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Purpose: The article attempts to shed light on the social aspects of research that deal with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and sustainable cities. The aim is to offer a global view of these facets' evolution and to provide information on people-centered smart cities. Design/methodology/approach: The research is qualitative. A systematic bibliometric approach is a framework for the research. The unit of analysis is publications on SDGs and Smart Cities (SCs) indexed in Scopus. The authors used VOSviewer text mining functionality to construct co-occurrence networks of socially related critical terms extracted from textual data. The co-occurrence of keywords presents a valuable method and process for attaining in-depth analysis and fast comprehension of trends and linkages in articles from a holistic approach. Findings: Social media, social sustainability and social capital are the three multifaceted social keywords that co-occur in SDGs and SCs. The paper provides a brief compendium of resources and frameworks to build a socially sustainable smart city. Research limitations/implications: The retrieval date was on 15 August 2019. The authors used the same search query for new papers released in 2019 and afterwards to update their findings. The authors collected 657 documents on SCs, compared to 2,975 documents about SDGs demonstrating that their findings are still trending in the same direction, emphasizing the importance of the research topic. SCs' social aspects are still chartered areas that require the attention to future research. Originality/value: The authors' decision to use two separate data sets for SCs and SDGs data files helps to provide a more comprehensive picture of the research landscape. It may identify areas where research is lacking or needs future research. The authors present an integrative agenda for a smart city to be socially sustainable. Innovative approaches to urban planning are required to empower the place and context and improve the users' satisfaction, where innovative solutions enable smart, sustainable and inclusive societies. Infrastructure governance is a critical keystone. It could guarantee that public investments contribute to sustainable urban development while enhancing city resilience, particularly in facing climate change and inclusive growth challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the effect of social capital on the contributions of knowledge and the behavior of citizens towards customer participation and value co-creation in virtual brand communities. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study uses structural equation modelling (SEM) to analyse 213 questionnaires in order to validate a model that is based on social capital theory. This method examines the assumed theoretical connections assessing both the direct and indirect impacts of social capital on customer engagement in value co-creation. Findings: The findings indicate that social interaction ties, principles of reciprocity and trust and a shared vision of social capital positively influence customers' knowledge contribution behaviors and citizenship behaviors for engaging in value co-creating in virtual brand communities. Conclusion: The study concludes that societal capital plays a significant role in customer participation in value-creating behaviors within the communities of virtual brands. Research Limitations/Implications: The main limitation of the study is the potential bias of self-reported data and it proposes to conduct a longitudinal study to dynamically understand customer engagement value co-creation and explore the interactions between dimensions of social capital. Practical Implications: The study points out that strengthening social capital in virtual brand communities can motivate customers to participate more in knowledge contribution and civic behavior, thereby enhancing value co-creation. Therefore, companies should aim to strengthen interaction, trust and shared vision within the community to drive this process. Contribution to the Literature: This study expands the existing research on value co-creation by revealing the mechanism of social capital influencing the participation of customers in value co-creation in virtual brand communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Project-based and short-term employment is widespread in the contemporary labor market, yet existing theories of social capital often rely on an organizationally bound model of work and careers. In this paper, we expand this perspective by examining the case of precarious employment in a creative industry to ask, what kinds of social ties promote or constrain workers' opportunities? We examine networks among fashion models, a case of project-based freelance labor. Using ethnographic accounts of fashion shows and castings, as well as a unique longitudinal dataset of careers and networks in fashion modeling, we develop the notion of "transitory ties" to account for the short-term, fleeting, and highly valuable social relations that models form recurrently on jobs. We adopt a network ecology perspective on transitory ties by showing how contextual factors drive their formation, and ultimately broader network structures that have tremendous consequences for models' careers. • In the "gig economy," workers rely on transitory ties that have not been studied so far. • Transitory ties are short-lived, meaningful, and recurrent. • Core transitory ties provide workers with legitimate information and status • We look at the global fashion modeling industry where transitory ties are salient. • We take a network ecology perspective on transitory ties impacting workers' careers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social capital is an important asset for the development of communities, including communities linked to specific types of libraries. Despite numerous studies, no models dedicated to measuring this specific area have been developed yet. The paper proposes a model predicting the level of social capital among library workers with the use of machine learning methods. Its purpose is to identify the attributes that determine the level of social capital in a given community in order to enable the development of key areas. The model may be adapted for use in other groups, e.g. among library users or library non-users, in order to analyse social capital in the entire local community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The displacement of the Tokwe Mukosi people from their ancestral land to pave way for the construction of the Tokwe Mukosi dam has received widespread attention both politically and in the academia. The temporariness and the limited space at the Chingwizi transit camp inevitably generates conflict over space and resources, given the opposing interests between the displacees and the host communities. Methodologically, this paper is drawn from a larger ethnographic study on the lived realities of the Tokwe Mukosi people at Chingwizi, in Mwenezi. In the broader study, participant observation, unstructured interviews and focus group discussions were the main data gathering methods. The findings in this study revealed protracted conflict over the space and limited resources at Chingwizi. Social, economic, political, and cultural diversity at Chingwizi is manifested in both intra conflict and intergroup conflict. Intergroup conflict is evident in the interaction between the Tokwe Mukosi people and the host communities. In conventional literature, the Tokwe Mukosi people have been portrayed as passive victims of their social conditions, but the findings in this study show how they use their marginalised social conditions to strategically position themselves in the quest for space at Chingwizi and other strategic spaces outside Chingwizi. Findings also show how some resourceful displacees deploy agency, essentialism, and the politics of belonging to lay claims to resources and spaces in their areas of origins and pre-displacement spaces. Theoretically the Structure-Agency theory and other complimentary concepts like strategic essentialism, social capital and conviviality are utilised to understand how the displacees deal with the constraining structures and negotiate spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even after gaining independence, South Sudan has experienced repeated outbreaks of conflict. Under these circumstances, national sports events have been held under the theme of "Peace and Social Cohesion." This paper aims to verify the role that national sporting events play in promoting social capital among the athletes who participated in the event. The finding of the paper shows that by creating a safe space for peaceful coexistence during the sporting event, athletes were able to overcome their anxiety toward other ethnic groups, and through their interactions with other athletes, develop mutual respect and friendships. This, in turn, led to a reduction of their prejudice toward other ethnic groups and to greater trust and networks among athletes. As the paper suggests, sports events may help to promote social capital for ethnic reconciliation by providing a safe space for peaceful coexistence in South Sudan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of capital is one of the key notions which are used in the field of the social sciences. Capital can manifest itself in various forms, both material and immaterial. When it comes to the latter, an example that illustrates it with great accuracy is sainthood, which is the feature that defines the status of marabouts in Morocco and the Maghreb as a whole. From the perspective of Islamic theology, the question of sainthood in Islam is controversial. However, the author of the paper assumes that it is valuable to analyse it from the point of view of the social sciences as there is no doubt that it is a social and cultural resource which has a great impact on the lifestyle and status of an individual who is considered to possess it. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to show that the concept of capital -- especially social and cultural capital -- can be applied to the phenomenon of sainthood in Islam and to analyse it using the example of Morocco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IN THIS PAPER WE WILL PRESENT SOME OF THE RESULTS OF A DIDACTICSCIENTIFIC PROJECT CARRIED OUT WITH OUR STUDENTS FROM THE MASTER'S PROGRAMMES BETWEEN NOVEMBER 2020 AND JANUARY 2021. IN THE FIRST SECTION OF THE PAPER, WE WILL MAKE A BRIEF INCURSION INTO THE LITERATURE DEVOTED TO HUMAN RESOURCES IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC, WITH A FOCUS ON HUMAN RESOURCES IN HEALTH, INCLUDING HERE THE MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL FIELDS. THE SECOND SECTION, ALSO VERY CONDENSED, IS DEVOTED TO A REVIEW OF SOME OF THE CONCEPTS INVOLVED IN GROUNDING OUR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: SEL-FESTEEM AND SELF-IMAGE, INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS, JOB SATISFACTION, CO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOURS, SOCIAL CAPITAL, GROUP DECISION AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT. THE METHODOLOGY SECTION LISTS THE MAIN RESEARCH THEMES AND, CORRESPONDINGLY, THE MAIN RESEARCH QUESTIONS. THE RESULTS PRESENTED REVEAL THAT ALTHOUGH THERE HAVE BEEN NO CASES OF STAFF REDUNDANCIES IN THE HEALTH SECTOR, EMPLOYEES HAVE BEEN PLACED IN ENTIRELY NEW REGULATORY CONTEXTS, WHICH HAVE AFFECTED, TO A GREATER OR LESSER EXTENT, THE WORK CLIMATE, SELF-IMAGE, JOB SATISFACTION, PATIENT/CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Regional Development Strategy of the Czech Republic 2021+ set aside economically and socially endangered rural regions. This paper aims to analyse the situation of these regions in the South Moravian Region in more detail to specify individual threats and possible approaches to rural development. In addition, the paper seeks to determine whether these regions are significantly differentiated internally, allowing the neediest areas to be focused on for growth. The research used geographical analysis and synthesis methods to identify the two most peripheral microregions as the most endangered. Their most significant strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were summarised, and possible strategies for further development were indicated. Although the conditions and development assumptions in the two microregions were different, the significance of tourism development was indicated as the most important direction in one case and as a second direction in the other. • The Czech Republic's Regional Development Strategy 2021+ outlined endangered areas. • The endangered rural areas in the South Moravian Region were analysed in detail. • Only the most peripheral parts of the designated regions are at risk. • Regardless of the general strategy, each of the micro-regions must be managed separately. • The development of cultural tourism is one of the promising possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mega-sport events (MSE) are frequently cited for their developmental and legacy potentials for host communities, including tourism, sport participation and volunteering. MSE volunteer research has demonstrated the potential to develop volunteers who may contribute to the host community's social and human capitals. However, little research considers how marginalised groups, such as First Nations or those with disability, may be co-providers of MSE experiences. This paper differs from a dominant quasi-scientific approach to empirical journal articles in that it begins with a reflexive posture drawing upon First nations pedagogy of storytelling. Reflecting upon the volunteers' social context and drawing upon a dataset of volunteers across 6 MSE in 5 countries (2009–2016), this research explores to what extent First Nations volunteers are considered and included in MSE research and practice, and what differences may exist between First Nations volunteers and others regarding their motivations and future volunteering intentions. The results indicate that significantly more can be done to include First Nations people equitably and respectfully across the design, delivery, and legacy potential of MSE. The results inform a novel framework that provides a map for theory and practice, and thus praxis, for incorporating marginalised groups as full partners across the MSE journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociologija/Sociology: Journal of Sociology, Social Psychology & Social Anthropology is the property of MOD International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism & Management Studies is the property of Escola Superior de Gestao, Hotelaria e Turismo, Universidade do Algarve and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of urbanisation and the decline of the countryside, reverse entrepreneurship cannot be separated from integration, referring to a process of mutual trust and cooperation between reverse (returnee or immigrant from urban areas) entrepreneur, host community and external stakeholders for sustainable livelihoods. With a geographic focus on poor areas of China, this paper aims to reveal key factors behind successful initiatives of reverse entrepreneurship to address challenges facing local communities, and pathways for mobilising and effectively using various resources, both internally and externally. These objectives are addressed through multiple cases of tourism development in Ganzi, a Tibetan Minority Prefecture of Sichuan. This paper contributes to the literature on entrepreneurial integration to debates on reverse entrepreneurship in three aspects. Firstly, entrepreneurial integration starts from social embeddedness, interconnecting and interacting between reverse entrepreneur(s) and the host community to understand local challenges and share a new vision for sustainable livelihoods. Secondly, entrepreneurial integration is essentially an innovation platform to develop or enhance social capital (both bonding and bridging) for mobilising and effective use of critical resources. Finally, the study outlines five pathways of tourism entrepreneurship, which reflects variations in livelihood strategy, critical capitals, business models, innovation diffusion and application potential. • Rural development calls for mutual trust and cooperation between reverse entrepreneurs, host communities, external stakeholders. • Successful entrepreneurial integration depends upon a platform building to develop social capital (both bonding and bridging). • Five pathways reflect variation in strategy, critical capitals, business models, innovation diffusion,application potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration is a part of human history since its beginning because people decided to move from one location to another in search of better living conditions and employment opportunities throughout the course of time. Inter-state migrants have become one of Kerala's wealth creators and they have become an integral part of the social, economic and political part of the economy. The state of Kerala is known for achieving a high human development index and it is also known for socio-reform movements and political movements. Kerala's economy has experienced emigration to the Middle East and the Gulf countries and also to other foreign countries. This has created job opportunities and wealth in the state. Higher wages and employment opportunities in the informal sector of the economy have attracted migrants from northern states of West Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Jharkhand etc. The present paper analyses the role of social networks and social capital in the flow of inter-state migrants into the state of Kerala. The study uses mixed methodology and has collected information through a primary survey from 200 inter-state migrant workers in the construction sector. A theoretical understanding of social capital and network analysis along with empirical research helps to identify the flow of migrants from one location to another within the state. The role played by social networks and social capital is found essential for establishing and maintaining the life of inter-state migrants in Kerala. The study has shown how these networks work and how it influences the decision of migrant labourers. Such networks help in initiating their journey to and within Kerala and providing them with better economic and non-economic support. This paper also highlights the fact that the risks and cost involved in migration is reduced through the active association among their kinship. The study suggests policy recommendations which should aim at including the migrants in the planning and their development through ensuring efficient work and living environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural China faces many challenges, including outmigration, brain drains, and the hollowing out and decline of villages. This paper offers a response by drawing attention to the phenomenon of "community connection" among migrants in urban areas who try to keep their identity and attachment to home communities in the countryside. From the perspective of bridging social capital, we argue that community connection is a potential resource for rural revitalisation. The value and conditions of using community connection are revealed through a survey conducted with over 1200 university students in China, coming from a rural family background. This paper contributes to the literature in the following aspects: First, community connection provides a foundation upon which bridging social capital can be linked with and used for the development of home community, an important condition for successful rural revitalisation. Second, the potential of community connection requests in recognising a sense of community among migrants who are attaching to, and willing to bring external resources into, home communities. Third, a sense of community varies greatly with geographic location and the social group with which migrants belong to. A greater sense of community and place attachment is more likely found amongst those coming from remote villages and rural poor, whose livelihoods are heavily dependent upon traditional agriculture. Furthermore, differences in a sense of community may lead to different approaches or attitudes to ongoing land transfer in the countryside. Policy implications, research limitations and directions of further research are discussed. • Community connection as potential resource for rural revitalisation in China. • Interconnection between community connection and bridging social capital. • Sense of community and placement attachment among university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widening participation has been a vehicle to facilitate access and support towards the successful completion of university studies for underrepresented groups who are less likely to pursue higher education. Yet, despite its widely accepted importance and adoption across countries such as Australia and the United Kingdom, studies to date remain largely fragmented -- often employed through the lens of a single institution, or a particular priority group. Amidst this backdrop, universities and other higher education providers are increasingly probed as to their role in supporting social capital mobility, of which widening participation plays a vital component in delivering wider societal imperatives. In addition, the COVID-19 effect has worsened university participation and completion rates, as the global pandemic has placed vulnerable students (often those involved in widening participation initiatives) in more precocious conditions than ever before. Nevertheless, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a systematic literature review comprising 102 journal articles that derive 15 meta-themes to provide a timely introspection of widening participation, show key trends over time, and chart future areas of investigation for scholars and practitioners in this space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of data on school leavers in Scotland points towards considerable inequality in access to higher education. This is highlighted in terms of participation in higher education by young people from lower-income households or identifying as first in their families to consider going to university. The situation is more acute in terms of access to the most competitive courses leading to careers in medicine, veterinary medicine, dentistry and law. This paper draws on data from an ongoing research and development project in the area of mentoring to present a case study of a young woman progressing an application to study medicine. Drawing on the concept of Academic Capital Formation it illuminates the ways in which institutional practices advance or impede access to higher education and particularly, to those courses which facilitate entry into high status professional occupations. The findings in this research problematise current thinking about how to widen participation in higher education and the most competitive professions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Neighbourhood participation comprises both formal and informal modes of engagement. • Formal neighbourhood participation can enhance residents' feeling of cohesion and belonging. • Everyday neighbouring behaviours also help bolster a feeling of belonging and attachment. • Community organizations have the potential to both encourage inclusion and exacerbate divisions. Existing neighbourhood research suggests growing socio-spatial inequalities and decreased participation and social cohesion in cities across North America. This paper uses a multiple case study design and qualitative, in-depth interviews to explore individuals' experiences of participation in diverse neighbourhoods in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Based on thematic analysis of interviews, it identifies four types of formal neighbourhood participation (stepping up, speaking out, addressing needs, and showing up) and six types of informal participation in which residents engaged (networking, caring, reciprocating, working together, watching out, and getting out). These empirical findings offer rich qualitative perspectives on neighbourhood social capital, also drawing attention to the intersectional factors and complex power dynamics that influence how residents participate in neighbourhoods and neighbouring behaviours. Overall, the paper highlights the potential for community-based organizations to foster more inclusive participation, while also shaping how place-based inequalities play out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This timely paper provides empirical evidence on the lived experiences of ten women from eight nationalities in Bosnia & Herzegovina and Germany, who voluntarily taught girls and women digital skills in 2020. I situated this multi-case feminist study within the digital skills gender divide phenomenon. I collected qualitative data through surveys and interviews with the teachers, remote observations of their digital skills lessons, and analysis of programme documents, including curricula. In this paper, I discuss two research questions: (1) “What motivated the women to teach digital literacy?” and (2) “Why do the teachers think the digital skills gender divide exists?” The hybrid approach to data coding and thematic analysis indicated that the teachers were motivated to teach digital literacy to support their students’ selfdevelopment and use digital skills in their daily lives. The teachers at the school in Germany were also motivated by advancing their social capital and societal integration, as six of the eight women teaching in Germany were migrants. The teachers from Bosnia & Herzegovina were motivated by overcoming the systemic gender inequality that the digital skills gender divide encapsulates. The teachers also identified various personal, community, and societal causes of the digital skills gender divide. On the micro-level, they noted that girls engage in risk avoidance behaviour from a young age, limiting their digital skills development. On the mesolevel, women lack exposure to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) within their families and communities. On the macro-level, the teachers in Bosnia & Herzegovina highlighted that girls living in urban areas could access ICT more often than those living in rural areas. This paper offers resolutions to the digital skills gender divide, concluded from the teachers’ evidence, such as educational opportunities, gender diversity hiring in technical roles in the ICT sector, and policy development to underpin solutions and incentivise compliance. This paper is my contribution to centralising in the scholarship the lived experiences and perspectives of diverse women who are at the forefront of the digital skills gender divide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Academia: Revista Latinoamericana de Administración is the property of Emerald Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research has shown that globally, people often rely on their social networks to survive and recover from crises and disasters. This phenomenon has also been seen in the Philippines, a nation well-acquainted with disasters. This paper will look at the role social capital has played in the survival of an understudied and vulnerable group in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic - the survivors of Typhoon Haiyan (locally known as Typhoon Yolanda) living in resettlement sites north of Tacloban City. Using a qualitative approach to analysis 357 household surveys of resettlement site residents across Tacloban City, we argue that the myth of social capital as a lifeline for Filipinos in times of disaster does not necessarily apply to Haiyan survivors in resettlement sites during the pandemic. The paper finds that respondents' relational social capital is imbalanced, with Haiyan survivors relying mainly on themselves or their bonding ties like close family members for financial assistance during the pandemic. The lack of diversity in their relational social capital in turn impacts their ability to survive and recover from COVID-19. Meanwhile, the relevance of collective social capital among respondents during the pandemic is not clear either – participants see value in engaging in mutual support initiatives (i.e., bayanihan) and share relatively strong relationships with some members of their community but also possess low levels of trust toward fellow resettlement site residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides new evidence on the dynamics of social capital across the life course and over different periods in urban China. Using three cross-sectional datasets from the Job Search and Social Network survey (1999, 2009, and 2014), this study distinguishes family-centered and work-centered social capital and then constructs age-period-cohort models of social capital. The age effects indicate that social capital stock shows an inverse U shape across the individual life course, with the peak occurring between ages 38 and 42 years old. Period effects suggest a significant increase in social capital stock from 1999 to 2014, during which time family-centered social capital declined, while work-centered social capital was invigorated and became the primary source of social capital for urban residents. Cohort effects indicate that political events and institutional reforms exert profound effects on the accumulation of social capital for different birth cohorts. The birth cohort growing up in 1930–1948 stands out as having relatively high social capital, while social capital underwent a significant decline among those who grew up from 1949 to 1978, followed by rapid growth again among those born after 1979. These conclusions enhance the nuanced understanding of the dynamics of social capital across the micro life course and macro social processes. • The central concern in this paper is how social capital changes over time. This study incorporate trends in social capital changes in both theoretical and empirical analyses into a time framework of age, period, and cohort, and use three periods of data spanning 15 years for empirical analysis. • With regard to the age effect, this study challenges previous findings that social capital declines over life course; instead, social capital shows an inverted U-shaped trend with age, consistent with the expectations of life course theory. • With respect to the period effect, social capital shows a rising trend as a whole, but family-centeredness is declining, and workplace-centeredness is rising, accompanied by China's marketization and industrialization progress. • In terms of generational effects, the political movements and social changes in China since 1949 have had significant and profound impacts on the social capital of different birth cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Galician Journal of Economics / Revista Galega de Economía is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Denmark, many rural schools have been closed since 2000. These school closures have often resulted in heated debates between local politicians and the local population. Locals have feared that closing their school would have adverse effects and lead to local population decline. Meanwhile, previous research has found mixed evidence on the population effect of rural school closures. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the existing literature by looking at the case of Denmark. The paper analyses the local population effects of the simultaneous closure of eight village schools in 2011 in the same peripheral municipality in Denmark. The case study offers a quasi-experimental setting, and the population effects are estimated through an ordinary and a flexible difference-in-differences (DiD) analysis. Overall, the results show clear evidence of a negative population effect of rural school closures. The ordinary DiD analysis shows a population decline of 7.6 percentage points during the 10-year post-closure period. The flexible DiD analysis points to long-term effects, as the population decline first becomes statistically significant from the sixth year following the closures and onwards. To qualify the results of the econometric tests, we report findings from interviews with local people carried out in 2015 in four of the eight rural communities. Among other things, findings from interviews point to lock-in effects in terms of social capital and housing markets, which helps to understand the dominance of long-term population effects from school closures. • Eight village schools in the same peripheral municipality in Denmark were closed simultaneously in 2011. • A mixed methods approach is used to examine the population effects of the school closures. • The population development would have been 7.6 percentage points more favourable if the schools had not been closed. • Long-term effects: The population decline first becomes statistically significant from the sixth year after the closures. • Findings point to lock-in effects in terms of social capital and housing markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The banking system in developing countries is much less developed than in other parts of the world; hence it is more common for households to borrow money through informal channels. Informal loans are characterised by social collateral rather than physical collateral. The literature shows that social networks and social trust are important components of social collateral. While many studies show empirical evidence of an association between social networks and informal borrowing, there is a lack of empirical evidence of the way in which social networks and social trust play as social collaterals. This paper uses a longitudinal dataset to examine the role of generalised trust and social networks, under organisational networking resources, in informal loans among rural households in twelve provinces across Vietnam. Empirical results show that community social networks impose a positive effect on obtaining informal loans and on repayment performance, while generalised trust is associated with the probability of falling into arrears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this paper analyzes social class inequalities in access to social capital. Quantitative methodology was used with data from the PI-Clases "Reproduction and social mobility in family trajectories and life courses" survey, conducted in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires in 2015 (n = 1065). Social capital measures where derived from the Position Generator (Lin, 2001) to identify the volume, status and range of the respondent's networks. Results show that there are class inequalities in access to social capital in terms of the number of contacts, mean status of contacts, range of contact's status and highest status of contacts. Also, the working class is more heterogeneous in its access to social capital, suggesting it has a sector that has network ties with people from the middle class and a sector with lower social capital. The observed trend is of gradational differences between class strata, with more marked inequalities between the service, intermediate and working class, but with fluid class boundaries without social segregation. Also, social capital is conditioned by intergenerational mobility trajectory, showing a trend of elasticity in the class composition of social relationships. The upwardly mobile can increase their access to social capital but don't reach the same level as the intergenerationally stable, while the downwardly mobile retain some social capital from their class origins. • We analyzed social class inequalities in access to social capital in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires • There are inequalities in access to social capital between social classes, but with fluid class boundaries without social segregation • Class origins influence social capital, showing a trend of elasticity in the class composition of social relationships • The intergenerationally stable access more social capital than the upwardly mobile, and the downwardly mobile retain some social capital from their class origins [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally recognised that knowledge of technical issues is not sufficient to drive adoption and that extension programs can benefit from considering psychological factors that shape behaviour. There are many factors that influence adoption, from individual psychological and demographic factors, farm-level, through to broader environmental and institutional context. This paper provides a selective overview of psychological factors that can influence adoption. We outline the theoretical basis for considering these factors, examples of how psychological factors have been applied within practice change programs, and recommendations for how to consider these factors in extension practice and design. We explore how to harness the power of norms and efficacy, situate practice change within daily needs, work with the values and culture of farmers and industry norms, maximise power of social networks, and by understanding the challenges of practice change, set realistic goals. Importantly, changing an agricultural practice requires changing a complex series of multiple actions over long periods of time. This complexity means that promoting adoption of many agricultural practices typically requires more support and longer time periods. Understanding where farmers are at and collaborations with industry groups support change over years, rather than months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of rural change are often linked to frameworks of 'rural community resilience', a body of literature associated with various aspects of society including social capital, community initiatives, and governance. Drawing on emergent literature, this study aims to explore how assemblage approaches may disseminate resilience thinking via dissolving structure-agency and bounce-back-transformative divisions. The paper explores how deliberate, and often policy-orientated actions, are intertwined with 'non-intentional' activities and processes that are deeply embedded in daily rural life. The paper further illustrates rural development processes through a case study of the watermelon-producing community of Medgyesegyháza, Hungary: a community that, in recent years, has been praised for its endurance throughout a period of socio-economic turbulence. The aim is to demonstrate how assemblage theory may explain the emergence of intermingling human and non-human agency. It was observed that the resilience of the rural community assemblage is embedded in daily practices, and emerges from relations between two main components: humans and watermelons. By applying the concept of territorialisation, this paper examines how components of the assemblage become aligned as provisional stability is established. The paper contends that the engagement with non-humans establishes community identity, but changes in relations de-territorialise the assemblage and trigger new contingencies. The precarious nature of human-watermelon relationships have repercussions on stability as they may serve as drivers of change. • Structure-agency and bounce back-transformative resilience divisions may be dissolved by assemblage approaches. • Resilience is a system of processes and a phenomenon constantly reproduced by daily practices of agricultural production. • Rural communities are assembled of human and non-human components that take material and expressive roles. • Changing relations between humans and non-humans triggers non-human agency. • Territorialising and de-territorialising forces may unravel how temporal stability and new contingencies are emerging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper unpacks the relational processes that shape industrial developments in rural settings and offers a springboard for reflecting upon rural clusters as social constructs that result from a complex and dynamic process, which is a subject to constant change. To identify and map different types of social ties as well as analyze their role in different phases of bio-cluster development, the paper proposes an analytical framework that combines the function of social ties (bonding, bridging and linking) with aspects of geographical and organised proximity. A 'critical case' design has been employed to operationalize the analytical framework proposed and test its suitability for grasping and explaining real-life phenomena. This 'critical case' illustrates the long and winding relational routes collegially taken by local entrepreneurs in bringing together what eventually became a rural cluster. • Applied an evolutionary proximity approach to explain the social constructing of a rural cluster. • Social capital helps to unfold entrepreneurial discovery process in practice.Social entrepreneuril • Adopitin The play out of social capital varies at different stages of cluster formation.. • Entrepreneurial networks are mostly composed of dormant, yet proximate and actionable relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• Building resilience requires imagining more just futures. • Resilience building results from transformations that unlock adaptations. • Transformations are achieved challenging power from below. • Adaptations are achieved through partnerships of local actors with the state. • Resilience is better explained as a longitudinal process. Building resilience in marginal urban areas of the Global South is an urgent task figuring at the top of global development agendas. Resilience has been critiqued as an instrument to maintain structural conditions that reproduce the vulnerability of marginal urban dwellers. An alternative resilience agenda, focusing on the transformation of flawed institutional practices, promises to revert the root causes of vulnerability. However, empirical evidence of transformations to inform theory and practice is still required, particularly in vulnerable urban settings of the Global South. This paper addresses this gap by presenting the historical case of Neza, a self-help settlement in the metropolitan area of Mexico City where the longitudinal engagement of its residents (1953–1984) was key in addressing institutional and environmental threats. The paper looks into the actions of Neza residents in forwarding transformations to unlock adaptations. Semi-structured interviews to participants of historical actions (collected in 2015–2016) are thematically analysed through the theoretical lenses of social capital and socioecological resilience. Results suggest that the long-term engagement of residents of self-help settlements is key for resilience building and can be explained through scaling up social ties and strategies, from street-level solidarity in emergency response, to settlement-wide deliberation, political engagement, and building social pressure; each being instrumental in opening up spaces of negotiation with the state to achieve transformations and adaptations. Addressing environmental threats in marginal settlements of the Global South requires fixing institutional flaws. This is a responsibility that cannot be taken by residents alone, state action is necessary for resilience building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper argues that social capital and parental economic capital give young adults a greater ability to establish an independent household. • The results show that, for the 22-year-olds under study, social capital is related to a higher likelihood of leaving the parental home, while parental economic capital is not. • Children of immigrants are less likely to use contacts to find a home, but the access or return deficit of their social capital does not explain this less frequent contact use. • This study found an extensive social network is related to finding homes through tips from contacts and a higher likelihood of living in housing with an informal second-hand rental contract. • The findings showing that social capital is related to contact use and one particular housing tenure – informal agreements – arguably provide evidence for a causal interpretation of social capital's effect on housing outcomes. Young adults in Europe sometimes have trouble moving away from their parents and obtaining a home of their own, which is considered an important step in the transition to adulthood. This paper investigates whether nest-leaving is affected by individual social capital and parental economic capital. The paper also examines how these resources are related to the type of housing tenure obtained and whether the housing was acquired through informal channels. In addition, the paper assesses whether differences in access and returns to social capital can explain the later nest-leaving of the children of immigrants. The study uses a Swedish two-wave panel survey of young adults aged between 19 and 22. Individual social capital is operationalized as an extensive social network measured with the position generator, while parental economic capital is estimated with registered disposable income. The results show that individual social capital is positively related to prospective nest-leaving, but parental income is not. Nevertheless, both individual social capital and parental economic capital are related to the obtained housing tenure type: social capital is linked to informal 'second-hand' rental agreements often acquired through contacts, whereas having high-income parents is linked to obtaining owned housing tenure. The children of immigrants are found to be more likely to live with their parents, but this is not explained by lower access or return to social capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the current crises facing neo-liberal capitalism and the call by apologists of capital for a new social contract or what may be described as a political and economic settlement. It considers the significance of these debates for post-secondary education with the initial part of the paper examining three intertwined crises - those of neoliberalism, race, and social care. Following this section, the paper interrogates the call for a new social contract set on a capitalist terrain that seeks to restore the legitimacy of capital. The significance of these arguments for post-secondary education is then explored. The social contract sets a rhetorical agenda for post-secondary education that under capitalism is solely ideological but whose themes could be utilized in the struggle for a transformed society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Despite the far-ranging direct effects of armed conflict on daily life, physical health, and economic outcomes, there is limited evidence on its impacts on social and political outcomes, and even less evidence on its impacts on adolescents, despite this being a pivotal life-stage. This paper seeks to address this critical gap in the literature by exploring the effects of armed conflict in northern Ethiopia that lasted from 2020 to 2022 on adolescents' social capital, including their peer networks, relationships with trusted adults, and sense of belonging to their community and polity. The paper draws on quantitative research that book-ended the 2020–2022 armed conflict in the north of the country, as well as qualitative interviews that were conducted before, during, and after that period. The quantitative research involved approximately 2200 adolescents; the qualitative research focused on a subset of these adolescents, but also sought to understand the perspectives of caregivers and other key community informants. We find that adolescents' bonding social capital (especially relationships with peers and community members) is generally enhanced post-conflict due to a sense of common purpose. There is, however, a heightened risk of violence within the household, likely due to tensions around adolescents' future trajectories and economic pressures. Findings around bridging social capital (i.e., relationships with authorities and engagement in formal politics) suggest that while young people often play key roles in terms of defending their communities and supporting armed forces during the conflict, after the cessation of violence there is limited scope for their continued engagement, especially for opposition party supporters. • There is limited evidence on the impacts of armed conflict on social and political outcomes of adolescents. • This paper addresses this gap by exploring the effects of armed conflict in northern Ethiopia on adolescent social capital. • We find that adolescents' bonding social capital rises when conflict ceases as does the risk of violence within household. • Findings around bridging social capital suggest that young people play an important role during conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public participation in marine ecological restoration is of great significance to marine environmental protection and ecological security in China. Based on the contingent valuation method, this paper evaluates residents' preference for marine ecological restoration, and shows that residents show the strongest preference for the increase in the number of intertidal organisms, followed by the improvement in coastal environment and seawater quality. The mean willingness to pay (WTP) for a large improvement in marine environment is predicted and is 108.96 CNY/a. Additionally, a comprehensive framework, which integrates social capital theory and the theory of planned behavior, is constructed to explore the influencing factors of residents' WTP from the social and psychological levels. The results suggest that behavioral attitude, perceived behavioral control, and social network show a significantly direct impact on residents' WTP. Furthermore, a mechanism is constructed from pushing power and pulling power to effectively promote public participation. This paper reveals public's preference for marine ecological restoration and its formation mechanism, which can provide theoretical basis and empirical reference for promoting the public participation in marine ecological restoration. • Public participation can produce huge economic benefits and reduce financial pressure. • Explore residents' preference for marine ecological restoration attributes. • Integrates social capital theory and the theory of planned behavior. • Investigates the influence factors of residents' willingness to pay. • Construct a public participation mechanism from pushing and pulling power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We study the effect of CSR disclosure on stock liquidity through a quasi-natural experiment in China. • Mandatory CSR disclosure significantly increases stock liquidity by reducing information asymmetry and the reputation effect. • Companies with better corporate governance, higher profitability, and larger QFII ownership strengthen this positive relationship. • We make a horse race between mandatory and voluntary CSR disclosure, which is rarely discussed in prior literature. This paper examines how and when mandatory corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure impacts stock liquidity by using a quasi-natural experiment in China. We find that mandatory CSR disclosure significantly increases stock liquidity compared to voluntary CSR disclosure. Furthermore, the positive effect is stronger for firms with better corporate governance, higher profitability, and more QFII ownership. Our paper is a supplementary argument to information asymmetry theory and social capital theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmentally friendly behaviors of Chinese residents still remain at a low level and need to be further improved to cope with severe environmental problems. Using the 2010 China General Social Survey data, this paper explores whether social capital can be used as a lubricant to effectively promote residents' environmentally friendly behaviors, including private domain, public domain, and payment-oriented environmental behaviors. The results show that social network expansion has a significantly positive effect on all three types of environmentally friendly behaviors, while social trust and social equity are only closely related to payment-oriented environmental behaviors. This paper further introduces environmental cognitive variables as mediating variables to test the mechanism of the influence of social capital on environmentally friendly behaviors. In general, environmental knowledge, environmental concern, and environmental attitudes play important roles in the impact of social networks on residents' pro-environmental behaviors. This paper provides a reference for the government to take measures to encourage residents to participate in environmental protection. • We analyze the relationship between social capital and environmentally friendly behaviors in China. • Social networks have the most significant impact on environmentally friendly behaviors among social capital. • Payment-oriented environmental behaviors are obviously influenced by social trust and social equity. • Environmental cognitive variables moderate the impact of social capital on environmentally friendly behaviors. • Environmental policies should emphasize the potential of stimulating social capital as a new way to protect the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To systematically adjust and coordinate interest conflicts, it is necessary to identify the influencing factors of interest conflicts comprehensively and accurately. Based on theoretical and practical research, this paper initially screened 52 factors affecting the interest conflict in the construction of smart city PPP projects, and then conducted expert interviews and questionnaire analysis to adjust and revise the index system, and finally formed 27 relevant index systems. In order to further identify the key influencing factors and clarify the importance of the factors, the interval gray number-DEMETAL method is used to identify the key factors that induce multiple interest conflicts in the construction of smart city PPP projects to enhance the identification effect. The research shows that: the complexity of the project, the comprehensive quality of project personnel, and the differences in ideological and cultural concepts have become the main factors. Project social benefit, project quality compliance rate, project profit rate or rate of return become the most important result factors. Government behavior is the primary influence and restriction of the interest conflict in the construction of smart city PPP projects. In addition, interest conflicts are closely related to other project stakeholders, especially the private sector, social capital, and public behavior. Therefore, the government's decision-making behavior and incentive and restraint mechanism must first examine the interests of stakeholders and their behavior strategies, especially the behavior evolution trend under the government's incentive and restraint mechanism, which implement a flexible incentive and restraint mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the associations between different types of social capital and other measures including wellbeing, school connectedness, and pragmatic language. Seventeen adolescents who were deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) from Australia and the United Kingdom completed an online survey and their results were analysed to answer research questions relating to: social capital formation in adolescents who are DHH; associations between social capital, wellbeing, pragmatics, and school connectedness; and the role of identity in social capital formation. Statistical analyses were completed to determine: bivariate correlations between variables; significant differences between the types of social capital measured; and significant differences in social capital according to identity group. Results indicate that overall, adolescents had higher Offline social capital compared to Online social capital, and higher Family social capital in comparison to Peer and Institutional social capital. Additionally, all social capital except Online social capital had strong associations with wellbeing and school connectedness measures. Students who identified as deaf had statistically significant lower levels of social capital than those who identified as hard of hearing or hearing impaired, and bicultural; however, this result may be due to the composition of this small sample. This study indicates that social capital is associated with higher levels of wellbeing and school connectedness and demonstrates that school experiences play an important role in the formation of social capital for students who are DHH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary Family and Consumer Sciences educators and postsecondary Career Servicesprofessionals have an overlooked opportunity to combine their student-focused career exploration and preparation efforts. Both Family and Consumer Sciences educators and Career Services professionals have a responsibility to guide students in career development through strategies that involve career-oriented exposure to employers and industry professionals. An alliance between Family and Consumer Sciences and Career Services can foster collaboration on initiatives with employers that support career development. In this paper, we present considerations for such an alliance specific to career development, school and institutional support, employer engagement, and educator preparation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]