417 results
Search Results
2. Follow the Vertical and Horizontal View: after Reading the Papers Written by Prof. Kosoto and Prof. Endo.
- Author
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LIAO Yuqun
- Subjects
TRADITIONAL medicine ,HERBAL medicine ,MEDICAL schools ,MEDICINE ,HISTORY of medicine - Abstract
The article discusses the papers by Professors Kosoto and Endō on the development of a number of important schools in Japanese "Kanpō" which is traditional Japanese medicine from ancient China. It describes relationship between different schools of medicine in Japan and between eastern and western medical arts on their development point to a common Japanese thinking. The importance of obtaining necessary foundation for understanding the papers is also included.
- Published
- 2012
3. How to write and publish SCI cited papers in stomatology.
- Author
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ZHENG Jia-wei, YANG Xiu-juan, and ZHANG Shan-yong
- Subjects
ORAL medicine ,RESEARCH ,MEDICAL publishing ,MEDICINE ,PUBLISHING ,PHYSICIANS - Abstract
Writing and publishing papers is the last step of scientific research, and also the main approach for academic disclosure and exchange. Publication of high quality SCI cited papers is one of the important criteria to accredit research capacity and academic level for a personnel, team and institution, which requires novel topics, solid professional theory and knowledge, essential statistical expertise, and superior writing competence in English as a systemic procedure. This paper highlighted the complete process of writing, submitting, and publishing SCI cited papers in stomatology, offering insight into some key points in each step based on the authors' experiences. It is deemed to help readers and relevant physicians who are preparing to publish SCI cited medical papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
4. The Practice of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in subSaharan Africa and Antarctica: A White Paper or a Black Mark?
- Author
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Haig, Andrew J., Im, Jonathan, Adewole, Ayodeji, Nelson, Virgina S., and Krabak, Brian
- Subjects
MEDICINE ,REHABILITATION ,MEDICAL care - Abstract
Objective: The medical specialty of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) has had a proven impact on persons with disability and on health care systems. Documents such as The White Book on Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine in Europe have been important in defining the scope of practice within various regions. However, on some continents, the practice has not been well defined. Design: To explore the practice of PM&R in subSaharan Africa and Antarctica. Methods: Medline searches, membership data searches, fax survey of medical schools, Internet searches, and interviews with experts. Results: The continents are dissimilar in terms of climate and government. However both Antarctica and subSaharan Africa have no PM&R training programs, no professional organizations, no specialty board requirements, and no practicing physicians in the field. Because there are no known disabled children on Antarctica and adults are airlifted to world-class health care, the consequences of this deficit are minimal there. However, the 788,000,000 permanent residents of subSaharan Africa, including approximately 78 million persons with disability, are left unserved. Conclusions: Antarctica is doing fine. Africa is in a crisis. Local medical schools, hospitals doctors, and persons with disability; along with foreign volunteers, aid groups, and policymakers can impact the crisis. However government—specifically national ministries of health—is ultimately responsible for the health and wellbeing of citizens. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Position Paper.
- Subjects
ACADEMIC medical centers ,DENTAL health education ,ORAL hygiene ,ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. ,MEDICINE ,DENTAL personnel - Abstract
Presents a report on the roles and responsibilities of academic dental institutions in improving the oral health status of U.S. citizens as last revised by the 2004 House of Delegates of the American Dental Education Association. Aspects of medicine which apply equally to dentistry; General principles for academic dental institutions; Types of oral health providers.
- Published
- 2005
6. ASCLS 2004 Annual Meeting: Official Abstracts of Submitted Papers and Posters.
- Subjects
MEDICINE ,ABSTRACTS ,ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. ,COGNITIVE ability ,BLOOD transfusion - Abstract
Provides information on various abstracts related to clinical practice accepted for presentation for the 2004 American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science Annual Meeting and Clinical Laboratory Exposition to be held from July 27 to July 31, 2004 in Los Angeles, California. "Assessing Students' Cognitive Ability Using a hybrid Instructional Model"; "Development of an Automated Inventory Management System for Patient Laboratory Specimens"; "Implementing Automation in the Transfusion Service."
- Published
- 2004
7. John Keats: The Doctors' Poet?
- Author
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Griffiths, Toni and Hughes, Sean P.
- Subjects
POETRY (Literary form) ,MEDICINE ,PHILOSOPHY - Abstract
In 1896 William Osler wrote in his pamphlet, John Keats, The Apothecary Poet, 'All lovers of poetry cherish Keats' memory for the splendour of the verse with which he has enriched our literature'. Later T. Wilson Parry stated, 'To me Keats is and ever will be the doctors' poet'. The abiding question underlying this paper is why Keats appeals to so many members of the medical profession and why so few now read the other medical poets. The paper sets out to address this question. It concludes that the reason why Keats is particularly admired by the medical profession is not just because of his early tragic death nor his training in medicine but because his poetry embodies negative capability and an ability to bear the knowledge that pain and pleasure, love and hate, loveliness and ugliness are intertwined. The entwining of Keats's whole life experience (including his medical knowledge) in his emotionally truthful poetry makes his work directly accessible and recognizable to those engaged in a profession which binds them close to the painful, insistent and contradictory realities of human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. JFPS 2010 abstracts of contributed papers.
- Subjects
MILITARY pharmacy ,MEDICINE ,CLOPIDOGREL ,HUMAN papillomavirus vaccines - Abstract
The article presents abstracts of papers on medical topics such as the drug interaction of clopidogrel with omeprazole, the effectiveness of prescription renewals from civilian providers, and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage among active duty soldiers in a military treatment facility between 2007 and 2010.
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- 2010
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9. Prepare yourself for paper 2.
- Author
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Sales, David and Sales, D
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GENERAL practitioners ,MEDICINE ,EXAMINATIONS - Abstract
Gives advice on how to pass Paper 2, a module used in testing both established and discovered knowledge of relevance to general practice of medicine. Reasons why Paper 2 is machine-marked; How the questions are constructed; Materials to read for the preparation; recommended examination techniques.
- Published
- 1997
10. Endorsed midwives prescribing scheduled medicines in Australia: A scoping review.
- Author
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Hull, Elizabeth, Donnellan-Fernandez, Roslyn, Hastie, Carolyn, Bradfield, Zoe, and Small, Kirsten
- Abstract
Despite 10 years of prescribing scheduled medicines by Endorsed Midwives, little is known about prescribing practices. Endorsed Midwives can prescribe scheduled medicines and have access to Medicare rebates to support service provision. Endorsed Midwives have the potential to improve access to medications for women, however, are met with barriers, including inconsistencies in state and national legislation. To search for what is published regarding Endorsed Midwife prescribing of scheduled medicines in Australia, report on the literature, synthesise the findings and discuss the results. A scoping review utilising the Joanna Brigg's Institute methodology. A search of CINAHL, PubMed, Science Direct and Medline databases was conducted. Seven peer-reviewed articles were identified; three discussion papers, one literature review and three research papers, published between 2016 and 2023 in English. Qualitative content analysis was used to identify topic areas. Four topic areas were identified: 1) Endorsed Midwives increase women's access to prescribed medications; 2) the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme is restrictive and diminishes midwifery prescribing ; 3) medication prescribing depends on internal and external structures; 4) professional relationships support prescribing. The authority to prescribe augments Endorsed Midwives' practice, improves timely access to medications and enhances role satisfaction. The effective use of midwifery prescribing is hampered by barriers such as the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, inappropriate medication formularies, and poorly designed health service policy. To fully utilise Endorsed Midwife prescribing in all settings of maternity care, further work is required to develop education, remove barriers, and demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of midwifery prescribing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Call for Papers IEEE JTEHM.
- Subjects
PAPER ,PROFESSIONAL peer review ,MEDICINE ,HEALTH ,CONFERENCES & conventions - Abstract
Describes the above-named upcoming conference event. May include topics to be covered or calls for papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. La construcción de la legitimación de la medicina universitaria en los tratados de peste castellano-aragoneses en los siglos XIV-XVI.
- Author
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Bello Gay, Rocío Guadalupe
- Subjects
PLAGUE ,LEGITIMACY of governments ,PHYSICIANS ,MEDICINE ,TREATIES - Abstract
Copyright of Tiempos Modernos is the property of Tiempos Modernos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
13. Detection of Breast Cancer through the Analysis of Radiographic Images Using Machine Learning: A Systematic Review.
- Author
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Ayala, Kristell Yukie Jimenez
- Subjects
IMAGE analysis ,MACHINE learning ,BREAST cancer ,EARLY detection of cancer ,DEEP learning ,MAMMOGRAMS - Abstract
Breast cancer is an illness that affects many women and can cause even death; this is a case of not being detected on time, which could be due to a human error during the analysis of radiographic images or not going on time in a health center. For this, using machine learning (ML) to analyze radiographic images is proposed as a support tool for radiologists aiming to reduce false diagnostic rates. While researching information, it was detected that this technology has many benefits in the health area; however, it also has limitations or disadvantages. The importance of this paper is to demonstrate that there are not enough clinical tests nor details about the methodologies that were used; there should be more to assert that ML is defined at the moment of making a diagnosis, which generates no conclusive results regarding effectiveness and therefore creates mistrust in doctors, and some people might rather use deep learning (DL) for its application in the detection of breast cancer because DL has more practical tests and fewer limitations than machine learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Call for Papers Special Issue November 2022: ART and Medicine: Explaining The Moral Dimensions if Assisted Reproduction.
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PUBLISHING ,MEDICINE ,SERIAL publications ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,FERTILIZATION in vitro ,AUTHORSHIP ,CHURCH buildings - Published
- 2021
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15. A Structured Benefit-Risk Assessment Operating Model for Investigational Medicinal Products in the Pharmaceutical Industry.
- Author
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Sullivan, Tim, Zorenyi, Gyorgy, Feron, Jane, Smith, Meredith, and Nord, Magnus
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MEDICINE ,DRUG approval ,CLINICAL drug trials ,MATHEMATICAL models ,PHARMACOLOGY ,INVESTIGATIONAL drugs ,RISK assessment ,THEORY ,COMMUNICATION ,DRUGS ,PHARMACEUTICAL industry ,DRUG development ,PATIENT safety - Abstract
Robust and transparent formal benefit-risk (BR) analyses for medicinal products represent a means to better understand the appropriate use of medicinal products, and to maximize their value to prescribers and patients. Despite regulatory and social imperatives to conduct structured BR (sBR) assessments, and the availability of a plethora of methodological tools, there exists large variability in the uptake and execution of sBR assessments among pharmaceutical companies. As such, in this paper we present an sBR assessment framework developed and implemented within a large global pharmaceutical company that aims to guide the systematic assessment of BR across the continuum of drug development activities, from first-time-in-human studies through to regulatory submission. We define and emphasize the concepts of Key Clinical Benefits and Key Safety Risks as the foundation for BR analysis. Furthermore, we define and foundationally employ the concepts of sBR and a Core Company BR position as the key elements for our BR framework. We outline 3 simple stages for how to perform the fundamentals of an sBR analysis, along with an emphasis on the weighting of Key Clinical Benefits and Key Safety Risks, and a focus on any surrounding uncertainties. Additionally, we clarify existing definitions to differentiate descriptive, semi-quantitative, and fully quantitative BR methodologies. By presenting our framework, we wish to stimulate productive conversation between industry peers and health authorities regarding best practice in the BR field. This paper may also help facilitate the pragmatic implementation of sBR methodologies for organizations without an established framework for such assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Von der Fleischfarbe zur Hautfarbe: Firenzuola, Dolce, Mercuriale und Mancini zum Weißsein in den Künsten des 16. Jahrhunderts.
- Author
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Sammern, Romana
- Abstract
Whiteness as a construct of ideal skin colour was created at the intersection of the visual arts, literature, natural history and medicine (among others). This paper traces the construction of whiteness through four case studies in sixteenth-century Venice and Rome, examining the works of Agnolo Firenzuola, Lodovico Dolce, Girolamo Mercuriale, and Giulio Mancini. It shows that this construct of whiteness was rooted in ancient medical theories of internal equilibrium and by the seventeenth century had been gradually transferred to the external surface. Notions of beauty, gender dynamics and the emergence of colonial and racial ideologies were closely linked to this ideal. In close interaction with medicine, sixteenth-century art played a crucial role in making complexion a central theme in both visual art and art theory, and in establishing a hierarchy through the ostentatious absence of non-whiteness. Depictions of darker skin tones did not appear until the seventeenth century when attention shifted from a colour mixture of red, white and black to a polarity of light and dark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. EMPIRE AND MEDICINE IN CENTRAL ASIA, 1865-1917: A COMPARISON WITH BRITISH INDIA.
- Author
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SHADMANOVA, SANOBAR and BAZARBAEV, AKMAL
- Abstract
This paper examines how and to what extent the Russian Empire put into practice the European type of medicine in Turkestan in 1865-1917. Furthermore, we compare this process with British India. People of Central Asia had been using folk medicine for treatment since ancient times. In some cases, knowledge of folk medicine was passed from generation to generation through oral information and experiences, while some doctors left their knowledge and experiences in writing. This tradition continued in the region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In these years, European medicine entered Central Asia as a competitor to folk medicine. The Russian Empire initially tried to form a system of medicine for medical services to soldiers in Turkestan, and the spread of European medicine among the population was later carried out by the initiative of doctors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
18. "A Closeness to God, to Nature, and to Community": Medical Medievalism in Contemporary Society.
- Author
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Monaco, Francesca Roversi
- Abstract
For several decades now, medical practices referred to as traditional or natural have been increasingly popular in Western society. These practices are often perceived, defined, and connoted as medieval, regardless of their characteristics and historicity. Attributing traditional medicine to a generic medieval time reflects one of the most relevant contemporary cultural phenomena: the pervasiveness of images, narratives, and references to the Middle Ages in popular culture. However, this Middle Ages is not the historical period interpreted through the sources; it is a dreamed, imagined, meta-historical time, represented according to the dual model of the Dark Ages and the 'good' Middle Ages of fantasy, fairytale, nature not yet subject to modernity and techno-science. The imagined Middle Ages is the field of study of a specific disciplinary area, medievalism. This paper aims to identify the representations of medieval medicine that this reshaped and imagined medieval world produces and disseminates in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. CALL FOR PAPERS IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine.
- Subjects
MEDICINE ,BIOMEDICAL engineering - Abstract
Describes the above-named upcoming special issue or section. May include topics to be covered or calls for papers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Congratulations 2013 Outstanding Paper Awards.
- Subjects
AWARDS ,ENGINEERING ,MEDICINE ,BIOLOGY ,SOCIETIES - Abstract
Presents the recipients of Outstanding EMBS Paper awards for 2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Application of intelligent filming equipment in medical health monitoring.
- Author
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LI, S.-Q. and LI, H.-Y.
- Abstract
OBJECTIVE: With the progress of technology, a variety of video shooting equipment appeared in people's vision. The improvement of video shooting performance and the decrease in production cost have not only lowered the production threshold, but also greatly facilitated people's daily life. Especially in the field of medical health monitoring, video shooting plays an increasingly important role. This paper summarizes the application of intelligent filming equipment in medical health monitoring under this background. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The intelligent filming equipment used in medical health monitoring is mainly applicable to patients who do not find it convenient to use contact shooting equipment, as well as patients with cardiovascular diseases and health detection and rehabilitation guidance for human knee joints. In this context, this paper uses literature survey methods and interdisciplinary research methods. RESULTS: We conclude that the measurement results of health monitoring devices obtained by using intelligent filming devices can only be used as a reference for medical personnel in further diagnosis, failing to reach the accuracy of direct medical diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The research of intelligent filming equipment in the field of medical health monitoring still needs continuous improvement. The monitoring results should be more stable and eventually industrialized, to solve the current problems in medical health monitoring. This will ultimately help to protect people's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
22. Picturing Medical Histories: 'Ways of Seeing' the Historical Medical Subject.
- Author
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Eames, Robin, Evans, Jordan, Grey, Samantha Kohl, Roth, David T., Stormont-Sainsbury, Lucinda, and Karageorgos, Effie
- Abstract
The image has been used by medical professionals for centuries to illustrate both usual and unusual processes of the body and mind. Images can expose or conceal medical truths, and in many cases are the only connection that exists between the historian and the frequently silent or silenced patient. In this paper, a group of historians each present and explore various methods of applying 'ways of seeing' or the 'clinical gaze' to a historical image from the medical world. Some images have been used to strategically serve the purposes of authority figures and silence the ill subject. Others reveal previously obscured patient's voices. All present a perspective on the possibilities for analysing and assessing medical imagery from the past that moves beyond traditional understandings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Access and Emergence: A Case Study of a Working-Class Journey into Studying Medicine.
- Author
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Wilson, Alastair and Hunter, Katie
- Subjects
WORKING class ,LOW-income consumers ,VETERINARY medicine - Abstract
Analysis of data on school leavers in Scotland points towards considerable inequality in access to higher education. This is highlighted in terms of participation in higher education by young people from lower-income households or identifying as first in their families to consider going to university. The situation is more acute in terms of access to the most competitive courses leading to careers in medicine, veterinary medicine, dentistry and law. This paper draws on data from an ongoing research and development project in the area of mentoring to present a case study of a young woman progressing an application to study medicine. Drawing on the concept of Academic Capital Formation it illuminates the ways in which institutional practices advance or impede access to higher education and particularly, to those courses which facilitate entry into high status professional occupations. The findings in this research problematise current thinking about how to widen participation in higher education and the most competitive professions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. En la deriva de Occidente: apuntes sobre Medicina Cannábica y Narco-Estado en Chile.
- Author
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Musalem Nazar, Pedro
- Abstract
Copyright of Cuadernos Médico Sociales is the property of Colegio Medico de Chile (A.G.) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Grupos reflexivos com estudantes de medicina da liga de saúde mental como estratégia de mudanças.
- Author
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Barreto Mello, Denise Ribeiro, Ortega, Francisco, Rodrigues Müller, Manuela, and Cavalcante Apratto Júnior, Paulo
- Subjects
MENTAL health of students ,PARTICIPANT observation ,MENTAL health ,REFLEXIVITY ,QUALITATIVE research - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic profession: Authors' introduction.
- Author
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Johnson, Claire D. and Green, Bart N.
- Abstract
This paper provides the authors' introduction to Looking Back: A Historical Review of the Lawsuit That Transformed the Chiropractic Profession, which is a series of papers that reviews events surrounding the federal antitrust lawsuit Wilk v American Medical Association. Information in this series describes the events before, during, and after the lawsuit and the relevant issues related to the transformation of American mainstream health care and chiropractic. These papers give insight into many of the factors that shaped the chiropractic profession that we know today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic profession part 3: Chiropractic growth.
- Author
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Johnson, Claire D. and Green, Bart N.
- Abstract
This is the third paper in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of the history of the growth of chiropractic, its public relations campaigns, and infighting that contributed to the events surrounding the Wilk v AMA lawsuit. This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 papers following a successive timeline. This paper is the third of the series that explores the growth the chiropractic profession. By the 1930s, the AMA was already under investigation for violation of antitrust laws and the National Chiropractic Association was suggesting that the AMA was establishing a health care monopoly. Chiropractic schools grew and the number of graduates rose quickly. Public relations campaigns and publications in the popular press attempted to educate the public about chiropractic. Factions within the profession polarized around differing views of how they thought that chiropractic should be practiced and portrayed to the public. The AMA leaders noted the infighting and used it to their advantage to subvert chiropractic. Chiropractic grew rapidly and established its presence with the American public through public relations campaigns and popular press. However, infighting would give the AMA material to further its efforts to contain and eliminate the chiropractic profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic profession part 7: Lawsuit and decisions.
- Author
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Johnson, Claire D. and Green, Bart N.
- Abstract
This is the seventh paper in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the lawsuit that was first filed in 1976 and concluded with the final denial of appeal in 1990. This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 papers following a successive time line. This paper, the seventh of the series, considers the information of the 2 trials and the judge's decision. By the time the first trial began in 1980, the AMA had already changed its anti-chiropractic stance to allow medical doctors to associate with chiropractors if they wished. In the first trial, the chiropractors were not able to overcome the very stigma that organized medicine worked so hard to create over many decades, which resulted in the jury voting in favor of the AMA and other defendants. The plaintiffs, Drs Patricia Arthur, James Bryden, Michael Pedigo, and Chester Wilk, continued with their pursuit of justice. Their lawyer, Mr George McAndrews, fought for an appeal and was allowed a second trial. The second trial was a bench trial in which Judge Susan Getzendanner declared her final judgment that "the American Medical Association (AMA) and its members participated in a conspiracy against chiropractors in violation of the nation's antitrust laws." After the AMA's appeal was denied by the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in 1990, the decision was declared permanent. The injunction that was ordered by the judge was published in the January 1, 1988, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. The efforts by Mr McAndrews and his legal team and the persistence of the plaintiffs and countless others in the chiropractic profession concluded in Judge Getzendanner's decision, which prevented the AMA from rebuilding barriers or developing another boycott. The chiropractic profession was ready to move into its next century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic profession part 8: Judgment impact.
- Author
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Johnson, Claire D. and Green, Bart N.
- Abstract
This paper is the eighth in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the possible impact that the final decision in favor of the plaintiffs may have had on the chiropractic profession. This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 papers following a successive timeline. This paper is the eighth of the series that discusses how the trial decision may have influenced the chiropractic that we know today in the United States. Chiropractic practice, education, and research have changed since before the lawsuit was filed. There are several areas in which we propose that the trial decision may have had an impact on the chiropractic profession. The lawsuit removed the barriers that were implemented by organized medicine against the chiropractic profession. The quality of chiropractic practice, education, and research continues to improve and the profession continues to meet its most fundamental mission: to improve the lives of patients. Chiropractors practicing in the United States today are allowed to collaborate freely with other health professionals. Today, patients have the option to access chiropractic care because of the dedicated efforts of many people to reduce the previous barriers. It is up to the present-day members of the medical and chiropractic professions to look back and to remember what happened. By recalling the events surrounding the lawsuit, we may have a better understanding about our professions today. This information may help to facilitate interactions between medicine and chiropractic and to develop more respectful partnerships focused on creating a better future for the health of the public. The future of the chiropractic profession rests in the heads, hearts, and hands of its current members to do what is right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic profession part 1: Origins of the conflict.
- Author
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Johnson, Claire D. and Green, Bart N.
- Abstract
This paper is the first in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of the history of the AMA and the origins of chiropractic and to explore how the AMA began its monopoly of health care in the United States, possible reasons that organized medicine acted against chiropractic, and how these events influenced the chiropractic profession. This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. We used primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 papers that follow a successive time line. This paper is the first of the series and explores the origins of the aversion of organized American medicine to other health professions and the origins of the chiropractic profession. The AMA began in the mid-1800s to unify like-minded "regular" medical physicians who developed a code of ethics and promoted higher educational standards. Their efforts to unify had excluded other types of health care providers, which they called "irregular" practitioners. However, Americans were seeking more natural alternatives to the harsh methods that regular medical physicians offered at that time. Nearly 50 years after the AMA began, the chiropractic profession attempted to emerge during a time when many patients valued vitalism and their freedom to choose what health care provider they would access. During the years that chiropractic developed as a healing profession, organized medicine was already well established and developing a monopoly in American health care. These events created the foundation on which the tensions between these professions were built and ultimately resulted in the Wilk v AMA lawsuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic profession part 2: Rise of the American Medical Association.
- Author
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Johnson, Claire D. and Green, Bart N.
- Abstract
This paper is the second in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated anti-trust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of the history of how the AMA rose to dominate health care in the United States, and within this social context, how the chiropractic profession fought to survive in the first half of the 20th century. This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 papers following a successive timeline. This paper is the second of the series that explores the growth of medicine and the chiropractic profession. The AMA's code of ethics established in 1847 continued to direct organized medicine's actions to exclude other health professions. During the early 1900s, the AMA established itself as "regular medicine." They labeled other types of medicine and health care professions, such as chiropractic, as "irregulars" claiming that they were cultists and quacks. In addition to the rise in power of the AMA, a report written by Abraham Flexner helped to solidify the AMA's control over health care. Chiropractic as a profession was emerging and developing in practice, education, and science. The few resources available to chiropractors were used to defend their profession against attacks from organized medicine and to secure legislation to legalize the practice of chiropractic. After years of struggle, the last state in the US legalized chiropractic 79 years after the birth of the profession. In the first part of the 20th century, the AMA was amassing power as chiropractic was just emerging as a profession. Events such as publication of Flexner's report and development of the medical basic science laws helped to entrench the AMA's monopoly on health care. The health care environment shaped how chiropractic grew as a profession. Chiropractic practice, education, and science were challenged by trying to develop outside of the medical establishment. These events added to the tensions between the professions that ultimately resulted in the Wilk v AMA lawsuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The rise of non-medical prescribing and medical dominance.
- Author
-
Weiss, Marjorie C.
- Abstract
This article contributes to the continuing debate on the professional dominance of medicine given the rising number of professions allied to medicine that now have the legal authority to prescribe and could potentially threaten this dominance. The key questions addressed are whether non-medical prescribers represent a threat to the dominance of medicine and if they do not, what has mediated doctors' response to these newer prescribers such that they are able to retain dominance? Drawing on Abbott's work on jurisdictional claims, this paper explores how the rise of non-medical prescribing has led to competing jurisdictional claims over prescribing between doctors and non-medical prescribers. This paper particularly focuses on pharmacist prescribing and how competing jurisdictional claims could be settled. It discusses why the profession of medicine is still dominant and the importance of professional ideologies to influencing the outcome of competing jurisdictional claims. The professional ideology of medicine has shifted from valuing prescribing to valuing the indeterminacy involved in complex clinical decision making, illustrating medicine's ability to adapt, retain dominance and maintain cultural authority over clinical knowledge. In contrast, pharmacist prescribers' professional ideology involves having specialist medicines expertise and being safe prescribers. Pharmacists draw upon this ideology to argue their unique competence as a prescriber: given their pharmacological knowledge and attention to detail which facilitates their role as clinical checker or 'safety net' on prescribing. However, medicine's cultural authority in clinical decision-making enables, when there are competing jurisdictional claims over prescribing, for doctors to retain intellectual jurisdiction: control over the cognitive knowledge base involved in prescribing and clinical decision making. Could this be eroded to a weaker form of control involving advisory jurisdiction? Should political developments further favour the widespread acceptance of prescribing as a core part of the pharmacist's role, an erosion to advisory jurisdiction may yet be possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Changing the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS) training pathway in the United Kingdom – an illustrative retrospective.
- Author
-
Magennis, P., Begley, A., Brennan, P.A., Parmar, S., Keith, D.J.W., Banks, R.J., Bentley, R., and Smith, A.
- Subjects
MAXILLOFACIAL surgery ,ORAL surgery ,PATIENT care ,ORAL surgeons ,PERIODICAL articles - Abstract
OMFS training is perceived as a long and expensive pathway although papers have shown it compares favourably with other surgical specialties. Every OMFS clinician has a vested interest and duty continually to improve the quality of training and minimise costs, especially to trainees at junior levels. Any serious proposal to fundamentally change the format of training, must be given due consideration by all stakeholders. In 2016, a British Medical Journal article whose authors included the BAOMS President of that year and OMFS Specialty Advisory Committee (SAC) Chair, posed the question - should the future of OMFS training revert to single dental degree, change to single medical degree - or continue as a dual degree specialty? The BMJ publication was discussed at the British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (BAOMS) Council in March 2016 and all present unanimously supported the dual degree pathway. Later that year a formal proposal was made by the BAOMS immediate past President that training in the UK change to single medical degree 'Maxillofacial Surgery' similar to the training in Spain, France or Italy. Evidence around the risks and benefits of making this change to OMFS training was assembled and reviewed by BAOMS Council in March 2017. BAOMS Council once again unanimously supported continuing OMFS as a dual degree specialty with the observation that the quality of patient care which this training provided was the specialty's Unique Selling Point or USP. The requirement for both degrees to provide care for OMFS patients had been confirmed by external scrutiny on two separate occasions by the responsible regulators. In this paper, we outline the key steps to be considered when making major changes in the OMFS training pathways using this event as an example and the suggestion that those proposing changes should assemble and present evidence to support their proposal using the template provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Interventive dental therapy in Ancient Egypt (ca. 2686 BCE – AD 323): A critical review.
- Author
-
Massingham, Sarah and Power, Ronika K.
- Abstract
This paper critically reviews the history of research concerning ancient Egyptian interventive dental therapy between the Old Kingdom – Graeco-Roman Period (c. 2686 BCE–AD 323), concentrating on the published osteological evidence. Eight osteological examples reportedly exhibiting markers of interventive dental therapy, including a mandible presenting purported evidence for a drilling procedure for the relief of an abscess; four dental bridges; a maxilla with multiple teeth extracted; and two carious lesion fillings. Previous claims are critically reviewed using a qualitative research method involving collecting and critiquing published data, both primary evidence and relevant secondary literature. Without further scientific analysis, only four specimens can currently be plausibly attributed to ancient Egyptian interventive dental therapy including the Tura el-Asmant Bridge, the enucleation described for a Graeco-Roman child, and two carious lesion fillings identified in the mummified individuals known as the 'Redpath Mummy' (RM2718) and 'Sekhem' (AIG3343). Several enduring historiographical and museological problems within the discourse are identified, revising our understanding of the nature and scope of ancient Egyptian interventive dental therapy based on currently known osteological evidence. This review relies on the published documentation for each osteological example, namely images, which in several cases are poor quality. There is significant opportunity for further scientific analysis of the osteological evidence discussed. In each case, specific potential methods to improve our understanding and interpretation have been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Mangrove Ethanol Extract (Aegiceras corniculatum) Failed to Inhibit Candida albicans Growth Isolated from Oral Candidiasis HIV/AIDS patient in vitro.
- Author
-
Gustiadi Saputra, Patera Nugraha, Alexander, Fransisca Shancti Rosari, Theresia Indah Budhy, Diah Savitri Ernawati, Mada Triandala Sibero, Albertus Putera Nugraha, Nastiti Faradilla Ramadhani, and Tengku Natasha Eleena binti Tengku Ahmad Noor
- Subjects
AIDS patients ,THRUSH (Mouth disease) ,CANDIDA albicans ,CANDIDA ,HIV ,RULERS (Instruments) ,CANDIDEMIA ,VULVOVAGINAL candidiasis - Abstract
Candida albicans species can cause severe morbidity and mortality in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients when they become systemically involved, known as candidemia. Mangrove (Aegiceras corniculatum) is a plant that is commonly distributed and has been shown to have several advantages to be used as phytotherapy. Objective to investigate the anti-fungal ability of Mangrove Ethanol Extract (MEE) (A.corniculatum) to Candida albicans isolated from Oral Candidiasis HIV/AIDS patient in vitro. The fresh mangrove leaf (A. corniculatum) was extracted by means of maceration methods. There were 5 groups, each with 4 samples: (1) control negative group (2) control doxycycline group, (3) MEE (A. corniculatum) concentration 25%, (3) 50% concentration group, (4) 75% concentration group, and (5) 100% concentration group. C. albicans isolated from stadium HIV/AIDS patients who were assessed clinically but did not seek fungal infection therapy. Saboraoud dextrose agar (SDA) containing the tested C. albicans suspension was poured into a petri dish around the paper disk. Observation of the inhibition zone around the well and then measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone horizontally and vertically using a digital scale ruler. It was discovered that 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% MEE (A corniculatum) had no antifungal efficacy against C. albicans isolated from HIV/AIDS with no significant difference in inhibitory zone (p>0.05). MEE (A. corniculatum) did not have an inhibitory zone against C. albicans isolated from HIV/AIDS patients in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
36. Race, Kidney Transplants, Immunosuppression Research, and White Supremacy under Apartheid, 1960–80.
- Author
-
Horwitz, Simonne
- Subjects
KIDNEY transplantation ,IMMUNOSUPPRESSION ,MEDICAL research ,APARTHEID ,RACISM - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Bulletin of Medical History is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Biological Binaries: The Case of Gender and Sex Inclusion in US Biomedicine.
- Author
-
Pape, Madeleine
- Subjects
GENDER ,SEX (Biology) ,BINARY gender system ,MEDICINE ,SEMI-structured interviews - Abstract
In recent years, governing bodies in many national and international settings have sought to mandate the consideration of gender and sex as important determinants of health in biomedical research. Since research regulations represent an important means by which certain accounts of embodied difference become institutionalized, this paper considers how the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States has come to endorse an approach to gender and sex inclusion that constructs sex as binary, biological, and more fundamental to health outcomes than gender, as epitomized by the recent Sex as a Biological Variable (SABV) policies for preclinical research. In showing how this policy trajectory emerged over time in ways that were contested and by no means inevitable, I show how the more complex accounts of gender and sex, such as those promoted by scholars aligned with Feminist Science Studies and feminist biology, were rendered marginal by NIH policy-makers. Drawing on textual materials from 1996 to 2016 and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, this qualitative study uncovers the cumulative institutional processes that excluded alternative epistemologies of gender and sex and allowed the NIH to legitimately move towards a narrowly defined inclusion agenda. I argue that attending to institutional dynamics serves as a critical and timely extension of feminist critiques of science and medicine, not only since the current inclusion agenda of the NIH may do little to address the specific health concerns of men and women, but also because it may inadvertently undermine the institutional recognition and acceptance of non-binary, genderqueer, and trans embodiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
38. Boire pour se soigner. Une nouvelle menace pour la santé publique (France, vers 1900).
- Author
-
LE BRAS, Stéphane
- Abstract
Copyright of Revue Historique (0035-3264) is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. When is the Best Time to Treat Class III Female Patients?
- Author
-
Chen Chung, Jenny
- Subjects
ORTHODONTICS ,DENTISTRY ,ORTHOPEDICS ,MALOCCLUSION ,ORTHODONTIC appliances ,MEDICINE - Abstract
Editor's Note: Treatment timing is still one of the more controversial areas for orthodontics. This is particularly true for skeletal problems, both Class II and Class III. Modern, efficient, multifunctional orthodontic attachments and exotic light wires do an excellent job of moving teeth. But what about sagittal challenges for mandibular and maxillary retrusion or protrusion? The one-phase versus two-phase treatment arguments still rage undiminished, despite incontrovertible evidence that growth guidance is a fact, properly done, at the right time. An orthopedic surgeon would laugh if we asked him to correct scoliosis or other general skeletal problems in 1 to 2 years. He treats patients to take advantage of the optimal growth contributions. Growth guidance is a way of life. The major problem is treatment timing. When is the best response? Time, the fourth dimension, is critical. In this issue, three papers, by Drs Baik, Deguchi, and Chung, deal with Class III malocclusions using three different samples: Korean, Japanese, and Chinese. After reading all of them, the clinician will have a better understanding of specific diagnostic criteria, gender differences, and therapeutic techniques and timing. In this specific paper by Jenny Chung, three females with similar maxillomandibular sagittal discrepancies were treated at different times, relative to their growth spurt and the onset of menses. Long-term posttreatment assessment addresses the relative stability for each patient. To the editor, these cases present incontrovertible evidence that treating patients when they grow is optimal for the best results, ie, more than just moving teeth, or doing orthognathic surgery, when it is too late. Copious records are shown here, and there are additional tables and statistics on the web edition of this WJO issue to delineate multiple precise cephalometric changes. Read and study all three papers! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2001
40. Entanglements, Articulation, and the New Structure of Domestic Violence Survivorhood.
- Author
-
Sweet, Paige L.
- Subjects
DOMESTIC violence ,MEDICAL sociologists ,MEDICINE ,MENTAL health ,DATA analysis - Abstract
The relationship between feminism and biomedicine is complex and uneven. Medical sociologists and feminist scholars often theorize this relationship as one of co-optation. Biomedicine may appropriate feminist empowerment language for marketing and profit. Or, feminists may agitate for biomedical inclusion, only to have 'their' problem redefined. And yet, co-optation frameworks suggest that the relationship between biomedicine and feminism is - in the end - reducible to biomedicine, that biomedical power is the mover and the outcome in that relationship. Starting the analysis with feminist-based institutions rather than biomedical ones, this paper uses the case of domestic violence to complicate such 'takeover' explanations. Specifically, this paper tracks the rise of trauma discourse in the domestic violence field, asking why feminist actors - who have long rejected psychiatric knowledge and therapeutic practice in domestic violence work - now turn to 'trauma' as a vanguard paradigm of the field. Based on interviews and archival data, findings suggest that 'trauma' sutures together feminist and mental health frameworks, centering victims' psychology and bodily 'dysregulation' in domestic violence services, yet rejecting the diagnostic work of the mental health field. Pushing past notions of biomedical takeover, co-optation, or de-politicization, this paper draws from the concept of 'articulation' to demonstrate how the tensions between biomedicine and feminism are kept in play - rather than subsumed into each other - in order to produce the new reality of domestic violence trauma. Domestic violence is being biomedicalized, but feminist histories animate that process, transforming the implementation of biomedical logics and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
41. 澳大利亚运动康复专业标准的分析与启示 .
- Author
-
叶建强 and 贾明学
- Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
42. Aristotle’s theory of seed: seeking a unified account.
- Author
-
Xinkai Hu
- Subjects
ANCIENT medicine ,EMBRYOLOGY ,ANCIENT history ,MEDICINE ,SEMEN ,MENSTRUATION ,EMBRYOS ,SEEDS - Abstract
Copyright of Filosofia UNISINOS is the property of Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. An analysis of terms "physician" and "medical" in the context of La Tène period and Roman Age.
- Author
-
Burešová, Lucie
- Abstract
Researchers in archaeology have used various terms of the similar instruments from different geographical areas in their catalogues. The opinions of current medical professionals also cause an issue. There is no consensus on the fundamental question, namely the correct use of the term "medical" for the tools used for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in periods that do not fulfil the image of modern medicine in terms of information or practices. This paper presents the results of the analysis of the terms "physician" and "medical", their origin and legitimacy of use for artefacts from the La Tène period and Roman Age, for which the original purpose for diagnosis and treatment is assumed. Special attention is paid to the use of these terms for artefacts originating in the areas of Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
44. "Race" and "Ethnicity" in Biomedical Research: How Do Scientists Construct and Explain Difference in Health?
- Author
-
Lee, Catherine
- Subjects
RACE discrimination ,ETHNICITY ,MULTICULTURALISM ,ETHNIC groups ,MEDICAL care research - Abstract
Reports of health disparities by race and ethnicity have generated increasing interest in the media and are figuring more centrally in policy initiatives and government funding for new research. Some of this is evidenced by the National Institutes of Health's efforts to implement the Healthy People 2010 Initiative for ending health disparities and by high profile news coverage of BiDil (the Food and Drug Administration's first "ethnic" drug). Whether these health disparities are theorized as social disparities or biological or even genetic differences are consequential to health policies that the government pursues (from public health interventions to funding for biomedical research) to what services health care professionals offer their patients or advocate for the public. These conceptions may also impact other social welfare policies as well as everyday understandings of race or ethnicity. Therefore, how biomedical scientists research race or ethnicity and health is potentially hugely consequential. Yet we do not have a clear sense of how biomedical scientists investigate and report race and ethnicity and health. This paper addresses this lacuna and asks how biomedical researchers construct and analyze race or ethnicity in their studies and what conclusions they make about difference and health. The paper utilizes content analysis and examines 89 research grants supported by the National Cancer Institute and 204 research publications that resulted from the grants. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
45. Routines under Constraint: How Classification Systems Shape the Work of AIDS Care.
- Author
-
Culyba, Rebecca J.
- Subjects
AIDS prevention ,ETHNOLOGY ,ETHNOGRAPHIC informants ,ETHNOLOGY methodology ,MEDICAL care ,PUBLIC health - Abstract
Using ethnographic and interview data collected over twelve months at an anonymous public AIDS clinic in the Southeast United States, this paper illustrates how classification systems shape the routines of health care providers treating patients with the disease. Due to financial constraints associated with the cost of prescription drugs, care providers were forced to balance their professional commitment to providing the standard of care in an increasingly complex area of medicine. The clinic established local routines in order to ensure a payer source for patients' antiretroviral drug therapy before prescriptions were filled. When the wait for enrolling in the government drug assistance program was long, providers were encouraged to use pharmaceutical company assistance programs so that patients could receive antiretroviral regimens quickly even if it was not considered "optimum" therapy by current treatment guidelines. Additional local criteria were developed to be sure that patients designated as "urgent starts" could receive antiretrovirals immediately. As funding for domestic AIDS treatment and prevention declines, public health practitioners will continue to face multiple layers of classification, including their own local layer, as part of the clinical routine. This paper begins an examination of how these layers of classification shape the work of AIDS care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
46. Racialized Bio-Medicine, Generated Difference: The Possibility of Racial Differentials in the Efficacy of AIDSVAX.
- Author
-
Moseby, Kevin M.
- Subjects
MEDICAL sciences ,PREVENTIVE medicine ,RACIAL differences ,CLINICAL trials ,CLINICAL drug trials ,CASE studies ,AIDS vaccines ,FEDERAL regulation - Abstract
In recent years, the "standard human" of biomedical sciences has come under considerable scrutiny from various interests groups, who argue that human differences, such as race, sex/gender and age, must be accounted for in clinical health and drug trials. Implying that social categories may be medically and scientifically significant, proponents of including racial minorities in clinical health and drug trials contradict the standard notion in the social sciences that race is a socio-cultural artifact that has no biological meaning. This political mobilization has resulted in federal regulations that require, among many things, clinical trial populations to be racially diverse. This paper explores the controversy resulting from the findings of the phase III clinical trials of the AIDSVAX HIV vaccine that racial minorities experienced higher rates of protection from HIV. The paper shows how the new experimental set-up ushered in by diverse clinical trails makes possible the generation and affirmation of the controversial and politically loaded claim, that race is bio-medically and scientifically significant. The case study of AIDSVAX, more generally, demonstrates the possible repercussions and ramifications of the presumption, which has persisted throughout recent history and is now implicit under new federal regulations, that racial and ethnic identities may be medically and scientifically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
47. Medical Research for Hire: Gender and the Privatization of Clinical Trials.
- Author
-
Fisher, Jill A.
- Subjects
MEDICAL research ,CLINICAL trials ,PRIVATIZATION ,MEDICINE ,PHARMACEUTICAL industry - Abstract
This paper will focus on emerging cultures of clinical trials by analyzing the relationships that are produced between physicians and their research staff and between research staff and patients who volunteer for studies. Central to this analysis will be attention to the production of gender relationships within the clinical trials industry, particularly in terms of two conceptual threads: idiocy and altruism. Drawing upon fieldwork in the southwestern United States, this paper will explore how these themes surface in the narratives of physicians and research staff. These informant narratives will dramatize the ways in which patriarchy and medical paternalism continue to thrive, but also have changed, within new manifestations of medical and pharmaceutical cultures. Moreover, this examination of gender and the clinical trials industry demonstrates that power operates simultaneously through organizational structures ? institutional power ? and through individuals ? biopower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
48. Masculinity and the Social Construction of Cluster Headache.
- Author
-
Kempner, Joanna
- Subjects
CLUSTER headache ,MASCULINITY ,MIGRAINE ,MEDICAL care ,GENDER studies ,FEMINISM - Abstract
The article presents information on a paper using cluster headache, which is the diagnostic cousin of migraine, as a way to critically assess the assumptions about gender that are embedded within this particular medical discourse. This paper talks about the ways in which scientific understandings of cluster headache is shaped by the gender discourse and how this gendered medical discourse can transform the body. The masculinity of cluster headache is responsible for making it immune to the same type of gender scrutiny that the research on migraine undergoes.
- Published
- 2005
49. Between Grihastha and Swasthya: Cleanliness and Care in Nationalist Discourses in Early Twentieth Century Bengal.
- Author
-
Prasad, Srirupa
- Subjects
MEDICINE ,HOUSEHOLDS ,IDEOLOGY ,THEORY of knowledge - Abstract
This paper traces the history of medical practices in India, between the late 19th and early 20th centuries Bengal. I argue that to fully understand the history of medicine and medical practice in India, one needs to look, not only at the clinic or the hospital, but the household. The household, in its real (architectural spaces, household commodities, medicines/drugs) and symbolic (representing hierarchies like for instance spaces for women/men, purity/impurity, exteriority/interiority, and those based on seniority) manifestations became the most important site for the emergence of an ethic of well being, which, though it evolved in the context of colonial/western ideologies, institutions, and spaces, and in a dialogue with them,was nonetheless based on a rationale, ingredients of which were already present in Bengali cultural repertoire. In this paper I have tried to show how these concepts interacted with those, which were labeled ?western?and gave rise to new forms of hygienic and health practices. I analyze two particular concepts like "care" and "cleanliness" as they exist in contemporary Bengali socio-cultural vocabulary and argue that these concepts helped create new ?modular? forms of hygiene, health, and well-being, which were imagined as part of a nationalist discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Hearts, Minds, and Maladies: Toward a Critical Theory of the Commodification of Pharmaceuticals.
- Author
-
Tracy, James
- Subjects
DRUG advertising ,PHARMACEUTICAL industry ,CAPITALISM ,CORPORATE profits - Abstract
This paper is an historical and interpretive examination of the United States pharmaceutical industry and its mission to control public discourse and consciousness concerning health and disease via the accelerated commodification of medicine. The paper uses critical theoretical approaches to analyze the processes of mass communication and commodification, and to explain how the US based pharmaceutical industry has redefined the role it plays in the very conceptualization of disease and how these rationalized practices undermine the conventional doctor-patient dynamic. The recent commodification and popularity of psychoactive drugs is provided as an example of this process. Over the past twenty years the pharmaceutical industry has established itself as a $400 billion per-year business. It has done so largely through the creation of demand for its products. Similar to the American media conglomerate in perpetual search of the transnational "Blockbuster" cinematic or tele-visual sensation, Big Pharma’s ability to exert control over research and development, marketing, and, increasingly, the definitions of dis-ease, is central to the industry’s growth as a capitalist enterprise. Not coincidentally the industry has, by way of sophisticated means of mediated representation, made momentous gains in interceding in the doctor-patient relationship. It further acts to define popular meanings of illness while proffering commodified biotechnological remedies. By manipulating specific conceptualizations of popular discourse on health the industry may create and predict the demand for its products. This discussion also provides readers with specific examples of how the for-profit media and advertising industries function and the specific interests they serve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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