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In this study, an experimental study was carried out on a heat pipe, whose evaporator is located between the compressor outlet and the condenser inlet of an industrial cooler on a vapor compression cycle (VCC). It absorbs heat from the new generation refrigerant fluid of 515B and transfers it to the outdoor air. The heat pipe is a looped thermosiphon-type heat pipe. R134a refrigerant is used as a working fluid in the heat pipe. By changing the condenser air inlet temperatures, the contribution of the heat pipe to the cooling cycle has been determined experimentally. While the evaporation pressure of the refrigeration cycle with the heat pipe remains approximately constant, the condensation pressure decreases, and the sub-cool temperature increases. For condenser air inlet temperatures of 30, 40, and 50°C, the COP of the cooler with heat pipe increases by 1.8%, 2.6%, and 2.76%, respectively. As the air temperature at the condenser inlet increases, the ratio of heat pipe power to the cooling capacity of the cycle also increases. In addition, the compressor outlet temperature is reduced by 1.5%–2.8% using of the heat pipe.

Pseudo-pilots work in real-time simulations in air traffic control training and carry out an important task to ensure appropriate training for the trainee controllers. They are in constant communication with controllers during the training and are responsible for fulfilling the instructions given by the controllers. Unlike real operations, pseudo-pilots are required to monitor many aircraft simultaneously on the simulator’s radar screen and perform various interventions. This situation can be challenging, and the impact of such situations on their workload is usually neglected. In the literature, various studies have revealed the factors affecting controller workload; however, the factors affecting the workload of pseudo-pilots have not been emphasized. In this study, statistical analyses were carried out using the data obtained from real-time simulations and NASA-TLX surveys. As a result, the number of aircraft, controller performance, and the interruption duration were determined as the key factors that affect the overall workload of pseudo-pilots.

Musculoskeletal infections, including septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and soft tissue infections, are critical morbidity factors for children and adolescents. This study investigated the role of D-dimer levels for diagnosing childhood musculoskeletal infections. This single-center prospective study was initiated in April 2020 following approval from the local ethics committee. The study included 54 children, divided into the infection group (n= 21), comprising patients who underwent surgical treatment for childhood musculoskeletal infections and had macroscopically visible purulent discharge during surgery, and the control group (n= 33), comprising healthy children. In the infection group, the mean values of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), plasma D-dimer, and white blood cell (WBC) were 39.42 ± 27.00 mm/h, 101.50 ± 76.90 mg/l, 2.34 ± 2.59 mg/l, and 15.55 ± 6.86 × 109/l, respectively. On comparison, the infection group showed higher levels of WBC, CRP, ESR, D-dimer, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio than the control group. When the D-dimer cutoff value of 0.43 mg/l was taken, it was observed that it had 95.2% sensitivity and 81.8% specificity. The area under curve (AUC) of the above-mentioned parameters calculated via receiver operating characteristic curves showed CRP levels as the optimum predictor of childhood musculoskeletal infections, followed by the ESR, plasma D-dimer, and WBC levels in descending order (AUC: 0.999, 0.997, 0.986, and 0.935, respectively). D-dimer is another test, which in combination with other conventional established tests (CRP and ESR) can be helpful in diagnosis of pediatric infection. We recommend the addition of D-Dimer to ESR, CRP, and WBC as a first-line investigation in cases with suspected pediatric musculoskeletal infections.

ABSTRACTAISI 4140 alloy steel has high abrasion resistance, toughness, torsional, and fatigue strength. Different types of this alloy with different hardness are used to manufacture gears, crankshafts, collars, jigs, and milling spindles. In this study, turning tests were carried out on AISI 4140 steel using coated carbide inserts considering Taguchi L9orthogonal array at three different cutting speeds, feed rates, and cutting depths. The output parameters were selected as cutting forces, surface roughness, current and sound intensity. According to the ANOVA results, feed rate was the most effective parameter on the cutting force and surface roughness. As the feed rate increases, the cutting force and surface roughness value enhance. The feed rate was also the most important factor affecting the current with 81.61% contribution, followed by cutting depth with 12.67% contribution. The cutting depth with 66.95% contribution has the highest impact on the sound intensity. It was followed by a feed rate with 26.07% contribution. According to the optimisation results, the experimental and the estimated values ⁣⁣were significantly close to each other.

Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (CSU) is characterized by recurrent wheals and/or angioedema for longer than 6-weeks. Guidelines recommend Omalizumab (Oma) as first-line and Cyclosporine-A (Cs-A) as second-line treatment in antihistamine resistant CSU. This step-wise algorithm might be time-consuming and costly.

Hard turning was carried out on an X37CrMoV5-1 hot work tool steel with a hardness of 50 ± 2 HRC on a computer numerical control lathe, using a ceramic insert without the use of a coolant. The cutting parameters included three different cutting speeds, three different feed rates, and three different cutting depths. A full factorial design (FFD) was created, and 33=27 experiments were carried out. The effects of cutting parameters on cutting force (Fc), surface roughness (Ra), material removal rate (MRR), specific cutting energy (SCE), current (Cu), and sound intensity (SI) were investigated. As a result of the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the effect ratios of cutting parameters on Fc, Ra, MRR, SCE, Cu, and SI were examined, and important parameters were determined. As a result, the effective rates of the feed rate, which is the most effective parameter, on Fc, Ra, and MRR were determined as 61.72, 95.90, and 61.70%, respectively. The cutting depth was 54.81 and 34.37% on SCE and SI, respectively, and the cutting speed was effective on Cu by 79.87%. By using FFD and response surface methodology (RSM), the regression equations of the results of Fc, Ra, MRR, SCE, Cu, and SI were extracted, and r2values were examined. In the validation experiments performed after the optimization experiments, the experimental results were estimated using FFD, RSM, and Taguchi method, and the differences between them were analyzed.

In this experimental study, the effects of cutting parameters and insert types on the surface roughness and cutting force components were investigated during hard turning of high chromium AISI D2 tool steel under dry cutting conditions. Three different cutting speeds, feed rates, and cutting depths were chosen as machining parameters, while cubic boron nitride and ceramic inserts with two different nose radii were selected as tool material. The design of the experiment was carried out based on the Taguchi L36mixed orthogonal array. The response surface method was used to establish the relation between input and output parameters. Analysis of variance was performed to show the most significant parameters on the response. In addition, an artificial neural network was implemented for output modeling. The results revealed that surface roughness was mainly affected by the feed rate with almost 90.53%. Following feed rate, the nose radius was also significant on the surface roughness. Based on the results, the cubic boron nitride insert exhibited better performance than the ceramic insert in terms of minimum surface roughness. The cutting force components were mostly affected by the insert type. Cubic boron nitride insert caused greater forces during machining compared to the ceramic insert. The results revealed that the artificial neural network and response surface methodology exhibited very good accuracy with experimental data. However, the artificial neural network shows better accuracy and can predict the responses with 99.51% accuracy.

Cutting forces play a significant role in machining because they directly affect the mechanics of machining, the energy requirements, and the tool stability required. In this study, the cutting forces occurring during the turning of AISI 4340 material with 30 Rockwell C hardness scale have been analyzed both experimentally and numerically. Many types of research have been conducted via 2-D simulation using the finite element analysis method. In other words, in most studies, the workpiece was modeled as a flat specimen. Therefore, this paper presents a real 3-D turning simulation model using cylindrical specimens. The cutting forces were measured using a Kistler 9129AA model piezoelectric dynamometer. The ABAQUS/Explicit finite element method was used, and a model by Johnson and Cook was assigned as a material model in the numerical analysis. A new PVD AlTiN coated carbide insert was incorporated to prevent wear. Experimental results obtained from cutting tests were compared with numerical results to establish the accuracy of the FEM. It was observed that experimental and numerical results overlapped each other. Thus, this method can be used directly in the industry to reduce high processing costs.

In the study conducted for this contribution, sheet material 4 mm thick, non-heat treated (II), normalized (NH) and tempering heat treatment implemented (TH), were formed at a bending angle of 90°. As a result of the forming process, the effects of the R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 mm punch tip radii on spring back and spring go values were investigated. The bending operations were carried out by waiting for the punch in the material bending zone for 30 sec and then lifting. The samples were extracted from the middle deformation zone of the II, NH and TH applied sheet material, to which the bending process was applied, following which their ferrite phase, pearlite and martensite structures were microstructurally analyzed. A Minitab analysis program was used to investigate the effect of the bending parameters on the sheet material’s spring-back and spring-go behavior. Moreover, the effects of bending parameters were investigated by creating numerical and mathematical models. Thus, it was determined that spring-go behavior occurred on the II and NH applied sheet material, while spring-back behavior occurred on the TH applied material.

In the study conducted for this contribution, sheet material 4 mm thick, non-heat treated (II), normalized (NH) and tempering heat treatment implemented (TH), were formed at a bending angle of 90°. As a result of the forming process, the effects of the R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 mm punch tip radii on spring back and spring go values were investigated. The bending operations were carried out by waiting for the punch in the material bending zone for 30 sec and then lifting. The samples were extracted from the middle deformation zone of the II, NH and TH applied sheet material, to which the bending process was applied, following which their ferrite phase, pearlite and martensite structures were microstructurally analyzed. A Minitab analysis program was used to investigate the effect of the bending parameters on the sheet material’s spring-back and spring-go behavior. Moreover, the effects of bending parameters were investigated by creating numerical and mathematical models. Thus, it was determined that spring-go behavior occurred on the II and NH applied sheet material, while spring-back behavior occurred on the TH applied material.

Background: Tunneled catheters are effectively used in patients receiving chronic dialysis due to end-stage renal disease. However, the dysfunction of catheters caused by infection or thrombus requires repetitive procedures. In this study, we aimed to compare the long-term results of heparin-coated and non-heparin-coated tunneled dialysis catheters.Method: The study included a total of 161 patients who underwent tunneled dialysis catheter placement. Heparin-coated and non-heparin-coated tunneled catheters were placed in 81 and 80 patients, respectively. Of all the patients, 89 (55.3%) were male and 72 (44.7%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 64.3 ± 15.3 years. The patients were followed up for 12 months.Results: Catheter infection developed in 10 (6.2%) of the cases, of which seven (70%) resolved with antibiotic therapy and the remaining three (30%) required catheter replacement. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the catheter infection rate (p= 0.84). Fibrin sheaths developed in nine (5.5%) patients. Fibrin sheath development was found to be significantly higher in the non-heparin-coated catheters (p= 0.017). There was no significant difference in fibrin sheath formation between the patients with and without systemic antiaggregant use (p= 0.864). The mean catheter durability time was determined to be 11 months in both groups (p= 0.704). Catheter survival was similar in heparin-coated and non-heparin coated catheters.Conclusion: This study showed that the rate of fibrin sheath development was significantly lower in heparin-coated tunneled catheters than non-heparin-coated catheters. There was no significant difference between the two catheters in terms of the rates of infection and mechanical complications.

The aim of the study is to investigate frosting on the horizontal flat plate which has uniform air velocity distribution upstream. While the air temperature is 21.9 °C, the relative humidity is 80% and the air velocity is 0.7 m/s; frost is formed on the flat plate at surface temperatures of −15.1, −11.2, −7.1 °C, then under these conditions frost thickness, frost mass are measured. Continuous heat flux measurements under frosting which is very rare in literature are performed, too. Considering only the initial part of the frosting process at high plate temperature first an increase in heat flux then a continuous decrease is observed. A new dimensionless mass transfer correlation that does not require frost surface temperature and additionally includes dimensionless plate length is presented. The mass transfer correlation is based on dimensionless numbers of Reynolds, Fourier, specific humidity, dimensionless temperature, and dimensionless plate length which are derived from air temperature, air velocity, air relative humidity, plate temperature, plate length, plate width, and time information. In obtaining the correlation, frost mass measurements from previous researchers were added to the presented experimental results to develop a correlation valid over a wide range. As a result of the broad data set, the ranges at which the correlation is valid; air velocity of 0.7–2.5 m/s, air temperature of 5–22 °C, plate temperature of −5 to −25 °C, air relative humidity of 50%–83.73% and plate length of 85.6–300 mm. Nondimensionalizing the plate length has increased the prediction capability of the correlation.

Planar two-legged parallel robots with three degrees of freedom have been suggested in the literature as a solution to reduce the leg interference problem of their conventional three-legged counterparts, and since then have attracted considerable attention. This paper presents a singularity analysis of these robots. Three alternatives, namely the robots with 2-RRR, 2-RPR, and 2-PRR structures are considered. Type I, II, and III singularity conditions are obtained taking into account all possible actuation schemes. Several singularity-free actuation schemes are enumerated and discussed. The performed analysis also shows that adjustable designs are possible for manipulators with 2-PRR structures to have singularity-free operation. The proposed design concept and its effectiveness are illustrated through numerical examples.

AbstractThe adsorption behavior of methylene blue (MB), methyl violet (MV), rhodamine B (RB), alizarin red (AR), and bromocresol green (BG) dyes from aqueous solution on cotton stalks-activated carbon (CSAC) was investigated. The experimental procedure used activated carbon produced by chemical activation and physical activation using 50% ZnCl2at 850°C. For this purpose, batch tests were carried out as a function of solution pH value, contact time, dye concentration, agitation rate, temperature, and particle diameter. The experimental findings showed that the maximum adsorption capacities of adsorbent for BG and AR dyes were at pH 5. As comparison, the maximum adsorption capacity of adsorbent for MB dye was at an initial pH 12. In addition, the maximum adsorption capacities of adsorbent for RB and MV dyes were at pH 2 and 7, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities of adsorbent for RB, MV, MB, AR, and BG were found to be 133.33, 135.14, 153.85, 196.08, and 222.22 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic studies of five dyes followed the pseudo-second-order model. Freundlich isotherm described the equilibrium data of BG, AR, and RB dyes on CSAC better than Langmuir isotherm, but Langmuir isotherm showed a better fit to the equilibrium data of MB and MV dyes. The RLresults show that the adsorption of five dyes onto CSAC is favorable.

The adsorption behavior of methylene blue (MB), methyl violet (MV), rhodamine B (RB), alizarin red (AR), and bromocresol green (BG) dyes from aqueous solution on cotton stalks-activated carbon (CSAC) was investigated. The experimental procedure used activated carbon produced by chemical activation and physical activation using 50% ZnCl2at 850°C. For this purpose, batch tests were carried out as a function of solution pH value, contact time, dye concentration, agitation rate, temperature, and particle diameter. The experimental findings showed that the maximum adsorption capacities of adsorbent for BG and AR dyes were at pH 5. As comparison, the maximum adsorption capacity of adsorbent for MB dye was at an initial pH 12. In addition, the maximum adsorption capacities of adsorbent for RB and MV dyes were at pH 2 and 7, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities of adsorbent for RB, MV, MB, AR, and BG were found to be 133.33, 135.14, 153.85, 196.08, and 222.22 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic studies of five dyes followed the pseudo-second-order model. Freundlich isotherm described the equilibrium data of BG, AR, and RB dyes on CSAC better than Langmuir isotherm, but Langmuir isotherm showed a better fit to the equilibrium data of MB and MV dyes. The RLresults show that the adsorption of five dyes onto CSAC is favorable.

Whiplash-associated neck injuries represent an important health and socioeconomic problem attracting more and more attention of the vehicle safety community. Sled tests are conducted for the dynamic whiplash assessment of seats. However, reproducibility of the initial backset distances and of the sled pulses in every test plays an important role on the comparability of these results. In this study, in order to investigate these aspects, three different driver seat types are considered with three identical and unused samples for each of them, and by strictly following the European New Car Assessment Program (Euro NCAP) whiplash protocol and using the BioRID II dummy, totally nine sled tests are performed. The sled pulses are in general reproduced quite well for different vehicle seats in these tests. However, it is seen that there are differences of up to 5 mm in the initial backset distances recorded for the identical seats of the same type, while this difference increases up to 7 mm among the different seat types considered. Moreover, taking into account the associated tolerances allowed in this protocol, this uncertainty in the backset can even increase up to 10 mm. Based on the previous simulation results obtained by using the finite element model of the BioRID II dummy, linear regression models are constructed, and it is shown that a 10-mm increase in the backset will yield an increase of 2.25, 2.89 and 3.11 m2/s2in the NICmaxvalues for the low, medium and high severity Euro NCAP pulses, respectively. Being 38, 22 and 31 % of the differences between the associated Euro NCAP higher and lower performance limits, and 68, 96 and 124 % of the differences between the associated Euro NCAP lower performance and capping limits, such increases in the NICmaxvalues are found to bring an unacceptably high uncertainty in the test results, and they can even easily lead to the application of capping, which means giving a zero score for the entire test. In light of these findings, several suggestions are recommended for a more solid whiplash dynamic assessment procedure.

Congenital diseases have been reported to increase the incidence of depression, anxiety, and stress among parents. In this study, we aimed to investigate the depression, anxiety, and stress status in parents of patients with congenital clubfoot before and after treatment with the Ponseti method. A total of 20 patients diagnosed with congenital clubfoot at our clinic and treated with the Ponseti method were included in this study. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was used to evaluate the depression, anxiety, and stress status of the parents before and after treatment. We considered the following parameters to investigate the effects of these on the parents: the educational level of the parents; economic status of the family; gender; birth order of the child in the family; time of diagnosis (prenatal or postnatal). The mean DASS and subdomain scores after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment (P < .05). Moreover, there was a significant difference in the pre- and posttreatment mean DASS and depression scores of the participants in terms of the education level (P < .05). The pre- and posttreatment DASS and depression scores of the participants with an education level of primary school and below were lower than those of the participants with an education level of secondary and high school. Parents may be less concerned during this process if they are fully informed by the orthopedic surgeons about the treatment protocol and the near-perfect results of the Ponseti method as well as are counseled by healthcare professionals.

Just as the motions in the Euclidean plane can be studied with the help of complex numbers, the motions in the Lorentzian plane can be studied with the help of hyperbolic numbers. The purpose of this article is to determine affine transformations on Lorentzian plane using the set of hyperbolic numbers and to give some examples on hyperbolical fractals. Also, we give some properties of hyperbolical reflections and rotations.

Flow in porous media occurs in many naturally-occurring and engineered systems. One of the key properties for understanding the fluid flow and pressure drop in porous media is permeability, which is varies widely among researchers. The current work presents systematic experimental data for packed spheres of uniform size (3 mm) having a porosity of 36.6% subjected to water flow. The experiments covered a sufficiently broad range of flow Reynolds number such that all flow regimes are encountered: pre-Darcy, Darcy, Forchheimer and Turbulent. The pre-Darcy regime is very scarce or non-present in the literature. As a necessary initial step, flow regimes were identified and different permeabilities exhibited by the porous medium in each flow regime were calculated. The length scales in defining the Reynolds number included the diameter of the sphere and the square root of the various permeabilities in order to study the transitional Reynolds numbers among the flow regimes. It is shown that the permeability in the Darcy regime is most appropriate and produces results consistent with accepted understanding in the literature of porous media.

Neck injuries frequently seen in low-speed rear-end collisions are referred to as whiplash injuries. Most of the proposed anti-whiplash systems in the literature rely on reducing the backset. A relatively new and promising alternative concept is a slideable seat. This study aimed to parametrically analyze an anti-whiplash vehicle seat that can slide backward against a horizontal suspension arrangement composed of a spring and a damper in response to a rear-end collision, and to investigate the effects of the suspension parameters on the injury risk. A simplified model of a slideable vehicle seat is developed, and simulations are conducted in LS-DYNA®environment using this slideable seat model and the commercially available finite element model of the BioRID II dummy. The maximum value of the Neck Injury Criterion (NICmax) is used as the measure of the injury risk. As a result, a strong linear inverse correlation is observed between NICmaxand the maximum seat sliding distance, while the stiffness and damping coefficients of the suspension are varied. This result is also verified by obtaining the same NICmaxvalue for the same maximum seat sliding distance (although the stiffness and damping coefficients are different). It is also shown that, for a given backset value as large as 60 mm, a slideable seat with the suspension parameters selected to yield a reasonable maximum seat sliding distance such as 100 mm significantly improves NICmaxcompared to a standard seat. As the maximum seat sliding distance is increased, the injury risk becomes smaller.

A total of 75 species of leafrollers of the family Tortricidae belonging to 41 genera were found in northern and Inner Anatolia between 1999 and 2003. Cochylidia moguntiana(Rössler, 1864) is newly recorded for Turkey, and the first detailed records of Aphelia viburniana(Fabricius, 1787), Epiblema turbidana(Treitschke, 1835), Eucosma conterminana(Guenée, 1845) and Cochylidia rupicola(Curtis,1834) are communicated.

The heat transfer from a surface heated with constant heat flux to an oscillating vertical annular liquid column having an interface with the atmosphere is investigated experimentally in the present paper. The analysis is carried out for the case of different oscillation frequencies while the displacement amplitude remains constant. Based on the experimental data a correlation equation is obtained for the cycle-averaged Nusselt number as a function of kinetic Reynolds number.The heat transfer from a surface heated with constant heat flux to an oscillating vertical annular liquid column having an interface with the atmosphere is investigated experimentally in the present paper. The analysis is carried out for the case of different oscillation frequencies while the displacement amplitude remains constant. Based on the experimental data a correlation equation is obtained for the cycle-averaged Nusselt number as a function of kinetic Reynolds number.

Three forest pest species of the genusRhyacioniaHübner [1825] (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) that are known to damagePinusspecies are found in Turkey:R. buoliana([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775),R. pinicolana, (Doubleday, 1849) andR. pinivorana(Lienig & Zeller, 1846).R. pinivoranais recorded for the first time from Turkey.R. pinicolana, first recorded in 1999, is now reported for the second time from Turkey. Photographs are presented of adult males and their genitalia of all taxa and the species distribution is shown on a map.

Abstract The synthesis and characterization (elemental analysis, i.r., u.v., magnetic measurements and cyclic voltammetry) of some new CoII complexes with bidentate bulky salicylaldimines derived from 3,5-di-t-butylsalicylaldehyde and o- or p-substituted (X = Cl, Me, OMe, But) aniline derivatives are reported in this paper. The presented ligands show very low complexation ability in respect of NiII, VOII, MnII, ZnII and CdII metal ions. Electrochemical studies on the complexes, though revealing a dependence of the metal centered redox potentials on electronic and steric effects of the aniline substituents X, the potentials of the ligand-centered oxidation do not correlate with the electronic effects of X.

Several new binuclear CuII, NiII, OVIVand MnIIcomplexes of tridentate salicylaldimine (H2L), obtained from 3,5-di-t-butylsalicylaldehyde and o-aminophenol, have been prepared and characterized by analytical, spectroscopic (i.r., u.v.–vis., e.s.r.) techniques, magnetic and thermal measurements. The adduct formation or dissociation of these complexes in the presence of strongly coordinating solvents like pyridine and DMSO did not take place. The complexation of CoIIwith H2L is accompanied by intramolecular electron transfer from the metal to the coordinated ligand yielding the radical ligand CoIIIcomplex (g= 2.003, ACo= 10 G). The e.s.r. spectra of the CuII, OVIVand MnIIcomplexes in the solid state and in solution are very broad due to intramolecular dipolar antiferromagnetic interactions.

Purpose: The main objective of this study is to describe the retrograde guidewire-assisted remodeling technique (REGART), a novel technique, and assess its feasibility, safety, and effectiveness in the recanalization of ostial arterial occlusions without a visible stump in the critical limb ischemia (CLI).Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 387 patients who underwent endovascular treatment (EVT) for peripheral artery disease between January 2020 and June 2021 was performed. Among these, 23 patients (14 males [60.8%]) with a mean age of 64.2 (range: 55–72) years who underwent REGART were included. Patient demographics, procedural details, and outcomes were noted.Results: The technical success rate was 95.6% (22/23). The angiographic success rate was 86.3% (19/22). The procedure-related complication rate was 21.7% (5/23), with 4 (17.4%) major complications and 1 (4.3%) minor complication.Conclusion: In the CLI, results of this trial suggest that REGART is feasible, effective, and with acceptable safety in the catheterization of occluded artery origins without a visible stump when conventional anterograde and retrograde techniques fail. Thus, the target occluded artery can be recanalized while preserving other arterial origins by minimizing dissection risk through subintimal balloon angioplasty at the bi-trifurcation level.

In this study, cutting forces and chip shapes formed by turning cylindrical materials were researched experimentally and numerically. AISI 4340 steel alloy with a hardness of about 30 Rockwell C scale was chosen as workpiece material. Most of the turning simulations performed by finite element method (FEM) have been conducted 2D (two-dimensional) because 3D (three-dimensional) is very difficult and time-consuming and mechanics of more complex 3D cutting operations are usually evaluated by using geometrical and kinematic transformation models applied to the 2D cutting Process. In other words, the workpiece was modeled as a flat specimen. Nevertheless, 3D (three-dimensional) simulation using cylindrical models are more nearer to practical process. For this reason, to get the actual cutting process, this paper aims to present a real 3D (three-dimensional) turning simulation model using ABAQUS/ Explicit software using tube and bar specimens with a cylindrical shape. Cutting forces were measured utilizing the Kistler 9129AA model piezoelectric dynamometer. Cutting forces and chip shapes obtained by making FEM simulations were compared. Simulation results were determined to be in high proximity with experimental results. Also, realistic chip shapes were simulated by FEM. Therefore, this method could be used as reliable in the industry.

Zusammenfassung Drei in der Türkei kultivierte Haselnußarten (Corylus avellana var. pontica, Corylus maxima mill. undCorylus colurna var. glandulifera) wurden mittels der Funkenquellen-Massenspektrometrie bezüglich ihrer Mineralstoffzusammensetzung in Kern und Schale untersucht. Von den insgesamt 35 gemessenen Elementen kommen 3-5 in größeren Konzentrationen vor, während 9–13 als Spuren- und 17–20 als Ultraspurenelemente bezeichnet werden müssen.

Metal-free and metal phthalocyanines (H2, Cu, Ni, Co and Fe) with eight 12-membered tetraaza macrocycle complexes have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR and UV-VIS spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis.

The syntheses of ligands and Cu(II) phthaiocyaninale complexes substituted with four {diaza and triaza) macrocycles are described and the compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR, UV/VIS and thermogravimetric analysis.

The magnetic anomaly due to a buried dike consists of the sum of two easily separated elementary functions. These functions, which have simple symmetry, are called even and odd functions. The correlation factors (r0,1 for the even andr0,2 for the odd function) between least-squares residual anomalies from even and odd functions are computed. Correlation values are used to determine the depth to the top and the half-width of the dike. The method also includes the determination of the index parameter and the amplitude coefficient. The validity of the method is tested against a theoretical and a field example where the parameters of the latter were determined by other investigators in comparing the results.