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The starting material for this investigation consisted of 22.5 kilograms of the dry powdered root of Gelsemium sempervirens, Aiton, and the object of the work was the isolation of the alkaloidal constituents of the root, followed by their chemical investigation. On account of the fact that sempervirine is unstable to heat, and is resinified to a large extent in boiling alcohol, it was decided, after some preliminary experiments, to carry out an extraction first of all with cold rectified spirit, followed by an extraction with boiling alcohol. It was decided also to use the method of separation (14) devised by Sayre for the isolation of gelsemine, sempervirine, and the amorphous alkaloids, and also to attempt the isolation of gelsemicine from the gelsemine mother liquors as described by Chou (15) , with certain small modifications in each case. This was done and the yields of gelsemine and sempervirine were found to be very much larger than those recorded by Sayre, particularly in the case of the latter. This was due, presumably, to the employment of a cold alcoholic extraction. The yield of gelsemine obtained was 0. 13% compared with 0.07% recorded by Sayre (14) and that of sempervirine (as nitrate) was 0.084% compared with 0.026% reported by Sayre. A small quantity of an amorphous alkaloid, not previously reported, was found in the gelsemine fraction, but could not be obtained crystalline. This alkaloid was found to be very slightly soluble in water and alcohol on long heating. The melting point of this amorphous alkaloid is 324d. An amorphous piorate was formed from water but could not be crystallised. On evaporating this alkaloid to dryness with hydrochloric acid a crystalline hydrochloride was formed, melting above 340, but owing to the extreme solubility of this hydrochloride and the small amount available, it was not found possible to prepare a sufficient quantity of the pure material for analysis determinations. Prom the fraction of the amorphous alkaloids called gelsemoidine by Sayre, there has been isolated a crystalline methiodide not previously reported. Analysis figures for this methiodide indicate a formula of either C20H24O3N2. CH3I or C20H22O3N2. CH3I. The melting point of this methiodide suggests its identity with apogelsemine methiodide C20H24O3N2. CH3I (melting points 296-297d. and 295d. respectively), but the determination of its specific rotation would seem to discount this view. The value Moore (11) has found for the specific rotation of apogelsemine methiodide is [x]D+12.4. An attempt was made to repeat, as far as possible, the conditions employed by Moore for apogelsemine methiodide, for the determination of the specific rotation of "gelsemoidine" methiodide. This has, however, been found impossible, the new methiodide being less soluble in water than apogelsemine methiodide has been recorded to be. A saturated solution was used for the determination and a value of [a]20D +3.9 was found. For comparison purposes the specific rotation of gelsemine methiodide was determined, and found to differ slightly from Moore's value. The value found was [a]10D+6.0, compared with that of [a]D +8.9 recorded by Moore(10). These results for gelsemine methiodide are in much closer agreement than those for "gelsemoidine" methiodide and apogelsemine methiodide, and it seems possible that the methiodide isolated from the gelsemoidine fraction is not, in fact, identical with apogelsemine methiodide. This possibility is, to a certain extent, enhanced by the fact that neither Sayre nor the present author were able to obtain "gelsemoidine" hydrochloride in the crystalline state, whereas apogelsemine hydrochloride is a crystalline substance. No attempt was made to prepare apogelsemine methiodide for comparison purposes as, for the isolation of pure apogelsemine, a relatively large expenditure of gelsemine would have been involved. The attempted isolation of gelsemicine was not successful, this fraction consisting of a dark brown tarry material which contained some gelsemine.

The following C1, C10- substituted chloro-nitrosocamphanes have been synthesised: The effect of irradiation with polychromatic red light was determined by both spectrophotometric and polarimetric measurements. The absorption spectra of compounds (b) - (e) showed bathochromic shifts after short exposure while that shown by (a) was hypsochromic. The reinvestigation of the spectra of the previously described chloro-nitrosocamphanes (f) and (g) (R = Me and CH2SO3 H+. Py respectively), also revealed changes in l max. after irradiation. Thus all chloro-nitrosocamphanes investigated showed, to varying degrees, changes in their spectra after irradiation. The Cotton effects and C2- configurations of (a), (b) and (g) were opposite those for the parent camphane (f). The irradiation of (a) and (f) resulted in the rapid inversion of their initially opposite curves of rotatory dispersion with a simultaneous displacement of their spectra in different directions. These observations are interpreted in terms of a 2:2' - mutarotation which gives the diastereoisomer with different molecular constants and hence a different spectrum. The polarimetric and absorption measurements for (b) and (g) however, are not easily reconciled with this hypothesis. Irradiation resulted in much greater increases in absorption on the long-wave side of l max. , while their Cotton effects did not change sign. Indeed for comparable changes in their spectra, the rotation of (b) changed by only 166 compared with the 1460 shown by (f). Various alternative causes of band-shift are discussed and shown by experiment to be untenable. The possibility of Wagner-Meerwein and Nametkin rearrangements induced by light is discussed and shown to provide a qualitative interpretation of the differences in the photo-processes of (b) and (g) on the one hand and (a) and (f) on the other. On this basis, the stereochemistry of the molecules determines the nature of the process. Experiments, in which it was hoped to differentiate between photomutarotation and intramolecular rearrangement in (b) and (g), are described. Although it was shown that, like (f) , the product of irradiation of (b) was isomeric with the starting material, the results of these experiments are inconclusive. The substituted chloro-nitrosocamphanes are shown to be theoretically capable of asymmetric photolysis but with greatly impaired efficiency.

This is an area of high relief in the north, with a large section lying 2500's to the south of the Pass of Killiecrankie. 1500' is reached at only a few points. The underlying rooks are mainly metamorphic and the highly resistant quartzites form the most conspicuous elements of the landscape such as the barrier at the Pass of Killiecrankie. Three large rivers set the main drainage pattern, the Garry flowing mainly east to west and forming a wide strath to the north of Killiecranki and the Tummel and Tay which join to form a long broad valley running in a north-south direction. This region has been heavily glaciated and a great deal of drift, remains on the valley sides. Fluvio-glacial terraces form distinctive features on slopes in the main valleys, and morainic material is found, in the minor valleys in the north. Recent alluvial deposition has, formed extensive haughland in the Tusnmel-Tay valley in particular. On the uplands of the north particularly, snowfall is heavy in winter. The valley floors are very often affected by frosts in spring and autumn which in earlier years had a considerable effect on sowing and harvesting of crops. The valley settlement tends to be protected from certain winds, bat the valleys channel and emphasise strong winds to the detriment of the forests. This is essentially a region of valley settlement, which depends to some extent in the Tumael-Tay valley on the older fluvio-glacial terrace and also on the lower river terraces with an upper limit at 800', in. the north in Glen Fender and Glen Tilt settlement occurs at over 1000'. The population has declined uniformly throughout the area except in Moulin Pariah which includes Pitlochry; here the population has increased considerably. This decline is attributed to an 18th century drain of men to war service, to the changes in far, techniques and the dispersal of the over-populated farm-towns involving the movement away from the area of the surplus population. The Wade military road was the first improvement in communications. In late 18th Century considerable improvements were carried out on other roads. The opening of Dunkeld Bridge in 1808 opened up the country to through coach traffic. With the through railway free Perth to Inverness opened in 1863 the tourist trade wan finally established. But the insistence of the then Duke of Atholl that this railway should run on the opposite side of the river from Dunkeld to its decline. During most of the 18th century the run-rig system prevailed through the estates. Improvements wore initiated towards the end of; the 18th Century and the dispersal of the farmtowns ensued. Tenants were forced by their leases to maintain proper rotation and methods of husbandry. The amalgamation of holdings has continued during the 19th and present centuries, until in some parts several farms are held by one person. The uplands carry considerable sheep but in the Forest of Atholl sporting interests for a time Prevailed:at present both forms of occupation are practised. At the beginning of the 18th century only indigenous oakwood and birch wore found in Atholl. Important new species were introduced at this time in the larch and spruce. Towards mid-Century afforestation was commenced in the policies at Dunkeld and Blair. After 1774 the upper limit of afforestation was pushed continuously higher until in 1815 areas over 1500' were planted. Considerable experimentation went on between 1774 and 1830 with the different species of trees, and larch, spruce and Scots fir were finally placed on the soils and at the altitudes for which they are still recommended. During this period too, the larch was tried as ship-timber, and for the-first time ships, such as a Naval frigate, were built wholly of this wood. From 1774 to 1830 over 27,000,000 trees were planted. This felling of these trees was carried out in ensuing years. In mid-19th century new outlets were found for larch timber in manufactured articles such as sheep-hurdles, and in timber for railway sleepers. In late 19th Century new areas wore opened up for plantations around Blair particularly, but with the prevalence larch disease few of this species were planted. New species such as- Douglas fir and, Japanese larch wore introduced, and at the beginning of the 20th Century the hybrid larch were discovered at Dunkeld and much planted thereafter. Very heavy felling of the woods went on during both World wars, and with heavydeath duties levied on the estate re-afforestation was not fully carried out. These private estate woodlands were lately dedicated and a full re-afforestation, thinning and felling programme can now be maintained.

The photochemical action of nitrosyl chloride on compounds of the type R1- C - R1 has proved to be of very limited application. Although isopropyl chloride gave beta-chloro-beta-nitroso propane, sec-butyl chloride gave not the desired beta-chloro-beta-nitroso butane but betagamma-di-chloro-beta-nitroso butane. Other compounds such as isopropyl bromide and betagamma-dichloro butane did not react. The possibility of using pinacolyl chloride has been discussed and has been ruled out owing to the inability of obtaining the substance readily and in its active form.

By an orthodox application of the perturbation theory to the general case of a quantized field, it is shown that the divergence difficulty hitherto encountered arises from a faulty application of the expansion method. The difficulty disappears if the degeneracy of the unperturbed system is properly treated by the method of secular perturbation. Physically, it is shown that this amounts to a rigorous treatment of the radiation reaction.

Low-grade pyrolusite manganese ore from the Paint Bank deposits of Virginia was prepared for flotation by grinding to different degrees of fineness. The coarsest size was a 28 Tyler Mesh and the finest was 100 Tyler mesh. Under size products of the grinding were as fine as minus 200 Tyler Mesh. Flotation tests were run on the ore in a Denver Sub-A Flotation Cell of 500 gram capacity. Each run was made with an amount of ore closely approximating this capacity. The flotation reagents were added in a definite order allowing three minutes between each addition. A conditioning period of fifteen minutes followed the addition of the reagents in each case. Crude tallol was tested as a collecting agent for the manganese dioxide in the ore, with auxiliary reagents. Runs were made varying the amounts of tallol, pine oil, frother, sodium silicate silica depressor, and the hydrogen ion concentration was varied with either sulphuric acid or hydrated lime. Crude oleic acid from tallol was also tested as a collecting agent for the manganese dioxide in the ore, with auxiliary reagents. Runs were made varying the amounts of crude oleic acid, sodium silicate depressor, and the hydrogen ion concentration was varied with either sulphuric acid or hydrated lime. Sulphonated tallol was also tested as a collecting agent, but the preliminary results did not seem to justify continuing with an extensive investigation. The grade of concentrate was fairly high but the yield of concentrate was less than two per cent of the original head sample. The crude oleic acid was found to be a better collector than the crude tallol, although neither one had much effect on the grade of the concentrate obtained. Sodium silicate had no beneficial action on the grade of concentrate, and with the crude oleic acid, it had a definitely deterrent effect. It was indicated that this was due to its coating the silica with a film of manganese dioxide, thus causing the silica to be collected as a particle of manganese dioxide. The sodium silicate was found to be useful in increasing the per cent recovery of concentrate. Pine oil, while not having any affect on the grade of concentrate, was effective in increasing the yield of concentrate. In general, an acid medium was found conducive to obtaining high grade concentrates, but this was more than offset by the low yields encountered. An alkaline medium was found to give the best overall recovery of the manganese dioxide. It was also indicated that the ore should be crushed through at least 35 mesh, and preferably 65 mesh, in order to obtain the greatest recovery.

In nearly all chemical industries the problem of wastes is one of importance, and in any scientific study of waste disposal, the concept of the B.O.D. of the waste is vital. The B.O.D. is usually measured by an arbitrary standard test procedure, but may be determined by manometric measurement of the free oxygen utilized. In either case, the B.O.D. determination requires at least 24 hours. Since the free oxygen involved in the B.O.D. of a waste is utilized in metabolic processes of various microorganisms present, an increase in the number of microorganisms lowers the time required for oxidation of the wastes. In this investigation, the B.O.D. of several wastes was determined by measuring the change in the oxygen uptake of high concentrations of microorganisms because of the presence of the waste. These determinations involved a modification of the resting cell technic used in conjunction with direct Warburg technics. High concentrations of washed cells were prepared and small amounts of the waste added. A control was prepared with distilled water. The effects of waste concentration, bacterial concentration, and temperature were studied. The wastes studied included raw sewage, blowdown liquor and total mill wastes from a semichemical pulp mill, and effluent from an anaerobic, sewage-blowdown liquor digester. The concentrations of microorganisms used ranged from 3.4 to 17.0 milligrams of dry bacterial cells in a total volume of 2.5 milliliters of a 0.05 molar phosphate buffer at a pH of 6.8. The manometric B.O.D. was determined at 30°C. The manometric B.O.D. remained constant at 1,785 parts per million for 1:50 and 1:125 volumetric dilutions of the effluent. The manometric B.O.D. remained constant at 10,200 parts per million for volumetric dilutions ranging from 1:125 to 1:1000 for a sample of the blowdown liquor. The manometric B.O.D. of sewage, blowdown liquor, and mixtures of the two wastes was determined. The values obtained were compared with the standard five-day B.O.D. The manometric B.O.D. of the sewage and the blowdown liquor was 413 parts per million and 13,760 parts per million, respectively. The standard five-day B.O.D. of the sewage and the blowdown liquor was 495 parts per million and 37,800 parts per million, respectively. The manometric B.O.D. of 1:1 by volume mixture of the two wastes was 9,900 parts per million, while the standard five-day B.O.D. was 31,200 parts per million.