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The purpose of this thesis is to show the useful characteristics of a wide variety of papers as applied to the preparation of a tactile and visual organization on a number of wallboards. It is hoped the wide variety of papers and techniques used will be inspirational to other teachers when creatively planning their own designs using paper as their art medium.

The problem of investigating the possibilities of direct design transfer from plant to fabric and paper was divided into two parts. The first part is concerned with the exploration of the mechanics of the transfer. Invloved in this process are the technique of manipulating tools, of selecting suitable fabrics and paper, of determining chemicals that would facilitate the printing process and of experimenting with ways to preserve the finished design. The evaluation of the usability and durability of the finished print was based on a series of color fastness tests. The second part of this problem is concerned with the exploration of the design possibilities of the medium. The plants were tested and rated according to their visual attributes relative to the elements of design. Combinations of the successful plant prints were used to produce variations of pattern and texture. The results of the investigation were evaluated to determine the versatility of the medium as a design tool and the usefulness of the technique as a practical printing method

This study dealt with labor turnover in a paper producing industry in Georgia/ Labor turnover is a problem in many industrial plants because of the cost incurred for training competent workers and disruptions in schedules which are caused by inadequate labor supplies. Disruptions in production schedules appear when a manager finds that he is short-handed because of labor turnovers. Disruptions in scheduling, cost industry money and this unnecessary cost can be obliterated by carefully planning for the turnovers or by preventing the turnovers before they happen. Preventing or reducing the turnovers would be the best solution. The researcher decided to apply his efforts and abilities to the study of turnovers in an attempt to find ways of reducing turnovers for this study. A high turnover is not desirable and a reduction is necessary if better utilization of human resources and production time is to be attained. To reduce turnovers, a correlation must be found between the workers who terminate their services and the reasons for termination. The overall reason stated by Herzburg for labor turnovers is worker dissatisfaction (1), but the reasons for dissatisfaction are not specifically known. It is not probable that every job will give the worker satisfaction, however, other compensation (pay, job freedom, status, worker relationships) can improve the worker's satisfaction. Greater worker satisfaction should be attained and labor turnovers should decrease by comparing the individual's needs, abilities, and personality to the job. This would serve a twofold purpose; it would benefit industry by decreasing their cost and would help the workers to find jobs more suitable to their skills and perhaps more gratifying to their needs.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether each of the nine introduced tales in Pickwick Papers was written at the same time as the main narrative of the number in which the tale appears.

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2031-01-01

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Marion R. Stover

The purpose of this study was to explore a method for developing production standards for a low-production fourdrinier paper machine producing a wide range of specialty paper types. The approach was based primarily on noted historical deviations of actual production from production indicated from the use of formulas or nomographs describing the theoretical production possible. Using FORTRAN IV on an IBM 360, a program capable of accepting and analyzing historical data in order to develop production standards was developed. The program is also capable of comparing production runs on a particular day with the historical standards. A similar approach could be applied in both specialty mills and in high-production mills using the fourdrinier paper machine. The production standards developed from such a method would provide a basis for standard cost accounting by product and by production run, would permit evaluation of changes in the machine, and would provide a means to evaluate machine and crew performances. Quality control chart methods incorporated in the computer program would also aid in pointing out production runs with extreme deviations from the historical standards of production in order that checks could be made for assignable causes.

The Cockburn Law intrusion is situated in that part of Scotland where many intrusions of both Caledonian and Carboniferous age form the Laws of the Lammermuirs. The intrusion has been known for many years and may have been visited by Playfair and Hall during the time of the controversy between the Plutonists and the Neptunists. Cockburn Law, one of the “ Caledonian Granite ” intrusions of the Southern Uplands, lies at the junction of Sheets 33 and 34 of the Geological Survey of Scotland, about three miles north of Duns. The intrusion forms the two hills of Cockburn Law 1,066 ft. O.D. and Stoneshiel Hill 723 ft. O.D. The hills are separated by a gorge formed by a meander in the White- adder Water. The first good description is given by Stevenson (1849), he noticed the variability of the granite and even at that early date attributed the “ marginal ‘ syenites ’ (= diorites) to greywackes fused by the agency of the molten granite F. Walker in two papers (1925) and (1928) described the Cockburn Law intrusion together with other Southern Upland Intrusions. He describes the various rock types present, including a central basic hornblende - biotite - granodiorite, an intermediate ‘ monoclinic - pyroxene-diorite ” and a marginal “ quartz-hypersthene-porphyrite In one paper (1928) F. Walker gave two analyses for the granodiorite and the quartz-biotite-hypersthene-porphyrite. No detailed description of the petrography or of the field relationship of the various rock types is given. The area has been mapped on a 6 in. to 1 mile scale, the mass is not well exposed, in places there are no exposures, being covered with grassland or ploughed land. The best exposures are to be found in the river cliffs of the Whiteadder Water, where it is possible to collect specimens showing the gradual transition of rock types on passing out from the centre of the intrusion. The hybrids are well exposed north of Law Plantation and on the summit of Cockburn Law. There are also fair exposures on the west side of Stoneshiel Hill. The rest is badly exposed, there being only occasional weathered boulders surrounded by grass and heathland. It is nowhere possible to see the transitions in any one exposure. The junction between the intrusion and the Llandovery country rock is not exposed, but it is possible to obtain evidence of the nature of the contact. The intrusion can be divided into two broad groups :— 1. The uncontaminated acid intrusive rocks, adamellite, granite, and granophyric microgranite. 2. The hybrid diorites, resulting from contamination. After consolidation of the main intrusion, continuation of igneous activity produced dykes in the surrounding Silurian rocks, and aplite veins in the main intrusion itself. In this paper the method of formation of the hybrids is indicated, their age in relation to the main body of the intrusion fixed, and the source of material suggested. Variation of the uncontaminated part in relation to the cooling processes of the magma is also explained.

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a paper and pencil automotive mechanics achievement test and determine the feasibility of measuring the competence of mechanics using this instrument rather than the traditional performance test. It involved: 1) the selection of a number of accepted performance task items agreed upon by a jury of experts as valid for testing automotive mechanics students; 2) the formulation of each accepted performance task into a paper and pencil test item; and 3) obtaining a correlation between the two like tests of at least .71 corrected for attenuation. Following the construction of the 26 item performance test and construction of the like 26 item paper and pencil test a pilot study was conducted with a total of 25 Automotive Mechanics II students taking the paper and pencil test. These data were collected and subjected to item analysis for the purpose of ranking the test items from those items answered most easily to those answered with most difficulty. Both tests were then arranged in this order.

Tests and examinations are used for many different purposes. There is the familiar school class examination, the main object of which is to ascertain how much of the subject taught has been understood and remembered. An examination of a slightly different type is that set for the Leaving Certificate of the Scottish Education Department; although it follows the lines of the ordinary schhol examination, an important point is that it is used to classify the candidates into two categories - those worthy to pass, and those who must be counted as failed. A third type of test is exemplified in the examination set to candidates for posts in the Civil Service; what is important in this test is the order of merit of the leading candidates. The different purposes of these examinations are reflected in the structure of the papers. The examiners, through much experience of their particular type of work, have built up a technique of construction of papers, and this, we venture to say, is largely of the "rule of thumb" type. It is the purpose of the research reported here to seek the theoretical basis of the design and effect of different types of paper.

Increased interest in the wise use of land has focussed attention in recent years on the study of the vegetation of the Western Sudan and the question of progressive desiccation and accelerated soil erosion in Northern Nigeria and in French West Africa has received serious investigation. It is now appreciated that soil deterioration has occurred over large areas of arable land which has been unwisely over-exploited and that accelerated soil erosion does not occur to any extent, (although there is normal soil erosion), in the southern portion of the French Niger Colony and in Northern Nigeria; this is largely because the region is for the most part, an undulating if somewhat elevated plain. The writer was engaged on the investigation of possible desiccation in the Kano and Katsina Provinces and part of Bornu Province in Northern Nigeria and also travelled extensively in Sokoto Province. He has been fortunate in spending several years of service in Northern Nigeria and in having been able to carry out a number of vegetational surveys throughout French West Africa; these included journeys in 1933 from Gao across the Sahara to North Africa, in 1935 from Lagos via Niamey to Dakar, in 1939 from Katsina to Agades and the Bagzan Mountains, in 1943 to the Matamaye area and in January of 1944 from Kano to Zinder and Maradi. The writing of this paper was interrupted for three years during the period of hostilities; the interruption was fortunate. for the writer was able to obtain a wider knowledge of French West Africa with over two years of constant study of it in connexion with his Military duties. French Niger Colony was visited during that period at a number of points on the frontier. The journeys in French West Africa were made specific- :ally to study the vegetation and ecology of the area, of which so much is yet to be learned, so that it might be compared with the vegetation, the land-utilisation and the ecology of Northern Nigeria with its much denser population. The vegetation was plotted continuously on the journeys to Agades and Birnin Konni and to Zinder and Maradi: These with the Gao and Dakar journeys form the basis of the vegetational classification included in this paper. A number of aerial photographs which were taken over Northern Nigeria and Niger Colony are included so as better to illustrate the vegetation types; ground photographs of some of the actual points recorded in the aerial photographs were taken afterwards by the writer for the purpose of comparison. Two supplementary papers are included in the thesis, one on the identification and examination of forest types from aerial photographs, the second on silvicultural and ecological research from which definite data have been obtained.

Due to the fact that only comparative results were sought, the investigation was greatly simplified. On a comparative basis, the effects of external influences were largely eliminated from positions of vital importance and the use of an elaborate test, circuit was unnecessary. The equipment consisted of a high-voltage test transformer which supplied the test voltage; an induction regulator, auto transformer and generator field rheostats for voltage control; overload relay and aircore inductances for circuit protection; motor-generator set for a source of 60 cycle alternating voltage. The electrodes were circular, square edge brass discs. Specimens were immersed in lubricating oil for periods up to 40 hours and then tested for puncture strength. Following this, specimens were immersed for one hour and 24 hours and each of the two groups tested at intervals of time up to 720 hours. In each test the voltage was raised in steps of 200 volts, starting at 1000 volts. The puncture strength of the untreated paper was determined by testing a sufficient number of specimens over a period of days. The results obtained indicated no immediate deleterious effects of lubricating oil on paper. On the contrary, there was an improvement in puncture strength, accounted for by the fact that the relatively low voltages-used did not make ionization a serious factor. The results of tho long-time tests were unsatisfactory, as explained previously. However, they did permit the conclusion that deterioration of paper impregnated with lubricating oil would become apparent much sooner than if insulating oil were used. Oxidation, although probably existing, was apparently too slow to affect the results.

The effects on speed, gamma and net density of Du Pont Lino-Writ 5 paper, by the addition of water prior to the initial exposure and amplification exposure separately and in combination, was investigated. The effects on speed and net density of Kodak Polycontrast paper by water addition prior to exposure were also explored for comparsion purposes. A statistically significant decrease in the average value of speed and a significant increase in the average value of net density was observed when Lino-Writ paper was moistened. The addition of moisture gave no evidence of having an effect on the average value of gamma. Moisture did not significantly affect either the speed or net density of Kodak Polycontrast paper.

The work in this Thesis started as an attempt to illustrate the practical application of a technique proposed by J, Perini in his paper "An Unusually Simple Technique for Sidelobe Reduction" in array antennas. The theory proposed by Perini is applied in tills paper to the design of two slotted wave-guide antennas using longitudinal shunt slots. Each of the antennas constructed has a different feed system, one being a centre fed and the other an end fed array. Using Perini current distribution for sidelobe reduction, both antennas are designed using the exact design technique of Kaminow and Stegen explained in detail in this work. Some other design techniques are also presented and the various problems associated with each method of design are outlined. Particular attention is paid to the problem of inter-element spacing which under some conditions results in the production of second order beans due to more than one phase addition occurring within the visible space of the antenna. This work examines the various methods for the elimination of these second order lobes both by an adjustment in the intrinsic antenna design and by other methods not connected with the basic design of the antenna. Lastly it compares the measured results obtained from both antennas with the results expected from their design calculations and attempts an analysis of any discrepancies.

This collection of 48 publications is divided into four groups which may be labelled 1. Original papers on the vibrational spectra of aromatic systems. These comprise A1 to A25. 2. Studies of em pirical inter-nuclear potential functions B1-6. 3. Vibrational analyses &s an aid to structural analysis 01-14. 4. Instrum entation and techniques DI-3. 1. As is seen from the distribution of papers amongst the groups, most effort has been devoted to a study of aromatic systems, primarily of fluoro-arom atics. The latter offer special unique and advantageous properties for vibrational studies. The objectives of this work and the extent to which they have so far been realised may be summarised as follows. (i) - the establishing of the pattern of fundamental vibrational frequencies. Much effort has been devoted to showing that the assign ments for the various molecular species are consistent with one another. (a6, as, A9, A1 9, A22 etc.). In this context three extremely useful and general rules have been established (A2, A9, A22). All are strictly applicable only to isotopically related systems but have been shown to be remarkably well upheld when the systems compared differ by non isotopic substitution. The ’Inequality Rule’ was first proposed by the writer and D.H. Whiffen (A2). The second rule, the ’Sum Fule’, is a well established rule for isotopic systems, but has been shown (A9) to be very useful outside of its normal realm of applicability as a consequence of linear gradation of bond properties with isotopic substitution. An adaption of the 'Eedlich-Teller Product Rule’ has also been usefully employed in deciding between alternative proposed assignments (A22).

In the late 18th century and the first two decades of the 19th, Spanish seapower in the Pacific was in a state of decline, though it remained strong enough to contribute to the overthrow of the first attempt of the Chileans to liberate their colony from Spain, in 1814. By the time of the second, successful, emancipation of Chile in 1817, the patriots had realised the need for seapower. In that year they took into their service Lord Cochrane, a noted British naval officer then unemployed. Lord Cochrane arrived in Chile at the end of 1818. The squadron at that time is described. With this squadron Lord Cochrane made his first cruise, a reconnaissance in force of the royalist-held Peruvian coast during which Callao was attacked without success. Arising from this reconnaissance, the physical environment of the Mar del Sur is reviewed, together with the state of navigational knowledge. The intention of Lord Cochrane's second cruise, which began in September 1819, was to stage a major attack on Callao. This object was not achieved because of the' squadron's inadequate means and the viceroy's defensive measures, so in December 1819 Lord Cochrane sailed to Valdivia, a fortified city in the south of Chile still in Spanish hands, and captured it by assault in February 1820. There has been same debate about his intentions when he sailed for Valdivia. By early 1820 some of the basic social characteristics of the Chilean navy had emerged and these are examined, firstly from the point of view of the manning of the ships and secondly from the point of view of the problems of discipline and morale that arose. At the same time, the system of naval administration should be examined as its defects and malfunctioning had serious effects on the operating of the squadron, and its efficiency. This data forms the background to the squadron's participation in the liberation of Peru. Initially it played a significant role, firstly by shipping the expedition to Peru and secondly by boarding and taking out of Callao harbour the principal Spanish warship there. These successes were in 1820; in 1821 the squadron's role became less important as the relations between Lord Cochrane and San Martin, the commander-in-chief, deteriorated as a result of the refusal or inability of the latter to pay the squadron. In September 1821 Lord Cochrane seized the Peruvian public funds, allegedly to indemnify the expenses of the squadron, and left Peru. His last cruise, from October 1821 to May 1822, had the object of hunting down the remaining Spanish warships in the Pacific. This cruise here receives its first full account. The cruise completed, though not as successfully as he had hoped, Lord Cochrane returned to Chile. His brief remaining stay in that country was disturbed by difficulties in paying off the ships, disputes with San Martin, and the deteriorating political position of the government. When he received an invitation in November 1822 to take command of the Brazilian navy he accepted, resigned from the Chilean service, and left the country at the beginning of 1823. The dissertation is supplemented by the inventory of the papers in the Dundonald collection which relate to the period of Lord Cochrane's service with Chile. These amount to 2286 items.

The main part of the work described in this thesis is concerned with the determination of the crystal and molecular structure of pteridine by X-ray crystallographic methods. The unit cell dimensions and space group of 'substance P', a dipteridyl derivative of unknown structure were also obtained. An additional paper deals with an investigation of the structure of the cellulose fibre sisal with the electron microscope. Pteridine crystallises in the orthorhombic non-centrosymmetrical space group Pna2 1 (C9 2v), molecules per unit cell. The unit cell dimensions are a = 24.70, b = 3.79, c = 6.32 A. The crystal and molecular structure has been determined with coordinate standard deviations of about 0.03 A from a study of Fourier and Fourier difference syntheses projecting on (010) and (001). The molecule is planar to within 0.06 A and the bond lengths vary between 1.28 and 1.41 A for carbon-nitrogen bonds and between 1.35 and 1.42 A for carbon-carbon bonds. The experimental bond length measurements are compared with molecular orbital calculations and are found to agree to within the limits of the experimental errors. The investigation was hampered by the fact that owing to the nature of the crystals only less than half of the possible reflections could be observed with CuKa radiation. Additional difficulties were caused by the non-centrosymmetrical nature of the one projection which gives good resolution and also by the difficulty of distinguishing between carbon and nitrogen atoms. The peak heights in the final electron density projection on (010) confirm the position of the nitrogen atoms, and the hydrogen atoms are also resolved.

A study is made of the features required of a printer capable of producing a visible record of transient data. Particular attention is paid to the output requirements of digital electronic computers. A literature survey of high speed printers, both mechanical and non-mechanical, is given. Two feasibility studies are described, the first of a xerographic printer and the second of a laser printer. A description is given of experimental work in which optical information was printed xerographically at speeds in excess of 5,000 lines per minute. The reasons for discontinuing this line of research are stated. A proposed laser printer is then described together with the experimental work performed to determine the feasibility of the principal process involved. This process, the fusing of powdered ink onto paper, is also considered theoretically in terms of heat transfer. An evaluation is made of the acceptability of the images produced. The areas where further research is required to complete the study to the stage of operational printing are indicated.

A comparison of the physical and mechanical properties of paper obtained from pulps beaten ultrasonically and mechanically was made at different Canadian standard freeness levels.

A summary of the sex hormones found in the various animal phyla is given. The phylogenetic implications of steroid presence and mode of reproduction are discussed particularly in regard to the evolution to viviparity. By paper and gas chromatographic methods, the gonads of the male Pecten were analyzed for androgens. None of the standard hormones could be identified, but a steroid compound of unknown identity was suggested by the experimental evidence.

D-Glucose and methyl-beta-D-glucoside were oxidized at pH "0" by continuously passing chlorine gas into aqueous solutions of carbohydrates for fourteen days at room temperature. The products of these oxidations were investigated after lyophilization of the reaction mixtures by paper partition chromatographic analysis with the solvent system n-butanol-acetic acid-water, 4: 1: 5, and using various spray reagents. These two carbohydrates, D-glucose and methyl-beta-D-glucoside, were also oxidized for twenty-four hours with chlorine water at pH 4.6 in 0.3 molar acetate buffer at 35.7°C. A large excess of carbohydrate with respect to oxidant was used in these oxidations. The results obtained are listed in Table XXVI. D-Glucaric and 2-ketogluconic acids were shown not to present these oxidations even though their presence were reported by other investigators using similar oxidation procedures (21,35a). The conditions of the oxidation of methyl-beta-D-glucoside at pH 4.6 were shown to be too mild to produce oxidative changes, in contradiction to the work of Henderson (35a) who, using similar oxidative conditions, reported that the glucoside underwent oxidation to produce a number of oxidation products. No temperature dependence of Rf or Rg was noted, even though such temperature dependence was previously reported. A large excess of D-glucose was shown not to affect the Rf values of compounds present in smaller quantities. A method was devised whereby an acidic or alkaline compound and a reducing compound may be detected on a single chromatogram: the so-called "double spraying" technique. It was shown experimentally that carbohydrates and sugar acids are not affected by storage in water solution under refrigeration for periods of over six months. The presence of sodium acetate and an acidic impurity in the sodium acetate used were shown on chromatograms of the oxidation experiments carried out in acetate buffers. Recent advances in the chemistry of the halogen oxidation of carbohydrates are reported.

Practical effects (contrast, fog, maximum density, and scale index) on the characteristic curves of Ektacolor paper were found for variations in the concentrations of sodium carbonate, potassium bromide, 6-nitrobenzimidazole nitrate (Kodak AF-71), color developing agent (Kodak CD-3), pH, and citrazinic acid (CZA) in an Ektacolor developer used on the Kodak model 11 drum processor. The effects of pH, citrazinic acid, potassium bromide were found to be significant while the effects 6-nitro benzimidazol nitrate and CD-3 were significant only in isolated insidences.

By using rehalogenation techniques with Kodak Ektacolor paper, contrasts of nearly twice that produced by CP-5 processing were obtained. A metol-hydroquinone developer was used to produce a silver image which was rehaligenated and then developed in CP-5 developer to produce the colored image. By adding a restrainer to the MQ developer and then increasing development times, it was possible to produce a range of contrasts. Only slight changes in contrast were obtained by varying the MQ concentration. pH and development times at normal restrainer content. By reducing the color redevelopment time it was possible to reduce the contrast slightly.

To test the usefulness of Ektacolor Professional Paper as a pre-press color proofing method, one set of three predictor equations for each of the four primary printing inks was derived relating additive exposures on Ektacolor to colorimetric solid ink densities. These relationship would not yield to simultaneous solution. Chromaticity coordinates of several sets of solid inks were matched on Ektacolor with an error of 2-10 MacAdam noticeability units. Probably because of the differences in surface characteristics of Ektacolor and newsprint, a visual match was not achieved.

The purpose of this study was to analyze current event publications designed for junior high school use. This purpose involved: (1) A comparison of the type and quality of news reporting, features, teacher and student aids, and aspects of the actual format of the papers; and (2) evaluation of these publications in such manner as to ascertain which would best achieve the common and desirable objectives of teachers of junior high school studies.

Scope and Method of Study: The use of paper chromatography is very wide spread in applied chemistry, but is seldom mentioned in high school text books. Because of this fact, a selection of several projects for high school laboratory use or class demonstration have been selected and chocked by the writer in the laboratory.

The research conducted for this thesis was essentially a continuation of the previously mentioned experiment. The objectives of this experiment, however, were broader than were those of the first one. It was the writer’s intention to bring together an array of specific facts concerning the problem of picking and combine them with an experiment to determine the effects of the amount of fountain solution used on the press and the propensity of a coated sheet of paper to pick. The greater the depth of inquiry into the problem of picking, the greater the cognizance of its enormity and nebulous nature. Little is concrete; much is theory. Dr. Werner Gerlach of Capitol Printing Ink Company had this to say about the interaction of ink, water and tack.

In this paper the different interpretations of the genus Delthyris are discussed, and that given by Schuchert in 1913 is adopted with slight amendment. The species Delthyris elevata, D. crispa, D. elegans (nom. nov% for D. crispa. Hi singer, non Linnæus), and D. tenuilamellata, sp. n., from the British Silurian, are all described and figured. The distinguishing characters of the genera Uncinulus and Uncinulina are pointed out, and Uncinulina is retained with U. fallaciosa as genotype. Rhync/ionella stricklandi and Tere- bratula lewisi are transferred to the genus Uncinulina. Meri- stina tumida (Dalman) is shown to be a synonym of Meristina obtusa (Sowerby). The British Silurian Spirifers can be separated into two groups :—(1) those with longitudinal folds and a transverse ornament of imbricating lameilæ (^ — Delthyris of Dalman) and (2) those with longitudinal folds bearing fine continuous longitudinal striæ {j=Fospirifer of Schuchert). The species referable to both these genera have as a rule been assigned to the genus Spirifer, from which, however, they differ in internal characters.

The deuteration of optically active mandelic acid was investigated by shaking it in a sealed, evacuated tube under various conditions of temperature, and with different catalytic agents. The effect of acid, base, and platinum catalysts was examined, and in each case the degree of exchange occurring in the alpha position of the mandelic acid was correlated with the simultaneous change in its optical activity. The results indicated that with a basic catalyst present, the reaction occurred by a racemisation mechanism, an attacked molecule having an equal chance of retaining its configuration or undergoing an inversion. The platinum-catalysed exchange in acid solution was more complex, with both racemisation and retention mechanisms playing a part. With no catalyst present, racemisation of the acid occured, but without a corresponding exchange. In presence of platinum, the benzene ring, as well as the alpha hydrogen atom, was deuterated. These conclusions were confirmed by resolutions of the deuterated mandelic acid, when the observed deuterium contents of the resolved fractions were found to be in good agreement with the figures calculated assuming the mechanisms postulated for the first part of the experiment. The resolution also showed that alpha hydrogen exchange and nuclear deuteration were quite independent. Mechanisms for the various reactions have been suggested, and involve an Initial ionisation of the alpha hydrogen atom, either on the catalyst surface, or under the influence of a basic catalyst. The racemisation without exchange is considered to occur by a mechanism involving an initial fission of the bond between the alpha carbon atom and the carboxyl group.