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Global air pollution presents substantial risks to both human health and the environment. Particulate Matter (PM) adversely affects ecosystems through pollution, bioaccumulation, and endangerment of aquatic organisms. These contaminants enter water systems viaprecipitation and industrial runoff, damaging aquatic invertebrates through physical, physiological, and molecular mechanisms, leading to developmental issues and organ toxicity. This study investigates the combined toxicological effect of environmental exposure to polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles and varying PM concentrations from indoor and outdoor dust particles on Artemia salina. Our findings reveal noteworthy elevations in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in air conditioner (AC) dust and PM2.5exposures, highlighting potential health risks associated with high particulate contamination. Conversely, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased, indicating harm to enzyme systems. In contrast, catalase activity (CAT) increased, suggesting a compensatory response to oxidative stress induced by Polystyrene (PS) and suspended particulate pollutants. These results underscore the severe oxidative stress experienced by marine zooplankton when exposed to PM2.5combined with NPs, potentially impairing growth. Further research should explore the combined toxicological effects of PM2.5and NPs on other marine species and investigate long-term exposure effects and bioaccumulation pathways. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate NP pollution and protect human health and aquatic ecosystems.

Oldenlandia umbellataL. (Indian madder) is an antique Ayurvedic Indian herb and a source of various anthraquinone derivatives. The red dye from its roots has been used in diverse applications since ancient times.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is instigated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of March 13, 2021, more than 118.9 million cases were infected with COVID-19 worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA beta-CoV. Most COVID-19 infected individuals recover within 1–3 weeks. Nevertheless, approximately 5% of patients develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and other systemic complications, leading to death. Structural genetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 have shown genomic resemblances but a low evolutionary correlation to SARS-CoV-1 responsible for the 2002–2004 outbreak. The S glycoprotein is critical for cell adhesion and the entrance of the virus into the host. The process of cell entry uses the cellular receptor named angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Recent evidence proposed that the CD147 as a SARS-CoV-2′s potential receptor. The viral genome is mainly held by two non-structural proteins (NSPs), ORF1a and ORF1ab, along with structural proteins. Although NSPs are conserved among the βCoVs, mutations in NSP2 and NSP3 may play critical roles in transmitting the virus and cell tropism. To date, no specific/targeted anti-viral treatments exist. Notably, more than 50 COVID-19 candidate vaccines in clinical trials, and a few being administered. Preventive precautions are the primary strategy to limit the viral load transmission and spread, emphasizing the urgent need for developing significant drug targets and vaccines against COVID-19. This review provides a cumulative overview of the genomic structure, transmission, phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 from Indian clusters, treatment options, updated discoveries, and future standpoints for COVID-19.