analyzed area of seed maize in 2006 was 478 ha extended, and in 2007 it was 569 ha. The average realized processed seed yield was 26.7% higher in year 2006 comparing to 2007. Soybean planted analyzed area was 309 ha large in 2006 and 173 ha in 2007. In year 2007 there has been a bit higher production of the processed seed for 3.4%. There was no significant difference in the average yield of the processed seed. .

The principle of a system, defined as a ZP system, implying corresponding relationship among research, seed production and seed marketing, is that each segment within the system has its tasks and responsibilities, as well as, a clear interest. This system was established at the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, almost half a century ago. The crucial characteristic is that this system encompasses obtained results of scientific accomplishments (patent - a released hybrid), optimal utilisation of the environmental conditions, facilities for seed drying, processing and packing, staff and transport capacities. The ZP system provides the economic interest of all participants in studies and the maize seed production. The fundamental base of the quality seed production within the ZP system is a multidisciplinary programme on maize breeding, as well as, 535 released hybrids with standard and specific traits. According to regulations in foreign countries, approximately 100 ZP maize hybrids have been released abroad. Agroecological conditions in Serbia are favorable for the development of the best genotypes and the production of basic and certified maize seed. There 10 processing plants that apply recent technologies in the maize seed processing procedure. Several generations of experts have been trained and gained experience within the maize seed production. Three seed testing laboratories have been accredited by the International Seed Testing Association. According to regulations in Serbia, monitoring of seed production under field conditions, and further on, during the processing practice is done only by designate authorities. This study presents one of successful systems of the seed production organization applicable in countries with similar conditions.

A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da extração e da embebição das sementes sobre a germinação de tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer, Arecaceae). Após limpeza e secagem dos pirênios, o endocarpo foi quebrado e removido para liberação das sementes que, antes da semeadura, foram submetidas à embebição em água por 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias. A germinação foi superior a 58%, independentemente do período de embebição, confirmando a possibilidade de retirar o endocarpo sem agravar prejuízos à viabilidade das sementes. As sementes submetidas a nove dias de embebição, com 30% de água, tiveram maior germinação (70%) e índice de velocidade de germinação, com tempo médio de germinação de 104 dias. A remoção do endocarpo e a embebição das sementes aceleram e aumentam a germinação.The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the extraction and imbibition period on the germination of tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer, Arecaceae) seeds. After cleaning and drying the pyrenes, the endocarp was broken and removed to liberate the seeds that, before sowing, were soaked in water for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days. The germination was superior to 58%, confirming the possibility of extracting the endocarp without damaging the viability of the seeds. The seeds submitted to nine days of soaking, had a moisture content of 30%, obtained better germination (70%) and index of germination velocity, with mean time of germination of 104 days. The removal of the endocarp and the soaking of seeds accelerated and increased the germination.

Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2019-06-10T20:53:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO DE ALMEIDA FARIAS – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEA) 2017.pdf: 5197181 bytes, checksum: 789615d574bb3385ec3ce1ffa66c8bea (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-06-10T20:53:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO DE ALMEIDA FARIAS – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEA) 2017.pdf: 5197181 bytes, checksum: 789615d574bb3385ec3ce1ffa66c8bea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 No processamento mecanizado de sementes em uma Unidade de Beneficiamento de Sementes – UBS, as operações para o condicionamento das sementes, têm por objetivo beneficiar e resguardar a sua qualidade. Contudo, no decorrer do processo há ocorrência de danos por impacto, fricção, pressão, aos produtos. Os danos podem ser estimados pelo uso de equipamento simulador dos efeitos das operações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um equipamento simulador de danos mecânicos, indutor de impactos controlados em sementes, para simular os efeitos das interações ocorridas na UBS, com um estudo de caso em feijão carioca. Foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Instrumentação Aplicada da Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia de Alimentos. O equipamento tem uma estrutura mecânica de homogeneização, um aplicador de golpes e misturador de sementes, tracionado por um motor elétrico trifásico, controlado por uma unidade inversora de frequência e uma interface baseada em controlador Arduino. Os parâmetros de controles foram obtidos de uma UBS. Os resultados são conclusivos e satisfatórios, permitindo simular os indices de danos do processamento na UBS, em sementes de feijão carioca com precisão de 95% de probabilidade, testados pela perda de qualidade fisiológica das sementes de feijão determinada pelas operações em uma UBS e comparado com o equipamento desenvolvido. The mechanized seeding process from a seed processing facility (UBS) benefits from pre-cleaning, drying, cleaning, classifying, plague treatment and product packing, that provides for the correct storage conditions for further distribution. Nonetheless, a device designed to simulate the seed processing facility operations could determine processing damages from impact, friction, pressure, among others. We did a casestudy with carioca bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) that aimed to design such an electromechanical device capable of simulate and control the mechanical impact occurring on a seed processing facility with precise application velocity and exposure duration. A case-study was performed. The simulator device was designed at the Laboratory of Applied Instrumentation from the Food Engineering Academic Unit utilizing operational information from UBS specialists. The prototype composes of a homogenization mechanical structure powered by the traction provided by a threephase electric powered engine, and provides mechanical impact and seed mixing. The device has an engine electronic microprocessor controlled that controls the frequency inverter unit. Previous processing parameters such as variety, moisture content, temperature, shape, density, elasticity index, hardiness, breakage susceptibility, among others were used to adjust and regulate the device. From the results, we can conclude that the designed device is able to simulate with a 95% precision the damages occurring on a seed processing facility, addressed by the loss of physiologic quality of pinto bean seeds of SPF processed seeds in comparison with the ones assayed on our prototype.

Summarizing the results of the research it was established that better conditions of damping for period of sowing appear for the plowing as the main soil cultivation. The bigger stock of moisture of the both soil cultivation accrues on the hon-fertilized variants, whereas the increasing of the norms of fertilizer leads to its reduction. It is approved the positive influence of mineral nutrition and before-sowing seed processing with ryzobofit for the formation of the indicators of the individual productivity of soya plants and conversely their reduction for the formation of plowing changing as the main soil cultivation with the surface soil. However, they achieved the maximum increasing for the making N45P45K45 and the before-sowing seed processing with ryzobofit. Analyzing the indicators of soya seed crop capacity it is established that among the еxperienced indicators (the main soil cultivation, fertilization) the biggest influence for the formation of soya seed harvest has the fertilization with the combining with before-sowing seed processing and on the second place is the way of the main soil cultivation. The maximum soya harvest (2,98 t/ha that is 1,5 t/ha more comparing with the control) in the conditions of Right- Bank Steppe was received on the background of plowing when making N45P45K45 and in the condition of before-sowing processing of seed with ryzobofit., Узагальнюючи результати досліджень, встановлено, що кращі умови зволоження на час сівби складаються за проведення оранки як основного обробітку ґрунту. Більший запас вологи на обох обробітках ґрунту накопичується на неудобрених варіантах, тоді як збільшення норми внесення добрив призводить до його зменшення. Доведено позитивний вплив мінерального живлення та передпосівної обробки насіння ризобофітом на формування показників індивідуальної продуктивності рослин сої та, навпаки, їх зменшення за умови заміни оранки як основного обробітку ґрунту, поверхневим обробітком. Однак, максимального зростання вони досягли за внесення N45P45K45 та передпосівної обробки насіння ризобофітом. Аналізуючи показники урожайності насіння сої встановлено, що з досліджуваних чинників (основний обробіток ґрунту, удобрення) найбільший вплив на формування врожайності насіння сої має удобрення у поєднанні з передпосівною обробкою насіння, на другому місці – спосіб основного обробітку ґрунту. Максимальну врожайність сої (2,98 т/га, що на 1,5 т/га більше порівняно до контролю) в умовах Правобережного Лісостепу одержано на фоні оранки при внесенні N45P45K45 та за умови передпосівної обробки насіння ризобофітом.

Para avaliar a influencia de danos mecanicos ocorridos durante o beneficiamento na qualidade fisiologica de sementes de dois cultivares de soja (Paiaguasa e Dourados). Foram coletadas onze amostras, sendo que a primeira amostra foi obtida colhendo e trilhando as sementes manualmente e as demais ao longo de todo o beneficiamento. As sementes foram avaliadas quanto ao teor de agua, germinacao, danos mecanicos, teste de gipoclorito e tetrazolio (TZ 1-8 e 6-8), vigor: tetrazolio (TZ 1-3), envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade eletrica, porcentagem de emergencia em campo e indice de velocidade de emergencia. Dentre os dois cultivares, as sementes de Paiaguas apresentaram menor porcentagem de danos mecanicos e qualidade fisiologica de sementes superior as de Dourados. para os dois cultivares verificaram-se variacoes na qualidade das sementes durante todo o processo de beneficiamento, sendo que a germinacao e o vigor foram inferiores aos das amostras colhidas manualmente. O beneficiamento pode aprimorar a qualidade (germinacao e vigor) do lote, dependendo da qualidade inicial e do cultivar. Os danos mecanicos ocorrem em cada ponto de beneficiamento e sao cumulativos. Os resultados deste trabalho sugerem que: estudos devem ser conduzidos no sentido de aumentar a eficiencia do beneficiamento de sementes de soja, otimizando o equipamento e o fluxo ao longo do beneficiamento, para melhorar a qualidade da semente e reduzir os danos mecanicos nesta operacao. Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-09T05:50:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 id171730001.pdf: 321791 bytes, checksum: 8e97c9da26fc1ccdfc1948a183b84ff5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-02-29 Resumo apresentado no XI Congresso Brasileiro de Sementes.

In hybrid maize seed processing, due to variable and different agro ecological conditions in production, exist a problem of seed shape and size. Seed of different shape and size, beside physiological traits cause a problem in practice as planting material. First process to achieve planting value is to divide seed to different fractions of shape and size. In this paper, two single cross hybrids from Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje. have been studied. Seed was produced in two different locations. For each hybrid combination, two seed fractions were obtained for shape and three for size. For each hybrid combination and location, six different seed sizes were obtained. For each seed size, from hybrid combination and location, following seed characteristics were study: 1000 kernels weight, seed germination, kernel number per kilogram, kernel number and weigh by liter. Experimental data were calculated to total variability by factorial analysis of variance and correlation. Results shows similarity and differences in seed traits by seed size, location and hybrid combination. Of high significance are differences for kernel number per kilogram, kernel number and weight by liter. These results are of practical significance for hybrid maize seed processing. U doradi hibridnog semena kukuruza, usled promenljivih i sasvim različitih agroekoloških uslova u semenskom usevu, pojavljuje se seme različitog oblika i veličine. Seme različitog oblika i veličene pokazuje i različite fiziološke osobine tako da nastaju brojni problem u primeni takvog setvenog materijala. Stoga je prvi postupak u doradi setvene vrednosti semena kalibriranje na frakcije različitog oblika i veličine. U radu su izvršena istraživanja sa hibridnim semenom dve SC kombinacije stvarane u Institutu za kukuruz "Zemun Polje". Seme je proizvedeno na po dve lokacije. Za svaku hibridnu kombinaciju izdvojene su dve frakcije oblika i tri veličine. Frakcije semena izdvajane su naizmeničnim kombinovanjem cilindričnih rešeta sa pravougaonim i okruglim otvorima. Za svaku hibridnu kombinaciju i lokaciju izdvojeno je šest rangova semena. Ispitivane su sledeće osobine hibridnog semena: masa 1000 semena, klijavost semena, broj semena u kg, broj i masa semena u litri. Eksperimentalni podaci obrađeni su na ukupnu varijabilnost. Rezultati pokazuju sličnost i razlike u ispoljavanju osobina hibridnog semena kukuruza u odnosu na frakciju, lokaciju proizvodnje i hibridnu kombinaciju. Posebno su od značaja razlike za broj semena u kg, broj i masa semena u litri. Ovi rezultati magu se primeniti za unapredjenje procesa dorade semena kukuruza.

In the conditions of market economy and fierce market competition, a priority for oilcrops seed producers and processors is meeting the high requirements of seed quality. Production of sunflower seed, of the required quality, has to be completed in a short period of time, in order to leave sufficient time for a country-wide advertizing campaign and shipment of the entire seed production to end customers. In addition to these time constraints, seed processing has been simultaneously required to keep improving the quality of processed seed. The paper discusses the tests of several seed quality parameters (test weight, thousand seeds weight, pure seeds, germination energy and germination), for four sunflower hybrids (Duško, NS Gricko, NS-H-111, Rimi PR). The policy of the plant is to process hybrid sunflower seed in lots (a maximum weight of 20,000 kg), each lot originating from a single location. The studied period involved one production year. Quality parameters were observed per hybrids for one machine (precleaning maschine). The results of testing showed that the seed of better quality after passage through the precleaning machine, that are better seed quality parameters at the exit of the machine. U tržišnim uslovima privređivanja i ambijentu oštre konkurencije, prioritetan zadatak proizvođača semena uljanih kultura je proizvodnja semenskog materijala koja zadovoljava visoke zahteve kvaliteta proizvoda. Proizvodnju kvalitetnog semena hibridnog suncokreta je potrebno realizovati u veoma kratkom vremenskom periodu, kako bi se na vreme marketinški pokrilo tržište i kompletna proizvodnja semena plasirala do krajnjeg kupca. Pored vremenskog ograničenja dorade, postavljeni su paralelno i zahtevi poboljšanja kvaliteta dorađenog semena. Radom su obuhvaćena ispitivanja više parametara kvaliteta (hektolitarska masa, masa 1000 semena, čistoća, energija klijanja i klijavost semena), za četiri hibrida semena suncokreta (Duško, NS Gricko, NS-H-111 i Rimi PR). Seme hibridnog suncokreta je dorađivano po partijama (max. 20.000 kg) i lokalitetima (mestima proizvodnje). Istraživanje se odnosilo na period u godini proizvodnje, za izabrane hibride. Parametri kvaliteta su posmatrani po hibridima za jednu mašinu (grubi čistač). Rezultati ispitivanja su pokazali da je seme boljeg kvaliteta posle prolaza preko grubog čistača, odnosno da su parametri kvaliteta semena bolji na izlazu iz mašine.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T19:11:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:14:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:30:38Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:30:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência do tamanho e da forma da semente de milho empregada no momento da semeadura sobre o desenvolvimento da planta e a produtividade de grãos. O experimento foi instalado no dia 22/12/2008 em Votuporanga, SP, com seis tratamentos e cinco repetições. Lotes comerciais de sementes de milho híbrido simples DKB 390YG classificados com os seguintes tamanhos (peneiras - P) e formas (achatadas – C ou redondas – R) foram avaliados: 1. C1 (semente retida em P23/64”), 2. C2G (P21/64”), 3. C3M (P17/64” ou 16/64” de comprimento médio); 4. R2GM (P13 x ¾” médio), 5. R3M (P12 x ¾’’ de comprimento 1 a 2 mm maior que a R3) e 6. R3 (P12 x ¾’’). A área foi semeada em sistema plantio direto em um espaçamento de 0,6 m entrelinha, e aos 15 dias após a emergência foi realizado um desbaste para a obtenção de 66.000 plantas ha-1. A colheita foi realizada aos 115 dias após a emergência atingindo produtividade média de grãos de 12498 kg ha-1. De acordo com os resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que alterações no tamanho de sementes de milho interferem apenas no desenvolvimento inicial das plantas. Após 40 dias da emergência, a altura da planta e da inserção da primeira espiga, o diâmetro do colmo, o número de grãos por espiga, o peso e o tamanho do grão colhido e a produtividade de grãos não sofrem interferência do tamanho e da forma da semente de milho empregada em semeadura normal de verão. Due to the small and the round seeds represent a rather high proportion of an ear, this experiment viewed to study the effects of those factors on seed germinative performance in the field as well as on the plant traits related to grain yield. Six treatment combinations replicated five times were sown in Votuporanga/SP on 08/22/2008. Flat shaped (C) and round shaped (R) seeds were made to go through flat round and oblong hole screens which resulted in the following treatments: 1. C1: seeds remaining on the top of a 23/64 '' round hole screen, 2. C2G: 21/64 '', 3. C3M: 17/64 '' or 16/64 '', 4. R2GM: medium length seeds remaining on the top of 13 x 3/4 '' oblong hole screen, 5. R3M: medium length seeds remaining on a 12 x 3/4 '' (from 1 to 2 mm bigger than R3), and 6. R3: 12 x 3/4 ''. The soil of the experimental area was submitted to a no-till cultivation system and the rows were set 0.6 m apart from one another. Fifteen days after emergence (DAE), the plants were thinned to a population of 66,000 plants/ha. Harvest took place 115 DAE and the mean yield was of 12,498 kg ha(-1). Based on the results it was concluded that only the initial growth of the plants is significantly affected by seed size. Plant traits such as plant height, ear insertion height, culm diameter, number of grains per year, grain weight and size as well as grain yield evaluated 40 or more DAE are not significantly affected by seed size or seed shape. Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, DFTASE, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil UNICASTELO, Dept Prod Vegetal, Fernandopolis, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, DFTASE, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil

In sunflower seed production it is important to obtain a high quality end product. This depends not only on field conditions and cultural practices applied but also on seed processing. During processing, seed grades are obtained which differ in size and specific weight. This procedure improves seed quality in comparison with unprocessed seed. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of seed processing and grading on seed quality parameters in different sunflower genotypes. Effects of four seed grades (1. large and heavy, 2. large but light, 3. small and heavy, 4. small and light) on 1000-seed weight, husk, oil and protein contents, energy of germination, and germination rate Were examined in three sunflower genotypes developed at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The seeds were first separated through sieves into large (3.5-5.0 mm) and small (2.6-3.5 mm) grades, which were then divided into heavy and light grades on a gravity table

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:01:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-90162011000600006.pdf: 171971 bytes, checksum: a34a60420901a13f156107bcd39eeadf (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:01:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-90162011000600006.pdf: 171971 bytes, checksum: a34a60420901a13f156107bcd39eeadf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:01:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-90162011000600006.pdf: 171971 bytes, checksum: a34a60420901a13f156107bcd39eeadf (MD5) S0103-90162011000600006.pdf.txt: 21407 bytes, checksum: 5e5f5b4013c6f25c547402b084bac89a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:15:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-90162011000600006.pdf: 171971 bytes, checksum: a34a60420901a13f156107bcd39eeadf (MD5) S0103-90162011000600006.pdf.txt: 21407 bytes, checksum: 5e5f5b4013c6f25c547402b084bac89a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:15:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-90162011000600006.pdf: 171971 bytes, checksum: a34a60420901a13f156107bcd39eeadf (MD5) S0103-90162011000600006.pdf.txt: 21407 bytes, checksum: 5e5f5b4013c6f25c547402b084bac89a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (Annonaceae) is a native species of the Brazilian Savannah (“Cerrado”) region, recommended for the recovery of degraded areas and also for medicinal use. Seeds of some species of the Annonaceae require a long period to germinate and many studies have focused on determining methods which can rapidly analyze seed quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. seeds in accordance to their weight, through X-ray images and emergence test. Seeds were collected from dehiscent follicles with a blower and one portion was separated into weight categories: very light seeds, light seeds and heavy seeds. Another seed portion was separated in water by their density, into those that sank and those that floated. The seeds from each weight category were weighed and X-rayed. A further seed portion from the categories (separated by blower and in water) was also placed in 500 mg L-1 of a solution [gibberellin 4 (GA4) + gibberellin 7 (GA7) and cytocinin] to overcome dormancy and was later sown in soil taken from the “Cerrado”. The internal seed morphology andseedling emergence of X. aromatica were influenced by seed weight. The elimination of badly formed and insect- infested seeds improved the physiological potential of the seed lot. The X-ray test can efficiently evaluate seed quality but does not permit a visualization of the embryos. USP ESALQ Programa de Pós-Gradução em Fitotecnia USP ESALQ Depto. de Produção Vegetal UNESP Depto de Botânica UNESP Depto de Botânica

Uspešna semenska proizvodnja se nalazi pod uticajem velikog broja činilaca. Činioci koji utiču na kvalitet semenske proizvodnje, a samim tim i na kvalitet dorađenog semena, mogu se podeliti u nekoliko grupa: • zemljišni i klimatski činioci (pojava niskih i visokih temperatura, suše, obilnih padavina i sl.), • blagovremena, loša ili nepotpuna primena pojedinih agrotehničkih mera (obrada, nega, zaštita, kontrola cvetanja i prostorne izolacije), • propusti u proizvodnji semena (loše podešavanje sejalica, pogrešno određivanje setvene norme, pogrešan odnos roditeljskih komponenti hibrida, loša kontrola i sl.) i • životna sposobnost semena (primena nekvalitetnog semena, starog ili izmrzlog).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 antonio_corpo_trabalho_1.pdf: 95673 bytes, checksum: 84d63e2f13032cbecfd3656e0ea0066b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-22 The objective of this study was to analyze the components of wheat seed production of Condor Agribusiness Cascavel/PR, from 1997 to 2007. To reach this objective a study case was made in order to analyze the variations over the 11 years of wheat seed production by the company Condor Agribusiness; also analyze the variation of approved area; processing operation; approved and commercialized lots and characterize the wheat seeds production in Brazil concerning to the behavior of supply and demand. Through the analysis and data interpretation was possible to conclude that the approved area variation occurs because of climate influence or factors that make the crop not to grant the norms for seed production. During the process operation, the discarding percentage varies according to impurity and humidity rates and wheat middling. The quality of seeds that come from the field cause variations in the approved lots because they do not reach the requirements of official seed patterns. The commercialization average is 77 %. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os componentes da produção de sementes de trigo da empresa Condor Agronegócios Cascavel/PR, no período entre os anos de 1997 a 2007. Para atingir este objetivo delimitaram-se alguns objetivos específicos: analisar as variações durante os 11 (onze) anos de produção de sementes de trigo pela empresa Condor Agronegócios; analisar as variações de área aprovada, beneficiamento, lotes aprovados e comercializados; caracterizar a produção de sementes de trigo no Brasil no comportamento da oferta e da demanda. A análise e interpretação dos dados possibilitou concluir que as variações de área aprovada ocorrem por influência do clima ou por fatores que façam com que o campo não atenda as normas para produção de sementes. No beneficiamento a percentagem de descarte varia conforme os índices de impureza, umidade e triguilho. A qualidade com que a sementes chegam do campo faz com que ocorram variações nos lotes reprovados por não atenderem as exigências do laboratório oficial de analise de sementes. A média de comercialização é de 77%. A percentagem de semente comercializada sofre influência do mercado pelo preço do grão no momento do plantio e de outras opções de plantio no inverno.

This paper reviews sunflower hybrid seed processing at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad with all practical, technical and technological solutions. Additionally, efforts of Institute's employees are presented here in creating new technical solutions, particularly machines, aimed at their adaptations in existing sunflower seed processing, in order to get better quality and quantity of the processed seed. The paper also reviews original solution of the seed processing improvement with the new machines, regarding their position in the system and their connection in the semiautomatic operation system, with the possibility of independent operation. Seed processing results in high quality sunflower hybrid seed produced and ready for the severe market competition. Ovaj rad prikazuje praktičnu realizaciju sistema dorade hibridnog semena suncokreta u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad zajedno sa tehničko-tehnološkim pozicionim rešenjima. U radu su napomenuti i doprinosi zaposlenih Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad u idejnom kreiranju novih tehničkih rešenja na pojedinim mašinama sa ciljem njihovog prilagođavanja doradi semena suncokreta u smislu boljeg kvaliteta i kvantiteta dorađenog semena. Rad prikazuje i originalno rešenje proširenja sistema dorade novim mašinama, sa aspekta njihove pozicije u samom sistemu, kao i priključenje u poluautomatski režim rada, sa mogućnošću autonomnosti u radu. Rezultat dorade je visokokvalitetno seme hibridnog suncokreta spremno za veoma oštru tržišnu konkurenciju. .

The occurrence of green seeded soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is a problem closely related to unfavorable climatic conditions, mainly drought, that occurs during the final stages of seed maturation. This problem causes serious losses to soybean seed quality in Brazil. In these seeds, chlorophyll is not properly degraded during maturation, drastically reducing seed quality. Using the chlorophyll fluorescence technique, it is possible to remove green seeds from the seed lot, improving seed quality in several species in which the occurrence of green seeds is also a problem. The objective of this research was to study the use of the chlorophyll fluorescence technique in sorting green seeds from soybean seed samples and its effects on quality. Five seed samples of soybean, cultivar TMG 113 RR, with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of green seeds were used in this study. Seeds from each sample were sorted into two fractions based on the chlorophyll fluorescence signals and then compared to the control (non-sorted seeds). The sorting process showed great differences between the low and high chlorophyll fluorescence fractions. It was concluded that: green seeds of soybeans present high chlorophyll fluorescence and that this characteristic affects the quality of the seeds; it is possible to improve the quality of soybean seed by removing green seeds using the chlorophyll fluorescence sorting technique. A ocorrência de sementes esverdeadas de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] é um problema estreitamente relacionado a condições climáticas desfavoráveis, principalmente seca, que ocorrem nos estádios finais de maturação. Esse problema causa sérias perdas de qualidade da semente de soja no Brasil. Em sementes esverdeadas, a clorofila não é degradada adequadamente durante a fase final da maturação das sementes, afetando a sua qualidade. Com a técnica de fluorescência de clorofila, é possível remover sementes esverdeadas e melhorar a qualidade do lote de sementes de diversas espécies em que a ocorrência dessa característica também é um problema. Assim, a pesquisa teve o objetivo de estudar a utilização da técnica de fluorescência de clorofila na separação de sementes esverdeadas em amostras de sementes de soja e avaliar a sua relação com a qualidade. Cinco amostras de sementes de soja, cultivar TMG 113 RR, com 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% de sementes esverdeadas, foram utilizadas na pesquisa. As sementes de cada amostra foram separadas em duas frações baseadas nos sinais de fluorescência de clorofila e comparadas com a testemunha (amostra original, sem separação). O processo de separação proporcionou grande diferença entre as frações de baixa e de alta fluorescência de clorofila, permitindo concluir que: as sementes esverdeadas de soja apresentam alta fluorescência de clorofila e isto afeta a sua qualidade; é possível melhorar a qualidade do lote com a remoção de sementes esverdeadas, utilizando a técnica de separação por fluorescência de clorofila.

U radu je opisana proizvodnja i dorada sjemena šećerne repe u tvrtki KWS, Njemačka. Današnje sorte šećerne repe odlikuju se visokom klijavošću i visokom energijom klijanja, što rezultira manjom potrošnjom sjemena po hektaru i većom proizvodnjom šećera po hektaru. Proizvodnja sjemenske šećerne repe za KWS provodi se u gotovo idealnim klimatskim uvjetima u Francuskoj i Italiji po metodi proizvodnje sjemena iz presadnica i metodi proizvodnje sjemena izravnom sjetvom. Proizvedeno, primarno očišćeno sjeme šećerne repe doprema se u doradbeni centar KWS-a u Einbecku, Njemačka, gdje se dalje dorađuje. Uz klasične metode dorade sjemena, u KWS-u je razvijena i nova EPD (Early Plant Development) metoda dorade sjemena koja omogućuje brži početni porast repe i ujednačeni sklop., The paper describes the production and seed processing of sugar- beet in KWS company, Germany. Present- day species of sugar- beet are characterized with high germinativeness and high energy of germination, which results in smaller consumption of seed per acre and a higher production of sugar per acre. The production of seminal sugar- beet for KWS is carried out in almost ideal climatic conditions in France and Italy by the method of seed production from replanted plants and the method of seed production by direct sowing. The produced, primarily refined seed of sugar- beet is delivered to the seed processing center in Einbeck, Germany, where it is further processed. Together with classic methods of seed processing, the new EPD (Early Plant Development) method of seed processing was developed in KWS and it enables a quicker starting growth of beet and an equable system.

The aim of the research was to determine influence of methods of seed processing and application of fungicides on mass of 1000 seeds, intergrowth energy and seed germination of sunflower hybrids Favorit and Apolon in 2005 and 2006. Selected untreated seeds of both sunflower hybrids (control) had a minimal mass of 1000 seeds (55-59 g), intergrowth energy (18-37%) and seed germination (39-52%). In both years of research maximal seed quality, mass of 1000 seeds (67-69 g), intergrowth energy (84-85%) and seed germination (87-89%). were after the method of seed processing T-4 and after the fungicides application TF-4. The results showed that unfavorable weather conditions over the production year result with low quality seeds. However, by applying the target methods of seed processing and optimal combination of fungicide doses we can produce the sunflower seeds with regular legislation quality for the market.

A cultura da soja representa aproximadamente 43% da producao de graos no Brasil, produzindo-se acima de 81 milhoes de toneladas na safra 2012-2013. A utilizacao de sementes de alta qualidade e crucial para uma agricultura produtiva. Sabe-se que sementes com baixa qualidade comprometem a obtencao de um adequado estande de plantas, influindo diretamente na produtividade da lavoura, aumentando os custos de producao pela ressemeadura, ocasionando frequentemente a perda da epoca adequada e trazendo problemas que refletem diretamente na produtividade. A qualidade de sementes pode ser afetada pelo grau de umidade, danos mecânicos na colheita e no beneficiamento, danos termicos na secagem, condicoes ambientais de armazenamento e incidencia de insetos e fungos. O Estado de Santa Catarina possui condicoes climaticas favoraveis para a producao de sementes de soja e empresas que dispoem de tecnologia moderna para a producao de sementes. Portanto, objetivou-se no presente experimento, caracterizar a qualidade fisica e sanitaria das sementes de soja produzidas por empresas, em diferentes regioes do estado de Santa Catarina (Xanxere, Abelardo Luz, Campos Novos e Canoinhas). Avaliou-se a pureza fisica, o dano mecânico, o grau de umidade e a qualidade sanitaria de sementes em tres epocas (recepcao na UBS, apos o beneficiamento e antes da comercializacao). Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a incidencia de danos mecânicos e a mistura varietal sao os principais problemas nos lotes de sementes de soja e que as sementes de soja produzidas no Estado de Santa Catarina apresentam contaminacao por patogenos, recomendando-se o tratamento de sementes.

Istraživanjem je prikazana proizvodnja sjemena u Republici Hrvatskoj od njezinih početka, trenutnog stanja do budućeg razvoja. Za prikaz su odabrane važnije sastavnice proizvodnje kao i vremenska razdoblja koja su obilježila proizvodnju sjemena u R.H. U Hrvatskoj je danas godišnja proizvodnja sjemena na oko 30.000 ha s proizvodnjom oko 200.000 t sjemena Istraživanjem su obuhvaćene potrebe za sjemenom, organizacija sjemenske proizvodnje, površine za sjemensku proizvodnju, doradbeni kapaciteti, distribucija, cijena, izvoz i uvoz sjemena., This investigation show seed production in Croatia from begining to the present state and future possibilities. Research emphasize important seed productions as well as specific time period. Present seed production in Croatia is organized on 30 000 ha and approximatly 200 000 t grain yield per year. Investigation included seed request, organization of seed production, seed production areas, seed processing capacity, distribution, costs, seed export and import.

A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da extração e da embebição das sementes sobre a germinação de tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer, Arecaceae). Após limpeza e secagem dos pirênios, o endocarpo foi quebrado e removido para liberação das sementes que, antes da semeadura, foram submetidas à embebição em água por 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias. A germinação foi superior a 58%, independentemente do período de embebição, confirmando a possibilidade de retirar o endocarpo sem agravar prejuízos à viabilidade das sementes. As sementes submetidas a nove dias de embebição, com 30% de água, tiveram maior germinação (70%) e índice de velocidade de germinação, com tempo médio de germinação de 104 dias. A remoção do endocarpo e a embebição das sementes aceleram e aumentam a germinação. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the extraction and imbibition period on the germination of tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer, Arecaceae) seeds. After cleaning and drying the pyrenes, the endocarp was broken and removed to liberate the seeds that, before sowing, were soaked in water for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days. The germination was superior to 58%, confirming the possibility of extracting the endocarp without damaging the viability of the seeds. The seeds submitted to nine days of soaking, had a moisture content of 30%, obtained better germination (70%) and index of germination velocity, with mean time of germination of 104 days. The removal of the endocarp and the soaking of seeds accelerated and increased the germination.

U ovim istraživanjima razvidno je kako se pri sjetvi na osnovu formule “1” (X= broj sjemenki / m2) dobiva od 40% do 45% željenog broja biljaka, dok sijanjem količine sjemena po formuli “2” (N = količina sjemena u g / m2), dobiva se 3,5 puta više biljaka crnog bora od željenog broja (željeni br. “V”). Određenim izmjenama postojećih formula za izračunavanje potrebne količine sjemena za željeni broj biljaka, postigla bi se veća točnost, što je i potvr|eno ovim istraživanjima sa sjemenom crnog bora. Ovakva istraživanja treba obaviti s istim vrstama u više rasadnika, jer u formuli za izračunavanje broja sjemenki za sjetvu, nije posebno naglašen faktor tlo., The investigation used Austrian pine seed originating from the clonal seed orchard "Prkos" (unacknowledged), Forest Administration Branch Office Gospi}, Forest Office Gospi} (crop 2001), processed during the winter of 2001/2002 in the seed extraction plant of the Jastrebarsko Forest Research Institute (ROTH 2002). Furthermore, by sowing based on the formula "1" (X=number of seed/m2) 40% to 45% of the desired number of plants can be obtained (desired number "A", Table 3). While sowing the seed amount according to the formula "2" (N = amount of seed in g/m2) 3.5 times more Austrian pine plants were obtained than the desired number (desired number "V"). By certain changes in the existing formulae for calculating the necessary amount of seed for the desired number of plants greater accuracy would be achieved, which was confirmed in these investigations with seed of Austrian pine. Such investigations should be carried out with the same species in several nurseries, because in the formula for calculating the number of seed for sowing the soil factor is not specifically emphasised.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do tipo do fruto, do peso específico da semente e do período de armazenamento na germinação e vigor de sementes de mamão, do grupo Formosa. Durante a colheita, os frutos foram classificados por tipo, em comerciável e refugo. As sementes foram extraídas manualmente, lavadas e colocadas para secar à sombra. Após a secagem, as sementes foram submetidas a pré-limpeza em separador pneumático e, em seguida, classificadas em mesa de gravidade, por peso específico, nas classes leve, intermediária e pesada. As sementes foram acondicionadas em embalagem permeável (papel multifoliado), armazenadas em câmara fria e avaliadas quanto à germinação e vigor (primeira contagem, avaliação do vigor das plântulas e envelhecimento acelerado), no início e depois de 3 e 6 meses de armazenamento. Os melhores resultados foram encontrados quando se utilizou sementes da classe pesada. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi mantida até o terceiro mês de armazenamento. As sementes das classes pesada e intermediária mostram alta germinação e alto vigor, podendo ser utilizadas para composição de lotes comerciáveis de sementes de mamão. The present study evaluated the influence of the fruit type, specific seed weight and storage on the germination and vigor of papaya seeds of the Solo group. After harvest the fruits were classified as small, medium or large. The seeds were extracted manually, washed and placed to dry in the shade. After drying, the seeds were processed in a pneumatic machine to separate light materials and also through a gravity table machine, where the seeds were separated into three classes: light, intermediate and heavy. The seeds were placed in paper bags, stored in a cold chamber and evaluated for germination and vigor (First Count of GT, Seedling Size and Accelerated Aging test) at the start of the experiment and after 3 and 6 months of storage. The best germination and vigor results were found when heavy seeds were used. High seed quality was preserved until the third month of storage.

O presente trabalho, conduzido na unidade de produção da empresa Sementes Pioneer Ltda. e no Laboratório Didático e de Pesquisas em Sementes da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do beneficiamento na qualidade física e fisiológica das sementes de milho. Foram utilizadas sementes do híbrido simples super precoce 32R21. As sementes foram colhidas em espigas e submetidas às operações de secagem, debulha mecânica, pré-limpeza, limpeza, classificação por largura, comprimento e peso. Foram coletadas amostras de sementes em intervalos variáveis no ponto de descarga de cada máquina, totalizando 23 pontos de coleta, que constituíram os tratamentos. A avaliação dos diferentes tratamentos foi realizada pelos testes de pureza física, danos mecânicos, germinação e vigor (teste de frio e condutividade elétrica). Concluiu-se que o beneficiamento afetou a qualidade física e fisiológica das sementes. Os danos mecânicos são produzidos progressivamente, a partir da debulha mecânica e no final do beneficiamento as sementes redondas apresentaram maior porcentagem de danos. A germinação e o vigor das sementes são afetados pelas etapas do beneficiamento, quando estas estão associadas a danos mecânicos severos. The objective of this study was to evaluate the processing effect over the physic and physiological quality of corn seeds. This research was conducted at the Pioneer Seeds, Santa Cruz do Sul, and at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. Seeds of the single cross hybrid 32R21 harvested on ears were submitted to dry, mechanical sheller, pre-cleaner and cleaner machines, width, length size and weight classifications. A total of 23 seed samples were collected after each processing step in variable periods. Each sample was considered a treatment. The evaluations were the following tests: purity, mechanical damage, germination and vigor (cold and conductivity). Seed processing of the 32R21 hybrid affects the physic and physiological quality. Mechanical damage is progressive and starts with mechanical sheller. Round seeds have higher percentage of damage than flat seeds. Seed processing affects germination and vigor, when associated with severe mechanical damage.

As escassas informações, referentes ao beneficiamento de sementes de Lupinus angustifolius (L.), motivaram a avaliação dos efeitos da ação dos equipamentos sobre as qualidades física, fisiológica e sanitária do lote de sementes processado. O estudo, realizado com sementes de tremoço azul cv. IAPAR 24, considerou tratamentos obtidos no processamento, isolado e conjunto, em máquina de ventilador e peneiras e mesa de gravidade. Foram avaliados os rendimentos das máquinas e as qualidades sanitária, física e fisiológica das sementes processadas. Concluiu-se que, o uso da mesa gravitacional, associado ou não ao da máquina de ventilador e peneiras, proporciona ganhos qualitativos às sementes de tremoço. The evaluation of the effects of processing seeds of blue lupine on their physical, physiological and pathological quality was performed due to the lack of available information. Seeds of blue lupine cv. IAPAR 24 were processed using the air screen cleaner and the gravity table, individually or in sequence. The efficiency of the equipments was measured and the seed physical, physiological and pathological qualities were evaluated. The gravity table individually or in association with air screen cleaner contributed to improve the quality of blue lupine seeds.