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Abstract: Energy, economy and environment form a mutually-influenced circulatory system. This paper uses econometric theory, according to time series data of energy consumption, GDP and industrial sewage emission from 1983 to 2009 about China, to empirically analyze the dynamic relationship among them. The result shows that: there exist the longterm stable equilibrium relationships among energy consumption, economic growth and environment. The improving action of Energy consumption on economic growth is far less than on environmental pollution. When the system deviated from the equilibrium, the adjusting speed about industry waste gas emission and energy consumption is far lower than that of economy. This paper further reveals the interaction among energy, environment and economy. On this basis, in order to achieve coordinated growth of energy, economy and environment, the paper puts forward several policy suggestions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The scale of Chinese export trade is growing, and the strength of our country''s export trade is increasing gradually. With the improvement of living standard, demanding of environmental quality is also increasing gradually. In particular, the problems caused by industrial environmental pollution are very seriously, the contradiction between trade and environmental pollution is obvious. This article selects export trade data of industrial products as well as environmental pollution data from 1990 to 2009. The EKC theory is applied to international trade and environmental studies, verified the shape of our country''s EKC curve, putting the export trade variable into CUBIC model, analysis the impacts of industrial export products dependence to environment. In addition, the paper analyzes the impact of Chinese manufactured export goods to environment from scale effect, structure effect and technology effect. At last, the paper submits the policy recommendations between the coordinated development of foreign trade and environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper discusses the current status of CCS in China, providing an update of current projects and past activities in research and development, and a brief overview of prospects for CCS deployment in China. CCS related research in China has been building from a focus on research and development and exploration of the technical considerations o f CCS potential in China in coordination with international partners. While large scale demonstration of integrated CCS projects is still at an early stage, there is significant knowledge and technical expertise that can be derived from ongoing pilot projects. These projects employ various mature technologies that may be integrated and scaled to facilitate demonstration and deployment of CCS in the future. In addition, China is increasingly exploring opportunities in CO2 utilization to drive and support deployment of CCS–this is also known as CO2 capture, utilization and storage (CCUS). This paper provides information on some of these key activities, including details of specific projects and a background of the regulatory and policy frameworks and international cooperation on CCS and CCUS in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The IEA 2007 World Energy Outlook forecasts that fossil fuels will continue to dominate the energy mix until 2030, including large economies such as the EU, Japan, US and China. A growing concern among many countries is the design o f mechanism s that will finance clean coal technologies and in particular carbon capture and storage projects. To illustrate, it is estimated that the United States will require 170 GW of new coal -fired capacity prior to 2030 with 90% of that being post 2015. Therefore substantial government and private investment into carbon capture and storage (CCS ) projects will be required and m echanisms designed to facilitate that investment. Many organizations are examining this issue including the IEA Clean Coal Centre, IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, Clean Coal Power Initiative and the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF). In 2007 and 2008 two expert meetings on financing post-demonstration CCS projects were organised in London and New York by the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme and the IEA Clean Coal Centre, with the support of the World Coal Institute and sponsorship from Chevr on and Rio Tinto. This paper reports back the results of those meetings in regard to identifying the key drivers for financing post-demonstration CCS projects in Europe and North America. This is of particular interest with the restructuring of the USA Fut ureGen Programme as well as the proposed inclusion of CCS within the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) in the future. Different options for financing such projects are explored and compared with a focus on how they could assist in the realisation of commercial CCS projects. In addition, this paper examines the response by the insurance, banking and other financial sectors to the potential investment opportunities CCS projects could provide in dealing with issues such as liability and project investment. Lastly, the paper analyses the knowledge and awareness of CCS technology within the financial community in general. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The term ‘capture ready’ has been used by the UK Government when granting licences for power plants. However, the term has not as yet been given an agreed definition. This paper draws on literature on lock-in of large socio-technical systems and on regulation of technology undergoing development. Further, the paper compares some of the versions of the capture readiness concept proposed to date. It also explores capture readiness beyond the minimum requirement of space on the site for capture operations, including integration of capture and power plant, downstream operations, overall system integration and regulation of future retrofitting. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Energy use strongly contributes to CO 2 emissions. Since low-carbon technologies help reducing those emissions, attention should be addressed to technological knowledge. Therefore, this paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium growth model with endogenous skill-biased technological change to study the contributions of environmental policies in producing more ecological goods. By solving the transitional dynamics, it is shown that when green firms and green research are supported by policy and/or dirty activities are taxed, technological progress leads to more ecological goods production and environmental quality improvements. Furthermore, a positive change in green environmental quality fosters R&D on ecological goods, increasing their production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this work we display the importance of supply chain management through the use of Environmentally Extended Input-Output Analysis (EEIOA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Results show that for most sectors a majority of the energy/environmental loads are located in the upstream supply chain, both nationally and abroad. Using the tools outlined could therefore help to address important areas to focus the work and guide policies for future energy and emissions reductions. Actions can be at an international policy level, using taxes or other measures to counteract pollution havens, or they could include specific requirements of the products purchased, environmental labeling, or requirements relating to certifications of businesses were products and services are purchased from. The focus of this paper is the public sector, more specifically; the municipalities, where - despite the importance of upstream emissions is identified with a fraction of 90-95 percent - still most focus is on the 5-10% of the footprint relating to use of heating oil and fuel for transportation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Talking about the concept of “environment” means treating a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary theme which revives a simultaneous consideration of multiple data social, economic, natural. To date, the protection of the environment as a whole becomes a challenge for many countries, policies for the preservation, education and scientific research strategies are aimed at the environment and sustainable development. It remains an idea of its young problem, still current. It is development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In the field of architecture and urban planning, environmental protection is an important place. With the growth experienced by this area, several environmental procedures have been invented to improve the quality of construction and use of buildings, a view mainly environmental but without neglecting the economic and social aspects. The environmental protection has long existed, it is found in the experiences of ancient cities such as Ksours. This legacy is an inspiration and an asset for the sustainable development of our cities today. According to Hassan Fathy only in the tradition, we respect and we continue the work of previous generation that new generation can really move and solve the problem. The materials used the distribution of space, protection of natural resources such as water and palm trees, recycling, are the strategies of the company of Ksours to live in a healthy and comfortable space. The objectives of this paper are: To highlight the history of environmental policy in architecture and urbanism in the world, in this case Ksours. Renewable energy and strategies of the preservation of the environment in the Ksours Sustainable development in Ksours: a notion that has long existed. Establish strategies to protect the environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Under the trend of global warming, the developed countries actively explore for a low-carbon manufacturing way to realize sustainable development. This paper points out the challenges that the China low-carbon manufacturing industry faces through the analysis of emissions of CO2,GDP from 2005 to 2009 and carbon emissions structure in 2010 and the comparison of China energy consumption and the other countries’ as well. Based on the comparative analysis of low-carbon policies of Japan, Germany and the United States, it points out some relevant countermeasures and suggestions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Under the background of the global climatic change and the carbon emission reduction, exhaustion of resources, draggle technology, low benefit and feeble competitiveness are deadly weaknesses in the development of China''s economy today. With the rapid development of science and technology, the weaknesses have made China''s economy meet some flinty challenges. From the angle of the low-carbon''s output and its profits, the energy''s use structure, the low-carbon energy''s emission reduction and the low-carbon technology, the paper has made an analysis based on the hierarchy analysis and the fuzzy appraisement to provide strong evidences for industrial policy innovation and form a rather complete environmental control system for China''s developing low-carbon economy, as well as offer the rational policy support and effective technologies for the development of low-carbon economy of China''s industry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To some extent, there are some uncertainties factors in forecasting energy demand of road transportation. Scientific forecasting China''s energy demand of road transportation is a key for make long-term development plans of the nation''s road transportation, and relevant policies of environmental protection and energy-saving. Basing on the energy demand of China''s road transportation, considering the factors average fuel consumption of singleautomobile and the workload of road transportation, the paper does a comprehensive forecasting for China''s energy demand of transportation in the future. The result is that in 2030, the energy demand of road transportation will amount to 250 million tons, which is 1.4 times that of 2020, and 2.3 times that of 2010. The significant increase of energy demand will inevitably bring great pressure to resources of energy and environmental protection, so the implementation of scientific development concept, saving resources and protecting the environment and adopting sustainable development policy will be the objective requirements for highway transportation development of China in the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With considering the increasing of global temperature, and also the concern of global climate change, many policy makers worldwide have been accepted the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, in particular from the power industries. Energy resource use is one of the most important and Contentious issues of our time. The ocean provides a vast source of potential energy resources. Of the total solar radiation, oceans are the largest collectors, accumulating 250 billion barrels of oil equivalent, according to an estimate. This vast amount of solar energy absorbed in the oceans can be converted into electricity by a process known as Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, popularly known as OTEC. OTEC makes use of the difference in temperatures of warm surface water (22–27°C) and very cold water at a depth of 1km (4–7°C). an open-cycle plant based on creating a rising mixture of water and steam bubbles or “foam”, which is separated at a height above sea-level, such that the water can be used to drive a turbine rotor. In closed-cycle OTEC, warm seawater heats a working fluid with a low boiling point, such as ammonia, and the ammonia vapor turns a turbine, which drives a generator. This paper discusses about the ocean energy, ocean thermal energy potential, ocean thermal energy conversion by the close, open and hybrid cycles, environmental impact and special conditions of these process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Concern over global climate change has led policy makers to accept the importance of reducing Greenhouse gas emissions. A tidal barrage utilizes the potential energy of the tide and has proven to be very successful, despite opposition from environmental groups. Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy of the tides. A tidal barrage is typically a dam, built across a bay or estuary that experiences a tidal range in excess of 5 m. Electricity generation from tidal barrages employs the same principles as hydroelectric generation, except that tidal currents flow in both directions. A typical tidal barrage consists of turbines, sluice gates, embankments and ship locks. The turbines that are used in tidal barrages are either unidirectional or bi-directional, and include bulb turbines, straflo or rim turbines and tubular turbines. Tidal barrages can be broken into two types: single-basin systems and double-basin systems. This paper discussed about the tidal barrage, wave energy, environmental impacts and special conditions in there process [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Does a much strict environment policy do good or harm to the economy, especially to a export-oriented country like China? Taking the textile and clothing industry for example, this paper analyzes the industry competitiveness via TC and RCA, and establishes an estimative index system of the intensity of environmental protection --- EPS. By determining the coefficients between EPS and TC or RCA of China Textile and clothing industry, finally it shows that there is no regular relation between the intensity of environmental protection and the international competitiveness of the industry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper investigates the systemization process of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in China through the review of China''s experience in EIA implementation and legislation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the key driving forces of this systemization process and provide advice for future improvement of China''s EIA system. It is found that there are three key drivers promoting the systemization of China''s EIA: the Government''s powerful guidance on the environmental policy implementation; the critical environmental pressure caused by the scale expansion of construction projects and planning activities; and people''s consciousness-raising on environmental protection and environmental rights. Based upon the analysis results and China''s political, legislative and administrative characteristics, some recommendations are proposed to improve the effectiveness of EIA system in China, in terms of internal measures on refining EIA legislative framework and external mechanisms concerning supporting the efficient operation of EIA legislation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: China has been the largest MSW generator. The central and local government have issued many policies and regulations, achieved noticeable progress but there still remained many incorrect MSW management practices owing to inadequate legislation and lack of control. The onus of managing the MSW lies with the local authorities. In that context, it is necessary to analyze the current situation regarding to MSW institutions in China. The aim of this paper is to summarize the most recent information on legislation, policies, regulations, management system and technical standards related to MSW in China; review the current status and identify the barrier and challenges as well as opportunities related to MSW management, presents several possible and appropriate solutions that might facilitate MSW management institutions in China. The solutions that cooperation with EU on MSW management, especially on its institution, facilitating MSWM in China under the umbrella of circular economy and low-carbon economy and use environmental impact assessment for reference of MSW management may low the pressure caused by large amount of MSW and reduce high disposal cost to an extent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper attempts to empirically study the relationship between environmental regulation and technology innovation in three different regions of China based on data from 1985 to 2008 by using Co-integration and Granger Test.Our results show that envirnomental regulation has a positive effect on technology innovation in these regions in the long term, but where their Granger causality relationship are different. So, under resource and environmental constraints, environmental policies which are oriented towards technology innovation should be made and enforced based on the facts of regional unbalanced economic growth in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: According to the current United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, China, as a developing country, does not need to undertake responsibilities and obligations of carbon emissions reduction, however as a responsible one with open market economy, it should make great effort to its research of carbon emissions trading system and actively build it at our own development level to make positive contribution to reduce the world''s carbon emissions. This paper defines the commodity property of carbon emission right, which can be divided and traded, identifies the basic characteristics of China''s trading carbon emissions trading system is cap-and-trade mechanism at present stage, and puts forward that China''s total emission control is not an absolute target, but a relative one. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper analyzes the optimal choice of allowance allocation method for the emissions trading system to be established under China''s carbon intensity target. Compared with emission-based allocation, output-based allocation could help to realize the industry''s optimal welfare in a closed trading system and thus is more appropriate for the emissions trading system to be established in China. However, the output-based allocation does face some challenges in the implementation process. An ex-post adjustment approach is proposed to ensure that the allocation rate equals to the carbon intensity target and a conversion factor approach proposed to convert different types of products into the same measure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Carbon emission is generally viewed as the main cause of climate change. A lot of policies have been presented to control carbon emission all over the world. In this paper, a simple optimization model is developed to demonstrate that carbon emission constraint will restrain the firm from increasing its production under command-and-control regulation, which presents a motivation for the firm to break the command-and-control regulation. Then based on a game theory model between the regulator and the firm, we find that there are several factors which will impact their strategy about carbon emission abatement. Finally, some policy implications are presented to enhance climate policy efficiency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Agricultural ecosystem protection is the current strategic focus of China''s environmental protection. Based on the analysis of the current situation of agricultural ecosystem protection in Hebei Province, the paper first points out that it is mainly exposed to the problems like severe widespread pollution from the overuse of pesticides and fertilizers in rural areas and inadequate protection of agricultural production resources, and then proposes some countermeasures and suggestions to promote the ecosystem construction adapted to local conditions and to enhance the protection measures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Grain for Green Programs (GGP) in Zhejiang province plays important role in protecting the environment, soil erosion prevention, production adjustment, and lifestyles promotion for local farmers. In this paper, the Chun’an County of Zhejiang Province was selected for the case study on analyzing the aspects of employment modes such as agricultural households, their income sources, and the corresponding industrial restructuring caused by the implementation of forestry ecological compensation in Zhejiang province. The corresponding strategies and suggestions for improving the mechanism of forestry ecological compensation were proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In California, there have been numerous policy directives aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In 2005, Executive Order S-3-05 established three target reduction levels for GHG emissions for the state, most notably a return to 1990 levels by 2020 (codified into law by the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006) and a reduction to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. In 2006, Senate Bill 1368 mandated a GHG emission performance standard (set at an interim level of 1100 lb- CO2/MWh or 500 kg-CO2/MWh) for new or renewed long-term contracts to purchase electricity from baseload facilities, and Assembly Bill 1925 required a report to the California legislature containing recommendations for accelerating the adoption of cost-effective geologic sequestration strategies for the long-term management of industrial carbon dioxide. Assembly Bill 1925 provided a unique opportunity for technical experts and other stakeholders to inform future policy decisions and regulations for geologic carbon sequestration in California. The author of the bill, the state agencies, and other stakeholders involved in developing the report agreed that a two-stage process would best address the goals of the legislation. A first report was recently released that provides a thorough overview of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) fundamentals in a California context and recommends areas for additional data acquisition or analyses. A second report, to be issued in 2010, will contain a full set of recommendations based on further studies, stakeholder input, and data and lessons learned from ongoing geologic CCS projects worldwide and particularly from field tests in California conducted by the West Coast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (WESTCARB). This paper presents an overview of the approach and key findings of the first report, including technical readiness, infrastructure needs, regulatory and economic assessments, identification of potential early opportunities for application of CCS technology, and assessment of the greatest barriers to widespread CCS adoption in the state. Many of these findings are generally applicable beyond California or provide analogs useful to other states. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The inclusion of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) in the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is still subject to controversy and discussion. Although the debate seems to proceed in a direction of more open information exchange between Parties and stakeholders, noticeable progress is slow. This paper discusses substantial results on CCS in the CDM based on three recent results: the outcomes of a capacity building effort in Africa, the development of new and improved methodologies for hypothetical CCS projects, and a new estimate of the market impact of CCS natural gas operations on the CDM. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As part of the Barroso Package on Climate Change and Energy, adopted on 23 January 2008, the European Commission proposed an enabling legal framework for carbon capture and geological storage. This paper sets out and explains the approach. The legal framework comprises a Proposal for a Directive on the geological storage of sarbon dioxide (COM(2008)18 final) and explicit recognition of capture, transport and storage of CO2 in the proposal amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emissions allowance trading system of the Community (COM(2008)16 final). The first proposal covers the regulation of the elements of the CCS chain. Capture and transport are regulated using existing legal frameworks, but the proposal lays out a dedicated legal framework for storage. The framework builds on the IPCC 2006 Inventory Guidelines and the OSPAR 2007 risk management framework for CCS, and covers site exploration, selection, permitting, monitoring, reporting, measures in case of leakage, liabilities, financial provisions for any leakage, and access to the transport and storage network. The second proposal provides that capture, transport and storage of CO2 are activities under Annex I of the Emissions Trading Directive, without any free allocation (as they are abatement activities). Emissions captured, transported and safely stored will be considered as not emitted under the ETS, but allowances will have to be surrendered for any leakage. Auctioning revenues from the third phase of the ETS (which proposes full auctioning for the power sector) will provide a potential source of finance for CCS demonstration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is widely seen as a critical technology to de-carbonise the power and industrial sectors. As such, many nations have ambitious plans to demonstrate and then promote commercial scale development of CCS. To facilitate early demonstrations and lay the groundwork for widespread use of CCS, governments are rapidly developing new CCS regulations and policies. There have been a number of important regulatory and legal developments in the European Union, United States, Australia, Canada, Norway and several other jurisdictions. This paper and presentation will provide a brief but comprehensive update of these developments and will document and synthesise discussions and activities that were undertaken as part of the IEA’s International CCS Regulator’s Network. It is hoped that information sharing of this kind can help to facilitate harmonised global approaches to regulating CCS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The wide-scale public and governmental pressure to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gasses in developed nations has the potential to threaten the future growth and profitability of energy intensive industries. Because of this new paradigm, a group of 20 major oil & gas, power, fertilizer and chemical producers in Canada joined forces in 2005 to form the Integrated CO2 Network (I CO2N) group of companies. This group recognized that developing CO2 capture and storage (CCS) within a vision of a long -term, large-scale integrated system would ensure that the technology is developed as quickly and cost -effectively as possible, and would encourage continued economi c growth decoupled from increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Decisions about a phased and integrated CCS system requires a long -term focus on Canada’s energy and environmental policy objectives (2020 and beyond). This paper outlines the efforts to date by I CO2N to move CCS for ward in Canada—through its work on the economics of deploying CCS technology in Canada, what deployment of an integrated CO2 capture, transportation and storage network can look like and the evaluation of public private partnerships to share in the risks of early CCS adoption. Analysis is presented that quantifies the overall potential of the technology and explores the benefits and costs associated with CCS, including the associated benefits of the development of an EOR industry through the deployment o f an integrated CCS system. It also puts forward 5 key elements of deployment that are necessary to enable the widespread deployment of CCS at lowest possible cost. The I CO2N group of companies includes the following nineteen companies: Suncor, TransAlt a, Sherrit, Agrium, Air Products, Shell, Husky, ConocoPhillips, Syncrude, Imperial Oil, Nexen, Canadian Natural Resources Limited, Keyera, EPC OR, Total, Chevron, StatoilHydro, Opti, Devon, and BP. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have the potential to be an economic means of reducing direct (or tailpipe) carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the transportation sector. However, without a climate policy that places a limit on CO2 emissions from the electric generation sector, the net impact of widespread deployment of PHEVs on overall US CO2 emissions is not as clear. A comprehensive analysis must consider jointly the transportation and electricity sectors, along with feedbacks to the rest of the energy system. In this paper, we use the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory MiniCAM model to perform an integrated economic analysis of the penetration of PHEVs and the resulting impact on total US CO2 emissions. Under the assumptions used in this analysis where PHEVs obtain 50–60% of the market for passenger and light-duty trucks, the ability to deploy PHEVs under the two climate policies modeled here results in 6000–7300 Mt CO2 of additional cost -effective emissions reductions from the US economy over the period 2005–2050. The additional demand for geologic CO2 storage created by the introduction of the PHEVs is approximately equal to the cumulative geologic CO2 storage demanded by two to three large 1000 MW IGCC+CCS power plants over a 50 -year period. The introduction of PHEVs into the US transportation sector, coupled with climate policies such as those examined here, can also reduce US demand for oil by 20–30% by 2050 compared to today’s levels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: While the share of renewables has been growing rapidly since the 1990s, at present electricity generation in Germany is still based on coal and nuclear energy, with nuclear power and lignite covering almost the whole base load electricity generation, and hard coal serving as the main energy carrier for medium-load generation. However, both coal and nuclear energy are facing major challenges. The future of coal in Germany is uncertain against the background of strong climate policy regulations and issues of public acceptance. In line with current legislation, nuclear power is being phased out. In its strategy for CO2 emissions reduction, the German government has identified the carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies as one of the options. Major government papers highlight the importance of further research and development (R&D) in the field of CCS technologies. German industry supports R&D activities on CCS by participating in the work of public–private partnerships (PPP), e.g. the COORETEC initiative, the GEOTECHNOLOGIEN programme, as well as by implementing CCS demonstration projects. In view of the difficulties coal has been facing with regard to public acceptance in Germany, the public acceptance of CCS technologies is recognised as an important precondition for their large-scale deployment. Thus, research on public acceptance of CCS is one of the priorities accompanying R&D on these technologies. Besides the strategy of fostering national R&D activities on CCS, Germany is actively participating in international networks and organisations dealing with the CCS issues. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]