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The use of renewable energy presents a viable alternative to fossil fuels. However, their intermittent nature does not allow for an immediate response to energy demand. Thus, it is necessary and beneficial to harness various renewable sources and integrate a storage system as an auxiliary source to mitigate this intermittency. The hybridization of energy sources requires efficient management of power flows to ensure the proper functioning of the overall system, regardless of changing weather conditions. In this paper, we propose an intelligent power management control for hybrid wind-solar-battery systems connected to micro-grids based on fuzzy logic. The proposed control approach addresses several specific challenges compared to conventional methods in the intelligent energy management of renewable hybrid systems. It effectively manages the uncertainties and nonlinearities inherent in weather variations, optimizes performance by dynamically adjusting the operations of energy sources and storage systems, and ensures efficient realtime utilization of available energy resources, thus providing greater flexibility and adaptability. Additionally, it enhances the stability and reliability of micro-grids by integrating more flexible and adaptive decision-making mechanisms. The simulation results using MatLab/Simulink demonstrate the significant advantage of this intelligent management lies in its ability to precisely control the state of charge of the battery across five distinct levels, which is not achievable using traditional management practices that rely solely on the maximum and minimum levels of the state of charge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on experimented space projects run by universities, offering an effective design process to improve learning methods in space engineering. The approach used for the design of CubeSat Electrical Power System (EPS) will go through estimations, sizing, simulations, PCB design and end with an experimental test procedure for design validation. The main design criteria presented in this paper are low costs and effective reliability. To meet the first criterion, the Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components are used during the design, which has become an effective path to put experimental payloads in orbit for minimal cost. In the second criterion, the function of some critical EPS components was replicated, such as circuits used for power maximization and battery charge regulation, by following a suitable algorithm embedded in MCU and hot/cold redundant analog integrated circuits. However, the choice was made on the state of the art of CubeSat components already tested. This approach of working will help new space engineers to think about optimal solutions for the design of the appropriate EPS for a CubeSat university project achievable on a limited budget. Finally, the necessary experiments of the designed EPS were carried out and the results were illustrated in the context below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper uses scientometric indicators to examine the Li-ion battery research in India as reflected through Web of Science Core Collection (WoS) data of 32 years (1989-2020). India produced 2864 publications during the period but the publication activity increased manifold during the last decade. The output was scattered among 1346 institutions. However, 28 institutions produced 1% or more of the total output. One third (34.5%) of the output emerged out of international collaboration. About 71.5% of the output were in journals with impact factor >=2. The paper also identifies the aspects/direction of research through keyword analysis besides identifying preferred journals and prolific authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the smart grid system for distributed Renewable Energy Sources (RES) with control methods. The hybrid MicroGrids (MG) are trending in small-scale power systems that involve distributed generations, power storage, and various loads. RES of solar are implemented with boost converter using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) with perturb and observe technique to track the maximum power. Also, the wind system is designed by permanent magnet synchronous generator that includes boost converter with MPPT technique. The battery is also employed with a Direct Current (DC)-DC bidirectional converter, and has a state of charge. The MATLAB/Simulink Simscape software is used to design the proposed model. The switching element of all converters is metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor. The hybrid system is controlled by a voltage source controller using Proportional Integral Derivative (PID)-Genetic Algorithm (GA), and inductors-capacitors filter is used to reduce the system's harmonics. Also, smart meters are used for monitoring purposes in residential loads. This paper analyses the performances of the MG against various scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating solar energy in electric vehicles (EV) is expected to play a dominant role in the decarbonization of the transportation sector as well as reducing the charging costs. These integrated photovoltaic automobiles are particularly adapted for urban driving that is to say the driving range is limited. On that account, the use of a feasible energy storage system is necessary to boost the driving mileage. This paper uses a hybrid energy system, containing a battery as the main storage device and a supercapacitor (SC) as a backup. This combination was suggested in order to negate the former's deficiencies. The use of a hybrid energy source leads to the necessity of introducing a robust power management strategy to guarantee the optimal power flow in electric vehicle components. An artificial neural network is then trained with model calculation for the power management approach for the traction chain. The results of the simulation indicate that the proposed system is efficient in improving the energy management of the vehicle. Moreover, the system's simplicity could potentially make it easier to implement in real-time using a DSP or a DSPACE platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many rural locations are far from the utility grid, and supplying electricity from clean and renewable resources is essential. In the stand-alone system, the cost of electricity is expensive due to the cost of the battery system. All daily energy flows to the inverter through the battery in the traditional system, making the battery system expensive. In the present paper, a new configuration for power assessment is proposed that allows the energy to flow to the inverter directly without passing through the battery resulting in lower storing capacity and cost. The novelty is using the new configuration and designing the PV system customized to the load demand. The design and economic analysis of the proposed system are performed for three different load patterns in Siwa Oasis – Egypt. Results show the proposed power assessment method has a considerable impact on the minimization of the overall cost since the energy storing capacity is reduced, and a reduction in PV generation is obtained depending on the type of load pattern. The highest saving is obtained for the daily load pattern, which saves 81.4%, but the nightly load pattern saves nothing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an energy management method for a stand-alone hybrid generation system based on a wind turbine and hybrid energy storage system (battery/supercapacitor). The supercapacitor is included to reduce the transient peak energy caused by sudden load or wind speed variations and reduce battery charging stress. Consequently, it extends battery life and reduces replacement costs. The power management method is introduced to maintain the necessary energy balance between the sides of generation and load. Additionally, a wind boost converter is present to harness the most wind energy possible while meeting load requirements and preserving a constant DC-bus voltage. The simulation results demonstrate how quickly the suggested technique can adapt to wind speed and load power changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a procedure for identifying suitable fields of action for digital twins, selecting meaningful use-cases to realize the benefits of digital twins, and prototyping their implementation in the context of battery cell production. For this purpose, we present a framework that maps out the various fields of action for realizing the benefits of digital twins in the sustainable factory of the future. In addition, the identification of suitable use-cases in the respective fields of action is described. Using the example of prototypical implementations from battery cell production, it is illustrated how different digital twins interact with each other towards the vision of sustainable production. This focuses on the digital machine, building, and product twin. The aggregation of the twins and their use enables a conservation of resources and an increase in efficiency in the production of the cells and enables the optimization of subsequent value chain steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) uses two sources of energy namely primary and auxiliary source. If only the battery bank is used as a power source of vehicle, then the performance of the vehicle is not satisfactory due to continuous charging and discharging mode, also the direction and amount of the battery current are changed continuously causing stress in the battery bank. Objectives: Objective of the proposed work to control the power flow between battery and supercapacitor (SC) so as the dc bus voltage remains constant. The error is speed is to be minimised for desired operating conditions. Methods: The objective is achieved by using the unidirectional buck-boost converter with battery bank and bidirectional buck-boost converter with SC Auxiliary source provides the energy during acceleration and store the energy at the time of braking. The controller with tuned PID parameters ensures the responses of quickly with minimal overshoot. This paper presents control technique for a Battery and Supercapacitor operated HEV and the tuning of PID controller using Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO). The results are compared under various operating condition on the performance parameters integral absolute error (IAE), integral squared error (ISE), integral of the time-weighted absolute of the error (ITAE) and integral of the time-squired of the error (ITSE). Conclusions: The result suggests the PID parameters tuned with GWO technique give minimum error coefficients, The error is further reduced when SC is introduced with the battery as input source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Plate and cylindrical batteries in an air-cooled lithium battery system is used. • Distances of the batteries from each other and the pack wall are considered. • The batteries in the first/last column are the coldest/hottest. • Temperature of plate batteries is greater than that of cylindrical batteries. • Heat transfer coefficient increases as the distance between the batteries grows. In this paper, heat transfer in a battery pack (BTPC) located in an air duct is subjected to numerical study. This BTPC is of both cylindrical and plate batteries and all of them are of lithium-ion type. The BTPC consists of 5 cylindrical battery columns and 4 plate battery columns, which are placed one in the middle. There are 10 battery cells in each cylindrical battery column and 9 battery cells in each battery column. The duct contained two inlets and outlets for airflow. This study was performed for different distances of battery columns from 0.8 to 1.4 cm and the effect of battery temperature in different conditions of battery column distances was measured. This BTPC was simulated using COMSOL software. The batteries in the first column are the coldest, while the batteries in the final column are the hottest, according to the findings of this research. The temperature of plate batteries is greater than that of cylindrical batteries. The quantity of heat transfer coefficient increases as the distance between the batteries grows. The maximum temperature (TMXM) of the BTPC was increased by 0.93°C by increasing the spacing between the battery pillars from 0.8 to 1.4 cm. The quantity of exhaust air temperature was decreased when the battery interval was increased from 0.8 to 1.0, but it was increased when the distance between the battery columns was increased to 1.4 cm. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Transportation of EoL lithium-ion traction batteries at EoL is under examined. • Cost estimates of transportation vary widely. Key assumptions are often unspecified. • To reduce burdens of EoL transport, optimize siting of collection and recycling. • Accurate testing of state-of-health prior to transportation increases efficiency. • Research on EoL transport should be place-specific to improve accuracy and sustainability. The market for electric vehicles (EVs) has grown exponentially over the past decade, largely driven by ambitious sales targets in regions around the world. At end-of-life (EoL), these batteries must be managed properly to maximize reuse and recycling, which requires an efficient and safe collection and transportation system; however, the logistics of transporting EoL batteries are rarely examined in depth in scholarly research. In this paper, we conduct a critical review of the peer-reviewed literature on EV traction battery reuse and recycling to assess how transportation is represented. We find that among 60 studies identified, 70% mentioned collection and transportation as a challenge to battery reuse or recycling, and 63% identified a need for policy or further research related to collection and transportation. Among 17 papers that focus on cost, estimates for transportation costs vary widely among studies, from more than five dollars per kg to less than 30 cents, representing, on average, 41% of the total cost of recycling. Studies that examined the environmental impact of EoL transportation suggest it contributes 1–3.5% of life cycle GHG emissions for a recycled battery. In response to the limited and highly variable treatment of battery EoL transportation, the literature review is followed by contextual information about the United States, including the regulatory framework and existing network for EoL batteries. Recommendations for future study include place-specific research on optimal facility siting that considers both existing and projected infrastructure, and which reflects costs and environmental and social impacts at local scales. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium metal battery (KMB) have been recognized as a feasible alternative electrochemical energy device for practical application. However, the dendrite growth and the instability of the potassium anode are the major issues hindering its practicability. In this paper, a layer of Pd is coated on the rib surface of Cu foam through a replacement reaction in the liquid-phase synthesis to form Pd/Cu foam current collector, and then K metal is deposited on this Pd/Cu foam to prepare the K/Pd/Cu foam anode material for KMBs. This K/Pd/Cu foam is assembled into a KMB using Prussian blue (PB) as the cathode material to achieve high capacity and cycle-ability even at low-temperature (− 20 °C). Experimental results confirm that this K/Pd/Cu foam can significantly reduce K dendrite growth, increase K+ ion diffusion within the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film and reduce the side reaction. Based on the experiment measurements, material characterization, and theoretical DFT calculations, the possible enhancement mechanism of the highly potassiophilic interface of Pd/Cu foam during the cycling of KMB is also explored. The layer of Pd is coated on the surface of Cu foam through a replacement reaction in the liquid-phase synthesis to form Pd/Cu foam, and then K metal is deposited on this Pd/Cu foam to prepare the graded K/Pd/Cu foam anode material for potassium-metal batteries (KMBs). The Pd/Cu foam is used for both half-cell and the symmetric-cell as well full-cell current collector to achieve an area capacity of K metal up to 10 mA h cm−2. In addition, this design can work in low-temperature environment. [Display omitted] • Engineering Pd nanoparticles on Cu Foam enhance potassiophilic ability. • The theoretical calculation (DFT) results of Pd&Cu plane with K ion are agree well with the experimental results. • A high potassiophilic layer suppress the dendrite growth at high area capacity. • Such special design of K/Pd/Cu foam can work in a low-temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reducing and improving unbalance voltage with higher penetration of EVs-DG. • Binary version of equilibrium optimization and Chaos Net Strategy. • To reduce network unbalance, voltage profile including energy network loss. • Secure DSOs effectively use the capacity of available network. • Enhance the comfort level for EV users. An intelligent hybrid strategy for reducing unbalance and improving voltage considering higher penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) and distributed generation (DG) is proposed in the paper. The proposed hybrid strategy is the combination of binary version of equilibrium optimization (BEO) and Chaos Net strategy and hence it is known as BEO-CNS. The main objective of this work is: (1) presenting a multi-objective optimization issues to reduce network unbalance, voltage profile including loss of energy network; (2) presenting an enhanced control method that secure DSOs effectively use the capacity of available network and enhance the comfort level for EV users. The proposed BEO-Chaos Net strategy used in distribution system and it is connected with EV to optimize the phase sequence and optimal dispatch of DGs for enhancing the network's operation and solve the multi-objective optimization issues. The proposed strategy is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink site and the performance is examined and compared with several existing methods. The results demonstrate that the superiority of the proposed technique over the other existing technique in terms of PV irradiation and speed, PV and wind power, cost, EVs charging demand, summer and winter voltage in node 12 and node 8, during summer and winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]