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Za postizanje vrhunskih rezultata u sportu vrlo je značajna kvalitetna dugoročna sportska priprema plana i programa rada sportaša. Kvalitetna dugoročna sportska priprema zahtjeva zadovoljavanje svih osnovnih pravila pri konstruiranju plana i programa rada sportaša u njegovoj dugoročnoj sportskoj karijeri. Ovaj specijalistički rad bazira se na modeliranju atletskih programa mlađih dobnih kategorija od 10 do 17 godina. Sastoji se od uvodnog dijela u kojem će se opisati povijest atletike, a potom atletske discipline. U nastavku rada opisuju se osnove modeliranja atletskih programa za dobne kategorije od 10 do 17 godina, njihovi sumarni pokazatelji rada, ciljevi i zadaće treninga dobnih kategorija od 10 do 17 godina i metode rada. Dobne kategorije u radu podijeljene su u četiri (4) kategorije i to: dobna kategorija 10 i 11 godina, dobna kategorija 12 i 13 godina, dobna kategorija 14 i 15 godina i dobna kategorija 16 i 17 godina. Svaka dobna kategorija opisuje se zasebno s razvojnim karakteristikama, ciljevima i zadaćama, metodama rada, modelima plana i programa godišnjih ciklusa treninga, modelima plana i programa mikrociklusa te pojedinačnim treninzima za svaki dio kondicijske pripreme. Na kraju specijalističkog rada je zaključak cjelokupnog rada. Nastoji se definirati modeliranje programa od godišnjih elemenata plana i programa rada prema manjim ciklusima rada (godišnji ciklus, periodi, faze, makrociklusi, mikrociklusi, pojedinačni treninzi). Uspješno modeliranje atletskih programa odnosno kvalitetan plan programa i rada u trenažnom procesu, u svakom dijelu dugoročne sportske pripreme sportaša, u potpunosti će zadovoljiti cilj da sportaš ima sve preduvjete za postizanje svojih najboljih rezultata. In this paper, the importance of long-term planning of modelling athletic programs for ages 10-17 will be discussed. The work is divided into several parts: an introductory part which describes the history of the athletics and the athletic discipline. Secondly, the modelling of athletic programs for ages from 10 to 17 in general terms, followed by defining and outlining detailed modelling of athletic programs for ages 10 and 11 , 12 and 13 years, 14 and 15 years and 16 and 17 years ( for different age groups as listed 10 to 17) and lastly the work itself summarizing the main points of the entire work. Each age category is separately described, including its development characteristics, goals and methods, models of the plan and program of annual training cycle, models of plan and program of microcycles and of each training, for every part of fitness training. In this summary, modelling programs will be defined from annual elements of the plan and working program to smaller work cycles (periods, phases, macrocycles, microcycles, individual trainings). Having a good quality program plan and working in the training process in every part of the long-term sports preparation process of the athlete, will fully satisfy the athletes goals to achieve its best results.

Stone crayfish (Austropotamobius torrentium) is one of the four native European crayfish species inhabiting Croatian freshwaters and is protected by Croatian law. The aim of this work was to investigate several aspects of species life cycle, morphometrics and habitat preferences. Populations were studied for 18 months in two streams in the Karlovac County. Crayfish were trapped once a month. Altogether 806 crayfish were analysed and their weight plus 7 morphometric characteristics per crayfish were recorded. Eight different physicochemical parameters of the water were measured. We found positive correlations between the number of captured individuals and water temperature, conductivity and water hardness. A negative correlation was found between the number of captured individuals and water level. The maximal recorded weight was 72 g for males and 43 g for females, while the maximal recorded body length was 11.02 cm for males and 10.37 cm for females. Freshly moulted animals were caught from June to November. Development of the glair glands started in July, external eggs were recorded from November to June and newly hatched juveniles were caught in June and July. The smallest egg-bearing female was 6.42 cm long. Males and females differed significantly in all measured morphometric characteristics and body weight, while crayfish from the two populations differed significantly in carapace width, claw length, claw width and claw height in males and in total body length, carapace width, claw height and width of the first abdominal pleura in females. It could be assumed that observed morphological differences between populations occurred due to crayfish adaptation to specific local environmental and ecological conditions., Potočni rak (Austropotamobius torrentium) jedna je od četiri europske vrste deseteronožnih rakova iz porodice Astacidae koja živi u hrvatskim slatkovodnim ekosustavima te je strogo zakonom zaštićena. Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti nekoliko aspekata životnog ciklusa vrste, njenu morfometriju i uvjete staništa. Populacije su istraživane tijekom 18 mjeseci u dva potoka u Karlovačkoj županiji. Životinje su lovljene jednom mjesečno. Ukupno je ulovljeno 806 jedinki kojima je zabilježen spol, faza presvlačenja i reprodukcije, izmjereno je sedam morfometrijskih obilježja i težina tijela. Pri svakom uzorkovanju izmjereno je osam fizikalno-kemijskih parametara vode. Zabilježena je pozitivna korelacija između broja ulovljenih jedinki i temperature, vodljivosti i ukupne tvrdoće vode. Negativna korelacija zabilježena je između broja ulovljenih jedinki i razine vode. Maksimalna zabilježena težina tijela iznosila je 72 g kod mužjaka i 43 g kod ženki, dok je maksimalna zabilježena dužina tijela iznosila 11,02 cm kod mužjaka i 10,37 cm kod ženki. Svježe presvučene životinje lovljene su od lipnja do studenog. Razvoj cementnih žlijezda započeo je u srpnju, vanjska jaja bilježena su od studenog do lipnja, a tek izlegli juvenilni rakovi zabilježeni su u lipnju i srpnju. Najmanja ženka s pleopodalnim jajima bila je duga 6,42 cm. Mužjaci i ženke razlikuju se značajno u svim mjerenim morfometrijskim obilježjima i težini tijela, dok se jedinke iz dviju populacija međusobno značajno razlikuju u širini karapaksa, dužini, širini i debljini kliješta kod mužjaka te ukupnoj dužini tijela, širini karapaksa, debljini kliješta i širini prve abdominalne pleure kod ženki. Možemo pretpostaviti da su zabilježene morfometrijske razlike između populacija posljedica adaptacije na specifične stanišne i ekološke uvjete.

Stone crayfish (Austropotamobius torrentium) is one of the four native European crayfish species inhabiting Croatian freshwaters and is protected by Croatian law. The aim of this work was to investigate several aspects of species life cycle, morphometrics and habitat preferences. Populations were studied for 18 months in two streams in the Karlovac County. Crayfish were trapped once a month. Altogether 806 crayfish were analysed and their weight plus 7 morphometric characteristics per crayfish were recorded. Eight different physicochemical parameters of the water were measured. We found positive correlations between the number of captured individuals and water temperature, conductivity and water hardness. A negative correlation was found between the number of captured individuals and water level. The maximal recorded weight was 72 g for males and 43 g for females, while the maximal recorded body length was 11.02 cm for males and 10.37 cm for females. Freshly moulted animals were caught from June to November. Development of the glair glands started in July, external eggs were recorded from November to June and newly hatched juveniles were caught in June and July. The smallest egg-bearing female was 6.42 cm long. Males and females differed significantly in all measured morphometric characteristics and body weight, while crayfish from the two populations differed significantly in carapace width, claw length, claw width and claw height in males and in total body length, carapace width, claw height and width of the first abdominal pleura in females. It could be assumed that observed morphological differences between populations occurred due to crayfish adaptation to specific local environmental and ecological conditions.

The morphological and functional state of young bicyclists is considered 12-14 years, engaging in the extreme type of the cycle racing (ВМХ). Research is conducted during two year cycles of the морфофункционального state of young bicyclists 12-14 years, specialized in bicycle мотокроссе. Physician-biology control which allowed educing the level of the functional state of young bicyclists 12-14 years on the type of build is shown.

The influence on the bird community of 9 structural zones in two plots of Iberian oak-woodland (Quercus pyrenaica) with differences in vegetation structure was studied. Bird utilization of vegetation was measured by taking samples of each observed individual every 30 seconds, specifying the zone used as a food resource. Existence of a preferential selection in tree top and shrub was verified in the "Monte" plot, whereas tree top and ground in "Dehesa" plot were the preferential zones. The incidence of the seasons in the utilization of some zones (tree top, shrub and air) was proven, while others zones (ground and trunks) maintained an uniform level of utilization all year round. Shrub is used more in Iberian-oak forest than in other evergreen Quercus woods, while the opposite happens for the ground. The hardest period for birds in the study forest in the winter, while in other evergreen Mediterranean woods It is the summer., Depto. de Biología Animal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071- Salamanca, España [es] Se estudia la influencia que ejercen sobre la comunidad de aves, las 9 zonas estructurales definidas dentro de dos parcelas de rebollar que presentan diferente estructura de su vegetación. La utilización del medio se midió observando cada individuo a intervalos de 30 segundos, anotando la zona sobre la que se encontraba buscando alimento. Se comprueba la selección preferencial de la copa de los árboles y del matorral en la parcela "Monte" y de la copa y el suelo en la parcela "Dehesa". Se pone de manifiesto la incidencia de la estacionalidad sobre la selección de algunos sustratos (copa de árboles, matorral y aire), mientras que otros mantienen una utilización más uniforme durante todo el año (suelo y troncos). El matorral es más ampliamente empleado en el rebollar que en bosques de Quercus perennes ibéricos, mientras que sucede lo contrario respecto al empleo del suelo. El invierno aparece como el período adverso para alimentarse las aves en el rebollar, mientras que en los bosques esclerófilos mediterráneos sería el verano. [fr] Nous avons étudié l'influence sur la communauté d'oiseaux de 9 zones structurelles definées en deux parcelles de chênaie (Quercus Pyrenaica), présentant chacune une structure de végétation différente. L'utilisation de l'environnement fut mesuré par l'observation de chaque individu tous les 30 secondes, enregistrant la zone où il se trouvait pendant la recherche de la nourriture. Nous avons vérifié que "têtes d'arbres" et "maquis" dans la parcelle "Monte" et "têtes d'arbres" et "sol" dans la parcelle "Dehesa" ont été choisis de préférence. Nous avons pu constater que quelques substrats sont choisis selon les saisons tandis que d'autres (sol et troncs) sont usés de la même manière pendant toute l'année. Le maquis est utilisé plus largement dans la chênaie que dans autres forêts de "Quercus à feuille persistante", tandis que le contraire arrive pour l'utilisation du sol. L'hiver est la période dé favorable pour la nourriture dans la chênaie, tandis que dans des forêts "sclerophiles" méditerranéens c'est l'été.

The influence on the bird community of 9 structural zones in two plots of Iberian oak-woodland (Quercus pyrenaica) with differences in vegetation structure was studied. Bird utilization of vegetation was measured by taking samples of each observed individual every 30 seconds, specifying the zone used as a food resource. Existence of a preferential selection in tree top and shrub was verified in the "Monte" plot, whereas tree top and ground in "Dehesa" plot were the preferential zones. The incidence of the seasons in the utilization of some zones (tree top, shrub and air) was proven, while others zones (ground and trunks) maintained an uniform level of utilization all year round. Shrub is used more in Iberian-oak forest than in other evergreen Quercus woods, while the opposite happens for the ground. The hardest period for birds in the study forest in the winter, while in other evergreen Mediterranean woods It is the summer.Depto. de Biología Animal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071- Salamanca, España [es] Se estudia la influencia que ejercen sobre la comunidad de aves, las 9 zonas estructurales definidas dentro de dos parcelas de rebollar que presentan diferente estructura de su vegetación. La utilización del medio se midió observando cada individuo a intervalos de 30 segundos, anotando la zona sobre la que se encontraba buscando alimento. Se comprueba la selección preferencial de la copa de los árboles y del matorral en la parcela "Monte" y de la copa y el suelo en la parcela "Dehesa". Se pone de manifiesto la incidencia de la estacionalidad sobre la selección de algunos sustratos (copa de árboles, matorral y aire), mientras que otros mantienen una utilización más uniforme durante todo el año (suelo y troncos). El matorral es más ampliamente empleado en el rebollar que en bosques de Quercus perennes ibéricos, mientras que sucede lo contrario respecto al empleo del suelo. El invierno aparece como el período adverso para alimentarse las aves en el rebollar, mientras que en los bosques esclerófilos mediterráneos sería el verano. [fr] Nous avons étudié l'influence sur la communauté d'oiseaux de 9 zones structurelles definées en deux parcelles de chênaie (Quercus Pyrenaica), présentant chacune une structure de végétation différente. L'utilisation de l'environnement fut mesuré par l'observation de chaque individu tous les 30 secondes, enregistrant la zone où il se trouvait pendant la recherche de la nourriture. Nous avons vérifié que "têtes d'arbres" et "maquis" dans la parcelle "Monte" et "têtes d'arbres" et "sol" dans la parcelle "Dehesa" ont été choisis de préférence. Nous avons pu constater que quelques substrats sont choisis selon les saisons tandis que d'autres (sol et troncs) sont usés de la même manière pendant toute l'année. Le maquis est utilisé plus largement dans la chênaie que dans autres forêts de "Quercus à feuille persistante", tandis que le contraire arrive pour l'utilisation du sol. L'hiver est la période dé favorable pour la nourriture dans la chênaie, tandis que dans des forêts "sclerophiles" méditerranéens c'est l'été.

The presence of the signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, in waterbodies of Europe is of high concern due to its potentially major ecological impact on invaded ecosystems and native crayfish. In this study, we examined population characteristics and spatial dynamics of a recently established signal crayfish population near the edge of its invasive range in the Mura river (Croatia), by analyzing population density, fecundity, and sex and size structure, as well as movement patterns. The obtained results revealed that the examined population is characterized by relatively low population density, balanced sex and size structure of adult crayfish, and high spatial activity of examined individuals, with an average daily movement of 28 m/day. Pleopodal fecundity was in a similar range to other signal crayfish populations in Europe. The large minimal size of caught mature females (85 mm total length), coupled with the estimated low population density (0.8–1.2 crayfish.m-2), suggested that the examined population has not reached its maximum density yet. Obtained results represent baseline information for the development of monitoring procedures and management strategies aimed at signal crayfish control within the Mura and Drava catchments and also highlight the importance of understanding local factors controlling invasive species’ population dynamics and productivity.

As little is known about Astacus leptodactylus life cycle, the aim of our research was to gather data on narrow-clawed activity throughout one year. The research was conducted on the Dobra and Mrežnica rivers (continental Croatia) from October 2006 to October 2007. Crayfish sampling was carried out twice a month with baited LiNi traps. Different physiological crayfish functions and morphometrical characteristics were recorded, as well as the physico-chemical parameters of the water. Altogether 311 crayfish were trapped (180 males, 131 females). Sex ratio fluctuated throughout the year, depending on crayfish physiological cycle. The heaviest male was 113 g, and female 125 g, whilst the longest male was 14.78 cm, and female 16.71 cm. Animals were active all the year round, with the peak of activity in April and July in the Dobra River, and without an apparent peak of activity for the crayfish from the Mrežnica River. Preparation for mating started in September (developed glair glands), spawned eggs were recorded in December, and juveniles hatched in the second half of May. Freshly moulted animals were found from May until September. Main injuries were claw and limb loss, and there were no signs of diseases or epibionts within the studied populations.

Astacus leptodactylus is one of four native freshwater crayfish inhabiting Croatian inland waters. Comparing data on its distribution from historical sources and recent research, it seems that narrow-clawed crayfish is spreading from the east to the west and south of Croatia. As little is known about its life cycle, therefore the aim of our research was to gather data on narrow-clawed activity throughout a year. The research was conducted in Dobra and Mrežnica rivers (continental Croatia). Crayfish sampling was carried out with baited LiNi traps twice a month, and different physiological crayfish functions and morphometrical characteristics were recorded, as well as physico-chemical parameters of the water. Altogether 311 crayfish were trapped (180 males, 131 females). Sex ratio fluctuated throughout the year, depending on their physiological cycle. The heaviest male was 113 g, and female 125 g, while the longest male was 14.78 cm, and female 16.71 cm. Animals were active all the year around, with the peak of activity in April and June. Preparation for mating started at the end of August and in September (developed glair glands and enlarged gonopods) and juveniles hatched in mid-May. Freshly moulted animals were found from mid-April until September. Main injuries were claw and limb loss, and there were no signs of diseases or epibionts within the studied populations. Correlation of crayfish activity and different physico-chemical parameters of water are discussed in details.

We studied life cycle of stone crayfish for 18 months in three streams on Medvednica Mountain, located above city of Zagreb. Sampling of animals was carried out with baited traps twice a month and various physiological functions were recorded. Sex ratio of trapped crayfish was 1:1, but it fluctuated during the year. Animals were active from early spring until the beginning of November when their activities significantly decreased. In this period we noticed three peaks of higher activity. The first one after winter starvation in March, the second one after egg hatching (June/July) and the third one during mating period (end of September - beginning of November). The maximal recorded weight for female was 38 g while the heaviest male was 55 g. The longest female was 9.28 cm and male 10.30 cm. Development of glair glands started from the end of July, mating occurred at the end of October and the juveniles hatched until mid-June. Freshly moulted animals were found from mid-May until mid-October. Main injuries were claw and limb loss. We noticed the presence of burn spot disease and Branchiobdella parasita Henle within studied populations. Correlation with five different physico-chemical parameters of water showed that animals’ activity is positively correlated to water temperature, conductivity, pH and hardness and negatively to oxygen concentration.