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The licensed serving of alcoholic beverages is an important institutional aspect of food culture. In Sweden, the Government's policies to battle the Covid-19 pandemic meant further restrictions, including a temporary law, to mitigate contagion at licensed restaurants, bars, producers' tasting events, etc. This paper inquiries into the "art" exercised by managers of such businesses, already used to strict governance, of "being governed" when faced with these new and sudden policies. The study draws on Swedish Covid-19 policy and interviews with managers of licensed premises and a municipal auditor during the three months of the most far-reaching restrictions. By analyzing these materials through anthropological theories of state governance, the paper shows how Covid-19 restrictions were enacted in practice, including their discontents. The study's findings contribute to further insights into the role of alcohol policy in food culture and opens up for further bridging of food studies, service studies, and alcohol research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on urban heritage meanings, values, and management challenges in postcolonial Algeria, and particularly on the question of exclusivism of non-traditional urban places in heritage discourse. In the process of reconstruction of homogenous national postcolonial cultural identities, local heritage views and perspectives are often ignored. This paper suggests looking simultaneously into national policies and legislative texts on urban heritage, and local stakeholders' perceptions of what heritage should be, to identify gaps and potentially ways to improve current urban heritage governance. The comparison between both national and local urban heritage indicators helps identify mechanisms and impacts of national exclusivism in the protection of urban heritage. Moreover, the result of focus groups and interviews with Annaba's citizens, specialists, and officials, has helped unravel the potential of a more place-based approach to heritage management in Algeria. We argue that focusing on the local heritageness of undesignated urban places could pave the way for a more forward-thinking, holistic and inclusive approach to community-based urban heritage management. It is a methodology with wide potential in contemporary North-Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the pedagogical efforts of 67 NASPAA programs offering a specialization in global/comparative administration and policy. A web content analysis of course and concentration titles, course descriptions and syllabi of 67 programs with this specialization showed that across all programs, 52 unique concentrations were offered, and graduate students had access to 279 courses as core and elective offerings. This paper explores the specific pedagogical efforts undertaken to introduce comparative administration and policy concepts to graduate students. Implications of this study for graduate education in public affairs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on urban heritage meanings, values, and management challenges in postcolonial Algeria, and particularly on the question of exclusivism of non-traditional urban places in heritage discourse. In the process of reconstruction of homogenous national postcolonial cultural identities, local heritage views and perspectives are often ignored. This paper suggests looking simultaneously into national policies and legislative texts on urban heritage, and local stakeholders' perceptions of what heritage should be, to identify gaps and potentially ways to improve current urban heritage governance. The comparison between both national and local urban heritage indicators helps identify mechanisms and impacts of national exclusivism in the protection of urban heritage. Moreover, the result of focus groups and interviews with Annaba's citizens, specialists, and officials, has helped unravel the potential of a more place-based approach to heritage management in Algeria. We argue that focusing on the local heritageness of undesignated urban places could pave the way for a more forward-thinking, holistic and inclusive approach to community-based urban heritage management. It is a methodology with wide potential in contemporary North-Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participation in physical activity (PA) occurs differently in each individual. Investigating how it comes about in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is seen as an area that does not receive enough attention. In this paper, which was designed to get more information and contribute to the field, the participation of adolescents with ASD in PA was examined in line with the socio-ecological model through the opinions of 17 Turkish parents. Semi-structured interviews well-used to understand the perspective of parents', and as a main themes constraints and facilitating factors affecting participation of adolescents with ASD in PA were determined. When investigated in terms of intrapersonal factors, which are the first stage of the model, are examined, it is seen that ASD related problems as a constraint and experiences as a facilitator were the foremost themes. Interpersonal constraints were prejudice and family attitude while facilitators were family attitude and attitude of close surroundings. In environmental factors, the main constraints were adapted physical activity (APA) opportunities, while facilitators were neighborhood and facilities. While negative PA approaches of organizations was an institutional constraint, positive PA approach of organizations was a facilitator. In the final stages of the model, in terms of public policy, the constraint was not meeting expectations of current policies and the facilitator was improvements in policies. Consequently, it was understood that adolescents with ASD still participate in PA in some way even though they encounter many constraints when participating in physical activities, the constraints outweigh the facilitating factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents findings from a study exploring children's participation and protection rights. The research was conducted by the International and Canadian Child Rights Partnership (ICCRP) – a multi-sectoral partnership, involving academic institutions, non-government organisations, and young people in five countries. Although funding came from a Canadian federal agency, partners adopted a decolonial approach to break down inequitable power dynamics. This approach ensured the usage of contextually relevant methods and that children's voices were heard. This paper reports on findings in Brazil, China, and South Africa, where participatory methodologies were used, to explore how young people and adults conceptualise the experience of 'participating together.' Our findings show that there is no single conceptualisation of participation that fits the different contexts where the ICCRP worked. In China, the emphasis is on education and respect for parents' decisions about their lives; in South Africa, it is on respect and duty to elders and community; while in Brazil, participation relates to 'protagonism' where there is a rhetoric of young people's autonomy in public policy. However, in all cases, intergenerational relations are dynamic and evolve over time. Additionally, individuals who experience meaningful participation in public spaces, change their attitude to participation in the private sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen growing international interest in the practice of 'adaptive reuse' of heritage buildings, promoted as a financially more viable and environmentally sustainable way to achieve both regeneration and conservation. In parallel, adaptive reuse has emerged as an aim in national policy frameworks and EU governance. Much of the writing on adaptive reuse reflects its nature as a design practice and concentrates on the material form intervention may take. This paper has a different approach, considering the institutional factors that support adaptive reuse occurring, as part of a multi-faceted and complex conservation-planning assemblage, across fifteen European countries. Focusing on regulatory systems for heritage and planning, governance systems, human and financial resources and policies on civic engagement and participation, thematic analysis is used to generate a typology of approaches across the continent, grouping the countries considered into three clusters. The typology proposed is not fixed, but a way to conceptualise the similarities and differences in institutional and policy-contexts that facilitate or restrict adaptive reuse. It contributes to a more informed overview of the context for adaptive reuse and the possibilities of learning from different policy contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen growing international interest in the practice of 'adaptive reuse' of heritage buildings, promoted as a financially more viable and environmentally sustainable way to achieve both regeneration and conservation. In parallel, adaptive reuse has emerged as an aim in national policy frameworks and EU governance. Much of the writing on adaptive reuse reflects its nature as a design practice and concentrates on the material form intervention may take. This paper has a different approach, considering the institutional factors that support adaptive reuse occurring, as part of a multi-faceted and complex conservation-planning assemblage, across fifteen European countries. Focusing on regulatory systems for heritage and planning, governance systems, human and financial resources and policies on civic engagement and participation, thematic analysis is used to generate a typology of approaches across the continent, grouping the countries considered into three clusters. The typology proposed is not fixed, but a way to conceptualise the similarities and differences in institutional and policy-contexts that facilitate or restrict adaptive reuse. It contributes to a more informed overview of the context for adaptive reuse and the possibilities of learning from different policy contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US-China face-off over allegations of Huawei's equipment being compromised has brought the subtle art of hardware trojan warfare right into the open spotlight. This paper focuses on cyberattacks at the root of trust – IT hardware trojans (HT), primarily the most malicious of these trojans, the one which is surreptitiously implanted inside a semiconductor System on Chip (SoC) or Integrated Circuit (IC) for sabotage. Though a thoroughbred trojan of this kind is yet to be found in the wild, hardware trojans continue to shape public policies and fund technical research on their possibilities, detection and avoidance. This paper explores a highly under-researched area, the economics of real hardware trojans, including examples from the Syrian radar breach to iPhone trojans sold on Amazon.com. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the design of a prototype transparency tool for communities, public and private organisations, and other stakeholders to use when developing, deploying and interrogating public space Internet of Things implementations as part of wider smart city initiatives. These deployments need to be accompanied by effective public communications and policy, and consideration of factors such as data privacy, so as not to negatively impact citizens. The intention of the tool is to guide transparency of these deployments in order to support trusted IoT ecosystems. The tool, which was developed as both a physical card deck and a digital implementation, was developed through a combination of participatory work and other research to understand the information requirements of citizens and other stakeholders. We suggest that further development of such tools can effectively support trustworthy IoT in smart cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that Nottingham was one of the most densely built and overcrowded towns in Victorian England. Following the enclosure, 1845-65, green spaces, including public parks, had to be provided in the new suburbs. This article looks at the creation of parks in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to show how a combination of government policies, local authority commitment to providing open spaces and recreation grounds, and philanthropic involvement, led to the post-1845 town and its newly created suburbs having numerous accessible green spaces. This provision has, in turn, impacted on how the modern city has evolved, and the article suggests that this is important for our understanding of urban development more generally. The paper notes the impact of more recent development where large swathes of working class housing, with few or no green spaces, has been swept away and replaced by a significantly greener environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars and practitioners alike in the historic environment have long felt the pressures of changing government agendas, shifts in funding, and changing global priorities. The political weight carried by policy is explicit in government statements and over the years, we have seen government propose a range of changes in policy supported by official consultations.[8] This enabling of democratic governance process is key to ensuring fair participation in policy production. Chitty and Smith's paper I 'Principles into Policy: assessing the impact of Conservation Principles in local planning policy' i provides a key insight examining and reflecting on the unquestionable influence and impact of the 2008 English Heritage I Conservation Principles i in local policy formation. [Extracted from the article]

The natural environment has enjoyed a recent surge in both public interest and in government policy activity in Westminster. This could in part be attributable to a 'Blue Planet effect', but a bigger change in how the natural world is understood in public policy terms can also be observed, moving the natural environment from a niche conservationist concern, and a perceived resource drain, to a public good which contributes positively to the economy, public health and wellbeing of the nation as a whole. This paper is interested in what this change can tell us about the importance of public interest and perceptions of public benefit for the historic environment, as another conservationist policy concern. It hypothesises that despite the growing body of evidence about the positive social and economic value of heritage and place, 'heritage' has an association with white, and middle and upper class interests which limits its ability to be perceived as a potential policy solution for delivering wide public benefit, rather than a drain on resource. It concludes that creating a new perspective on heritage as a genuinely shared asset will be key to taking the next step for heritage on the public policy journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing complexity of contemporary local public governance is a clear challenge to the success of public policies. The policy domains of culture, broadly, and heritage preservation, specifically, in Portugal are good examples of that complexity, since municipalities are their biggest public funders and promoters, although experiencing several institutional capacity difficulties. These national realities are, nevertheless, largely under analysed in the literature. This paper thus aims to analyse the critical factors for the implementation of the management programmes of three Portuguese World Heritage historic centres: Évora, Porto and Guimarães. Through the analysis of programme documentation and interviews launched on local managers, it was possible to identify that the most decisive factors were issues of local political support, funding, and management structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike its Nordic peers, Norway has never created a national school meals program. This paper explores the non-emergence of this policy using insights from historical institutionalism and the literature on gender ideology to consider how ideas and institutions interact in the creation of policy. The paper argues that both the ideational factor of gender ideology that saw women as caregivers and not earners, and the institutional factor of an agricultural policy that did not produce surpluses, interacted in such a way as to remove school lunches from the policy agenda in the 1930s and 1940s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the framing of public policy related to infant food insecurity in Canada by examining multiple levels and jurisdictions where infant feeding and food security policy merge. It identifies that both policy areas position breastfeeding as the solution to infant food insecurity, primarily isolating policy within health domains. Overall, this paper provides a critique of policy in relation to what we know about the challenges of maintaining breastfeeding as the sole nutrition strategies for infants and the barriers of access to alternative food for infants within the context of low-income circumstances in high-income countries such as Canada. It argues that infant food insecurity is a matter that requires better conceptualization and broader policy responses beyond health policy aimed at shaping infant feeding practice. An informed merging of infant feeding and food security policy could provide the framework for policy development to address the structural relations that make breastfeeding unsustainable, particularly for low-income women, as well food insecurity outcomes that stem from not breastfeeding in low-income circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers archaeology, economic development, and government through a critical approach. It discusses the role of democracy, the rule of law, and the relationship between economic development and public policies aimed at improving the lives of ordinary people. It is argued that diminishing social inequalities are a shared concern and public policies are set up by democratic states to cope with this goal. The paper then turns to archaeology as a practice resulting from economic development and public policies. For the first century and a half, the discipline has been scholarly, elitist, and often colonialist. More recently, archaeology has been increasingly considered as a socially relevant endeavour in the Americas. Economic development, democracy, and the rule of law have been related in the last few decades. The paper concludes by stressing the role of public archaeology for a progressive role for archaeology in economic development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is responsible for developing safety requirements for the transport of radioactive material. These requirements were first published in 1961 as 'Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material', Safety Series No. 6 (the Regulations), and have been revised at regular intervals, in consultation with Member States, and with input from other relevant organisations, as appropriate. The current regular review and revision of the Regulations has been driven by problems, challenges and the demand for improvements, as well as the need to take into account experiences in transport, newly identified issues, new technologies, best practices, the demand for sustainable transport and harmonisation. After 50 years, 15 editions of the Regulations have been published. With the passage of time, the scientific and technical heritage of several decades of development in transport safety has begun to fade. The need to capture valuable knowledge, which needs to be preserved for future reference, has become clear. In general, every requirement in the regulations was developed on the basis of deliberations among international experts and an appropriate technical basis. The knowledge bases for these often exist in a decentralised manner in many Member States with mature nuclear programmes. Easier access to the existing technical bases for the Regulations could lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the Regulations. Knowledge capture and transfer can contribute to the development of and innovations in transport safety. This paper provides an overview of international level efforts that began in 2010 to develop a comprehensive and detailed technical basis document (TecBasDoc) to support the current and future revisions of the Regulations. The draft TecBasDoc has so far resulted from efforts by IAEA staff and a large number of international transport experts. It exceeds 150 pages in length using, to the greatest extent possible, historical documents dating as far back as the 1950s as reference material. The intent of this effort is to record, for those Member States new to transport and for future generations, the scientific and technical heritage of several decades of development that has occurred in transport safety and to capture valuable knowledge so it can be preserved for future reference. The latest effort has involved consultants to the IAEA adapting the draft to reflect guidance from the IAEA's Transport Safety Standards Committee (TRANSSC) and delving into the IAEA's archives and other sources of historical documents, searching out many long sought, older supporting documents. The draft is currently structured into 12 chapters, embodying multiple supporting appendixes. This paper elaborates on the first chapters of the document, which include General History, Fundamental Safety Principles, Safety Objectives and Principles for Transport, General Safety Requirements, Radiation Protection and Controls for Transport. Two companion papers at PATRAM 2013 address the status of the TecBasDoc in the topical areas of package testing and criticality control. In all cases, the chapters of the TecBasDoc address how early decisions were made citing well known historical experts and discussing how these initial decisions have been adapted to meet the emerging international safety guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the Roman discoveries made in 1836-37 when the railway cutting was excavated on the west side of Winchester. These were studied by Charles Roach Smith and reported in The Gentleman's Magazine and in the 1846 Winchester Transactions of the BAA. Several of the finds were of particular importance, including a copper-alloy head of Jupiter, a unique statuette of Omphale, likewise of copper-alloy, an intact copper-alloy jug, and two jug handles. The Omphale is still lost, but it emerged that the other objects were subsequently acquired by the British Museum. These finds and such records of the excavation as were reported allow a re-evaluation of the western side of Venta Belgarum, which would seem to have had a special character throughout the Roman period, perhaps as a temple quarter. Antiquarian accounts can be of immense importance in modern archaeological research and, in this case, they highlight the key role of the BAA and one of its founders in the modern establishment of the discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SCOT2K project has extended native pine tree-ring chronology coverage for Scotland to enable reconstruction of past climate and for cultural heritage dating benefits. Using living trees from multiple locations in the Highlands and sub-fossil material from lochs, a network of five regional chronologies has been produced. The project has developed the application of Blue Intensity (BI), a proxy measure for maximum latewood density, which is faster and less costly to obtain than traditional densitometry measurements. The use of both ring-width and BI has been demonstrated to greatly assist historical dendro-dating of pine. This paper presents the dating results for the twenty Scottish pine buildings or sites dendro-dated through the SCOT2K project. They range from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries, and from high-status castles to modest cruck cottages. They are mostly located in the Highlands where Scots pine occurs naturally, although an early example of long-distance transport is also identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are grave issues with how the U.K. government approaches the issue of wellbeing. Specifically, policy interventions that might improve the material conditions of citizens are being down-played, and at times out-rightly dismissed. Instead, an individualist, instrumental message is being promoted, namely, that the best way to improve wellbeing is by improving individual happiness and mental health. I argue that this instrumental message – which in practice blames the victims for their lack of happiness and removes state responsibility – can be made to sound feasible because of a reliance on positivist-based research, whether obtained objectively (by measuring material conditions) or subjectively (by measuring stated levels of happiness). In this paper, I therefore detail the failings of mainstream wellbeing research and its policy conclusions, and argue that critical realism offers solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on concepts from contemporary education policy sociology to explore the prospective interpretation, contextualisation and enactment of Health and Physical Education in the Australian Curriculum. Analysis examines the dynamic between characteristics of official texts and the contexts in which responses will be made. The paper identifies the consultation draft curriculum as highly flexible, such that multiple aspects of past and current policy contexts can be expected to strongly frame its reading and enactment. Exploration of contexts points to the critical role that policy actors, agencies and artefacts will all play in determining the ways in which the new curriculum will be expressed and experienced in schools across Australia. Discussion raises issues for Health and Physical Education teachers, teacher educators and members of professional associations to consider in looking forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British Government announced large-scale reforms of England's planning policy in May 2010. The resultant National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) was released in March 2012. Despite assurances from the Government that the principles governing the management of the historic environment through the planning system would remain largely intact, the policy reform process caused considerable concern and upheaval for historic environment interest groups, and prompted a great deal of activity to assure its interest. This paper sets the context for the historic environment sector's political engagement in England, with insights applicable to the place of heritage advocacy within the power webs of wider agencies of government. The paper examines the campaign led by the heritage charity, the National Trust, and contrasts its strategy with that practised by other bodies in the sector to evaluate the (in)effectiveness of advocacy strategies in the current political climate. The power dynamics and the intricacies of policy processes, as well as the strategies of historic environment agencies engaging with them, are considered. The study concludes that, although the NPPF release was eventually received as a reasonably positive outcome for the interests of the sector, it illustrates the lengths to which political advocates must now go in order to effect change and, conversely, shows how vulnerable we may be if we are not alert to the changing public policy environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to place Canadian public policy programs in a comparative context and to provide an overview that identifies the status of the Canadian public policy analysis profession and policy analysis/policy studies instruction in light of domestic and global developments. The authors acknowledge that instruction plays a crucial role in the training as well as in the future approach and orientation of policy analysts and they analyze shifts in the perspective of policy analysis studies and policy analysis instruction. This preliminary comparative paper primarily discusses the characteristics and training needs of policy studies/analysis by tracking the needs of the profession; the development of the field to date; orientations arising from conceptual and historical developments in Canada, the United States, and Europe, and shaping particular public policy programs, curriculum orientations, and practices; and implications of and lessons drawn from the various contexts in comparison to Canada. Throughout the paper the terms policy analysis and policy studies are used interchangeably, because in the various traditions highlighted in this paper, programs of policy studies, rather than policy analysis, are prevalent. Policy analysis skills are promoted, albeit with various degrees of emphasis, within these programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Foreign Policy Journal (CFPJ) is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Effective design innovation policy is increasingly recognized as a driver for competitiveness and prosperity of nations. Policymakers in Europe face a challenge when evaluating the effectiveness of design innovation policies due to a lack of reliable and comparable data. The European Commission has demonstrated its commitment to design through investment in a number of initiatives that seek to place design at the core of national policy agendas. This paper provides an overview of the policy for design agenda in Europe, discusses the challenges of evaluation, offers a proposed approach to macro design innovation policy indicators and presents a scenario based approach that helps to benchmark the relative national performance of design innovation policy. The use of a scenario based approach links available data through a narrative approach to an overall picture of the relative performance of design innovation policy at a national level. While our research has demonstrated that there are no reliable and comprehensive data sets currently available for design across Europe, we conclude with a consideration of the challenges and limitations of a scenario based approach to evaluation design innovation policy at a macro level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2014 ICOM-CC and IIC Conferences both included plenary sessions on environmental conditions, resulting in the IIC/ICOM-CC 2014 Declaration on Environmental Guidelines. This paper reflects on the achievements of the Declaration, issues that arose during its writing, and what it does and does not seek to address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects upon the content of this special issue. First, it is noted that ideologists who single-mindedly promote a narrow form of inclusion fail to recognize they are seeking the realization of an unattainable utopian ideal. Second, the established fact that friendships are strongly based on the tendency of individuals to associate and bond with similar others means it is unrealistic to assume that all people with an intellectual disability can be fully included in the community. Third, the claim is examined that notwithstanding government policy on promoting social and community inclusion, people with intellectual disabilities have achieved little or no profile for most of the last twenty years. Fourth, it is noted that the rapid marketisation of the social care sector presents a challenge to the quality of life experienced by many people with an intellectual disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defining policy problems is crucial to the policy process. The definition process is difficult because it relies more on craft developed through experience and intuition than on objective methodology. The lack of a methodology presents considerable challenges to novice policy students because of their lack of knowledge and experience in defining complex problems and thus their undeveloped skill in craft. Root Cause Analysis (RCA), a structured methodology designed to analyze the causes and effects of problems, can be a powerful pedagogical method to increase student comprehension and success in defining policy problems. Although RCA was developed primarily as an ex post methodology in the engineering, computing, and health care fields to understand how major adverse events or system failures occurred, a modified RCA is well suited for identifying and analyzing complex and dynamic policy problems. This paper provides a framework on the use of RCA as a pedagogical method for improving policy student learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of NASPAA's 2009 accreditation standards embodied a shift toward outcomes-based assessment. NASPAA-accredited programs must now identify, operationalize, and assess mission-related competencies within five competency domains with the goal of demonstrating that their programs lead to student learning. This move aligns with broader trends in governance as efforts to ascertain impact, value, and return on investment permeate the discussions of public sector actors. Public administration programs, like other services that deal in difficult-to-measure outcomes, have discovered the challenges inherent in such an effort. This paper considers the landscape of competency assessment strategies and then examines the experiences of designing a competency-based model at James Madison University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the client in policy analysis has been shifting in the professional field and in academia. In this paper, I reflect on the client orientation of graduate studies in policy analysis. I propose a framework for teaching policy analysis that relies on theoretical foundations but also uses integrated practical application and client-oriented learning throughout the master's curriculum. I then illustrate the framework's application through a sample of highly client-integrated graduate programs in public affairs, focusing particularly on the policy analysis curriculum at The New School's Milano School of International Affairs, Management, and Urban Policy. Evidence suggests that an integrated and continuous client-based approach is the exception; most schools with a client component relegate it to a single capstone at the end of the degree, and few publicize the client work as central to the program. Through a continuous client-based approach, students get repeated practice at real-time policy analysis, learn how to adeptly construct an evidence-based and coherent argument for a variety of issues, and explore ways to confidently communicate their analysis and recommendations succinctly and persuasively in written and verbal form. The integrated client-based curriculum creates value not only for the students, but for the outside clients and the school overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rules, recommendations and standards for stowage of cargos on various means of transport, which are dependent on the mode of transport and are issued by the country in which the transport is taking place, have been used for decades and have been regularly revised to take into account the latest technology, good practices and experience feedback. Most of the radioactive materials transport community, including insurers and the safety authorities, has confidence in these measures to provide the best level of safety when followed. Despite this wide international recognition, these rules, recommendations and standards continue to be considered by some competent authorities in charge of transport of radioactive material as insufficient to comply with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) regulations. The problem arises mainly from the Recommendations for Package Stowage and Retention during Transport, established by the IAEA and published as Appendix IV of TS-G-1·1. These recommendations are mainly based on old references and, as written, lead in several situations to extravagant figures for g forces and/or extravagant situations of combination of these forces. In the present paper, arguments are advanced to convince the international radioactive transport community that the most recent rules, recommendations and standards for stowage of general cargos on the means of transport also provide a high level of safety against 'routine condition of transport' for packages containing radioactive material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At an operational level, the appropriate mix of government policies, laws and regulations can contribute to the long term sustainability of tourism destinations. While human resource development (HRD) has been recognized as a critical component for sustainable development of tourism destinations, in the context of Small Island Developing States few studies analyse whether appropriate policies are in place to address HRD needs and opportunities for the tourism sector. Drawing on research undertaken in file Maldives, this paper explores the role of government policies in HRD as a contributor to sustainable tourism development. Using mixed methodology, data were gathered from tourism educators, local community representatives, and a survey questionnaire mail-out for tourism industry managers. The findings indicate that the government has neglected HRD policies in their overall tourism development plans. Further, this research suggests that the ad hoc government policies in HRD related to tourism have had a detrimental effect on the long-term sustainability of the destination and viability of the Maldivian tourism sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Often, political science, public policy, and public administration course objectives include statements regarding increasing responsible citizenship, developing a continued interest in public affairs and policy, building the capacity to integrate the course material to develop policy arguments, and fostering the ability to apply the theoretical concepts to "real life" situations. These objectives are beyond simple recall and comprehension and are often referred to as higher-level learning. However, the traditional pedagogical techniques of assigned readings, lectures, tests, and papers often fail to replicate the "real world." As a result, some have turned to role-playing simulations to help achieve their course objectives. While the benefits of role-playing simulations are often touted, there is a dearth of empirical evidence to support this assertion. A survey of nearly 200 students in four sections of an entry-level course in urban policy is used to examine this gap in the teaching and learning literature and attempts to uncover the impact of multisession classroom role-playing simulations on higher-level student learning. The results of this study suggest that role-playing simulations are an effective means to give students the opportunity to engage in higher-level learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As more and more technology is added to the automobile interior it needs to be designed in a usable and efficient way: to facilitate safe driving. This paper reviews guidelines and visual design principles for automotive instrumentation. Guidelines were compiled, categorized and analysed in order to determine whether they were valid and usable for today's design of information presentation in automobiles. By doing this, contradictory guidelines and gaps in knowledge were identified and discussed. However, there appeared a consensus within the different guidelines of best practice, and many are still usable by designers today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mariana Valverde argues that in the late twentieth century, the British state contracted out the prevention of disorder and monitoring of risks produced by widespread alcohol use to the private sector through the process of liquor licensing. This paper will argue that this scenario was duplicated in Victoria at the same time. It will do so by an analysis of four government-instigated inquiries into liquor licensing regimes from 1965 to 1998. The inquiries were distinguished by the subtly different emphases in their terms of reference. In 1965, the Phillips Royal Commission was directed to inquire into the best ways of dealing with the problems alcohol produced and how best to regulate it for the benefit of the population as a whole. By the time the Nieuwenhuysen Report was commissioned in 1985, the emphasis had changed, and he was directed to inquire how best to serve the interests of alcohol consumers and to produce the licensing regulatory regime which would enable the construction of a 24-hour city. Any anomalies that still existed in the revised Act were eliminated in the 1998 review which was instigated as a direct response to the National Competition Policy. A consequence of these changes over 30 years was the development of particular risk groups, such as ‘binge-drinking young people’, whose violence and nuisance must be controlled to enable all other ‘reasonable’ and ‘moderate’ drinkers be allowed to keep drinking. Thus the notion of risk had been redefined and the responsibility for dealing with these risks had been directed from the state to individual licensees and individual drinkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade or so, there has been a growing concern in public and policy discourse that contemporary British young women are drinking in ever-greater quantities at an ever-younger age. This paper is based on a small-scale doctoral research into young women's smoking and drinking practice in a town in Southern England, and explores how teenage girls perform, negotiate and scrutinize legitimate generational drinking femininities. The article, using a feminist poststructuralist analysis, particularly focuses on the use of teenage girls' cultural and material practices, especially the use of stories and snapshots in enabling girls to navigate and negotiate shifting gendered alcohol discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Policy makers have generally assumed that the preservation of architectural heritage is underpinned by a day-to-day management consensus driven by virtuous intentions that are positive and enthusiastic at best, and benign at worst. Until quite recently, little attention or concern was paid to the need for penalties as a deterrent to deliberate defacement and illegal demolition. Sanctions to address mutilation or loss of historic buildings were left largely to local authorities and were under used. A current initiative involving a number of additional key agencies intends to provide a much better coordinated national and local response to the problem. Although this initiative also encompasses archaeology, this paper focuses on the aspects related to architectural heritage crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a content analysis of the titles and descriptions of methods courses offered in 44 graduate programs in public policy at universities and colleges in the U.S., and compares the results to those of an earlier survey on the ethodological preferences of policy professionals. The rationale for classifying methods courses as quantitative and qualitative and the results of the past research on methods courses are discussed. The results of the analyses show that quantitative methods are used in a large majority of the courses studied and that they are prevalent in the practice of policy professionals. The authors question whether the prevalence of a quantitative/positivist methodological approach in public policy programs and practice is a good match for the demands of today's complex world of governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Foreign Policy Journal (CFPJ) is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Environmental Management (EM), is actively pursuing activities to reduce the radiological risk and clean up the environmental legacy of the nation's nuclear weapons programmes. The EM has made significant progress in recent years in the clean-up and closure of sites and is also focusing on longer term activities necessary for the completion of the clean-up programme. The packaging and transportation of contaminated demolition debris and low level waste materials in a safe and cost effective manner are essential in completing this mission. Toward this end, the US Department of Transportation's Final Rule on Hazardous Materials Regulation issued on 26 January 2004, included a new provision authorising the use of freight containers (e.g. 20 and 40 ft ISO containers) as industrial packages type 2 or 3. This paper will discuss the technical and regulatory considerations in using these newly authorised and large packages for the packaging and transportation of low level waste materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essential element for successful reform in Egypt is the availability of skilled professional personnel; thus, professional education programs play an important role, particularly those in public administration (PA) and public policy. This paper examines Egypt's four master's programs in public administration/public policy, exploring whether they are on a par with international standards (the supply side) and whether they meet Egyptian employers' requirements for mid-level administration and policy staff (the demand side). The four programs are compared based on overall structure, enrollment and graduation numbers, curricula, and other factors. A competencies framework reflecting the competencies required for reform support is developed, and these competencies then form the basis for assessing the programs' fit to the marketplace, based on MPA program representatives' assessments of which competencies are covered in their programs and employers' assessment of relative need for and current levels of these competencies in their organizations. The analysis finds a poor match between employers' stated needs and current staff capacity and a lack of clarity in the perception of the MPA skill set in the Egyptian market. These deficiencies must be addressed to establish higher professional standards for public administration programs and their graduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transport of radioactive material, and especially spent fuel, high level waste and plutonium, by sea is a source of concern for many coastal states. For states that are not nuclear states this transport is seen as a risk without benefit. For this reason it is incumbent on the nuclear states that engage in this transport to ensure and assure that it is carried out in the safest possible manner. Safe transport is ensured by packaging the radioactive material within robust containers designed to the requirements of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Safe transport is assured through public communication efforts, IAEA meetings, and the performance of technical studies. One large international technical study was performed under the auspices of an IAEA Coordinated Research Project (CRP) and was documented in IAEA-TECDOC-1231. One part of the IAEA CRP involved the assessment of the structural and thermal accident conditions that a spent fuel package could experience during sea transport and comparison of those conditions to the ones required by the IAEA packaging standards. This paper provides an overview of the work on accident conditions. It includes discussions on impact accidents, crush accidents and shipboard fires. The study concluded that the accident environments associated with sea transport are no more severe than those associated with land transport, and that the existing packaging standards provide for designs that have a very high probability of remaining leak tight following even the most severe maritime accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural resource management is often seen as a matter of identifying and valuing historic buildings, monuments and landscapes, and protecting their special interest through a suite of suitable heritage legislation and policy. However, unexpected damage and loss of heritage assets occur with regularity despite clear identification of their importance and the existence of suitable heritage legislation. While this problem is frequently seen as exceptional, this paper argues that it is not helpful to see these cases as such. Instead, it is argued that such cases highlight the social context within which cultural resource management takes places and, in particular, the rhetoric that is employed within the context of competing discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small hospitality businesses such as hotels and restaurants are not only necessary for the development of these industries as a whole, but also have the potential to contribute to the economic development of sub-Saharan African nations. However, recent studies show that the availability of financing remains a critical obstacle for such businesses in the sub-Saharan region. This paper presents a descriptive analysis of evidence from Tanzania to highlight factors that are possibly leading to market failure for small hotel financing. Implications on policy interventions and industry practice are explored to counter such obstacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates probable collective doses owing to transport of radioactive material by road mode in India and the USA for an identical hypothetical case under respective transport conditions for the two countries, using the INTERTRAN2 computer code. The differences observed in the transport conditions in the two countries are reflected in the DNORM input parameters for the incident free transport conditions of transport and the accident rates. Owing to differences in the parameter values, it is found that the estimated probable collective dose values owing to transport of radioactive material by road mode for India are much higher than those for USA. Sensitive parameters are identified which contribute maximum to the estimated probable collective dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Development Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Development Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Changes in Australia government policy, demands for cost cutting and funding initiatives, and promoting the use of the Internet have resulted in Australian local governments considering electronic service provision. Funding to support local e-Government developments however has been modest with only limited uptake of e-Commerce amongst local government agencies. Unlike higher levels of government framing an e-Government strategy, local government has other pressures that impact on the direction it takes with electronic service delivery. Research is needed to better understand the factors impacting on the move by local councils to electronic service delivery. This paper presents the findings from an ethnographic case study describing the decision making and development process of one local council's move to e-Government, particularly electronic service delivery, and highlights the factors that have influenced the decisions made to implement e-Government initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]