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Business travel spending is expected to reach pre-pandemic levels by the end of the year, leading companies to find new ways to make business travel easier and more enjoyable. Airlines are increasing their business and premium economy seat counts, with American Airlines investing in upscale offerings such as Flagship Suites and recliner-style premium economy seats. Credit card companies like American Express, Chase, and Capital One are also enhancing their airport lounges with worker-friendly amenities and high-end features. Private terminal companies like PS are offering exclusive airport experiences to all travelers, providing luxury services and private TSA screenings. Companies are also encouraging alternative modes of travel, such as trains and electric vehicles, to reduce emissions. Financial automation platform Ramp is helping companies manage the costs of business travel by offering customized corporate cards and spend-management tools that eliminate the need for expense reports. Point.me is a subscription-based search engine that helps travelers book flights using unused miles and points, making the process more accessible and user-friendly. [Extracted from the article]

[Display omitted] Methane dry reforming (DRM) presents a compelling technology for converting abundant natural gas into valuable syngas, a versatile intermediate for clean fuels and chemicals. However, unlocking the full potential of DRM hinges on overcoming significant catalyst limitations. DRM catalysts often suffer from low activity, selectivity issues, and rapid deactivation caused by carbon deposition. This review comprehensively analyzes the landscape of catalyst development for DRM. We explore the fundamental reaction mechanisms and factors influencing catalyst performance. We then delve into established catalyst materials, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Particular emphasis is placed on promising new materials like metal carbide/phosphide, bimetallic, and promoted catalysts with their exceptional thermal stability, favorable electronic properties, and unique reaction cycles that mitigate coking. This review critically evaluates recent advancements in catalyst design, focusing on strategies to enhance activity, selectivity, and coke resistance. By identifying key research directions and future opportunities, this review aims to guide the development of next-generation catalysts that will render DRM a more viable and sustainable technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nanosilica (nSiO2) from rice husk was successfully synthesized and characterized. • PU foam/nSiO2/flame retardant additives nanocomposites were successfully synthesized. • Thermal stability and fire resistance of nanocomposite were significantly improved. • Microstructure, thermal conductivity and mechanical properties were deeply analyzed. This study focuses on the improvement of the thermal stability and flame-retardant performance of polyurethane (PU) foam by using effective flame-retardant additives and nano silica (nSiO 2) particles from rice husk. The addition of non-halogen flame retardants (FRs) including aluminum trihydroxide (ATH), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and diammonium phosphate (DAP) leads to markedly enhanced thermal stability and fire resistance of the PU/nSiO 2 /FRs nanocomposites, resulting in achieving UL-94 HB standard. In particular, the nanocomposites met the UL-94 V-0 criteria thanks to the inclusion of DAP at 25 phr. The LOI value of the nanocomposites reached 26 % which is much higher than that of PU/nSiO 2 nanocomposite, about 20 %. In order to further understand the fire-proof mechanism, the residue char layer remaining of the PU/nSiO 2 /FRs nanocomposites after being burned was also investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). In addition, the microstructure, thermal stability, thermal conductivity, and mechanical properties of nanocomposites were also evaluated in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a grafted copolymer based on chitosan and Brij S100 (CTS–Brij S100) was prepared to design a nanocarrier system that increases the sensitivity of tetracycline (Tetra) against methicillin‐susceptible Staphylococcus aureus(MSSA). The self‐assembly behavior of CTS–Brij S100 to micelles was confirmed by the benzoylacetone assay. About 4.6 ± 0.175% of Tetra was encapsulated into CTS–Brij S100 with an efficiency of 96.9 ± 0.213%. Dynamic light scattering determined the size of Tetra‐loaded nanoparticles (CTS–Brij S100@Tetra) to be 85.5 ± 1.913 nm with narrow distribution. The high‐positive value of CTS–Brij S100@Tetra (zeta = + 30.9 mV) indicates a stable colloidal system. The release profile of Tetra from CTS–Brij S100 followed the Weibull model with a complex diffusion mechanism. The bactericidal efficacy was tested against MSSA. Interestingly, the blank CTS–Brij S100 nanoparticle could express its inhibition to MSSA when the concentration was 150 μg/mL. Therefore, with the help of CTS–Brij S100, Tetra had superior bactericidal efficiency comparable to free form. In vitro biocompatibility test on fibroblast cells (L929) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) ensures the safety of CTS–Brij S100. It can be concluded that the CTS–Brij S100 system holds potential for applications in facilitating the delivery of the antibiotic Tetra.

Free-space optics (FSO)-based low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems have recently aroused considerable attention as an enabling technology for the Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) applications. However, such systems face critical challenges, including cloud coverage, atmospheric turbulence, and pointing errors. This article addresses a link-layer error-control design solution, which is a combination of the low-density parity check (LDPC) code and the incremental redundancy (IR)-hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) protocol. We consider a subclass of rate-compatible (RC)-LDPC code extension, i.e., protograph-based raptorlike (PBRL)-LDPC codes, for the proposed IR-HARQ design. In addition, we provide a comprehensive analytical framework to obtain performance metrics, including goodput, energy efficiency, and average frame delay. Numerical results highlight the outperformance of the design proposal compared to conventional link-layer solutions in FSO-based LEO satellite systems. Also, we provide a design guideline regarding the proper selection of transmitted power and decoding complexity concerns. Furthermore, we investigate the feasibility of our design proposal for a study case involving the existing Japan LEO satellite networks and the moving vehicles. Finally, we conduct the Monte-Carlo simulations to validate the correctness of theoretical results.

One of the essential factors for enabling sixth-generation systems is efficiently ensuring diverse quality-of-service (QoS) performance metrics to support the upcoming massive ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC). This work proposes efficient transmission control in intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks in the finite blocklength (FBL) regime that statistically guarantee stringent URLLC QoS requirements. Thus, we formulate a nonconvex problem that maximizes the sum effective capacity (SEC) while ensuring statistical delay QoS constraints. To make the problem more tractable, we propose a tight upper bound for the objective function based on Jensen’s inequality and employ the concept of opportunistically minimizing an expectation. Then, we decompose the problem into two subproblems: active beamforming at the base station and phase-shift optimization at the IRS. Each subproblem is convexified by employing slack variables, penalty functions, and linear approximation, and solved using successive convex approximations. The subproblems are iteratively solved until convergence using alternating optimization. The convergence to a suboptimal stationary solution and the computing complexity of the proposed algorithm are rigorously analyzed. Finally, extensive numerical evaluations confirm that the proposed control in the FBL regime significantly improves the SEC under various QoS parameters compared to existing benchmark schemes. In particular, as the number of antennas and IRS elements increases, the proposed method becomes more efficient than the semi-definite relaxation-based approach in terms of complexity and performance.

This article proposes a novel framework that utilizes an over-the-air Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) to learn Metaverse users’ expectations. By interpreting users’ brain activities, our framework can optimize physical resources and enhance Quality-of-Experience (QoE) for users. To achieve this, we leverage a Wireless Edge Server (WES) to process electroencephalography (EEG) signals via uplink wireless channels, thus eliminating the computational burden for Metaverse users’ devices. As a result, the WES can learn human behaviors, adapt system configurations, and allocate radio resources to tailor personalized user settings. Despite the potential of BCI, the inherent noisy wireless channels and uncertainty of the EEG signals make the related resource allocation and learning problems especially challenging. We formulate the joint learning and resource allocation problem as a mixed integer programming problem. Our solution involves two algorithms: a hybrid learning algorithm and a meta-learning algorithm. The hybrid learning algorithm can effectively find the solution for the formulated problem. Specifically, the meta-learning algorithm can further exploit the neurodiversity of the EEG signals across multiple users, leading to higher classification accuracy. Extensive simulation results with real-world BCI datasets show the effectiveness of our framework with low latency and high EEG signal classification accuracy.

TiO2nanoparticles (NPs) doped with Ag were produced through a solvothermal method, with varying amounts of silver doping ranging from 0.5% to 1.5%. The samples were analyzed for crystallite sizes, structure, and metallic bondings using XRD, SEM, EDXS, and FTIR techniques. The BET surface areas were determined through nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The efficiency of the silver‐doped TiO2NPs for removing Congo red (CR) was tested through adsorption experiments. The results showed that the synthesized TiO2NPs doped with Ag were uniformly spherical in shape, with tiny average sizes ranging from 7.97 to 12.74 nm and large BET surface areas (98.41–166.1 m2g−1). The silver‐doped TiO2samples with a 0.5% Ag doping amount exhibited the highest adsorption capacity in CR removal, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 454.55 mg of dye per gram of adsorbent and a lower contact time of 20 min than other metal oxide NPs. The CR adsorption onto 0.5% Ag‐TiO2obeyed the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.989), and the adsorption followed a pseudo‐second‐order kinetic equation. The adsorbent could be efficiently reused for five consecutive cycles to remove CR. Congo Red Removal by nano Ag‐TiO2

Over the past decade, the boron Schiff bases (BOSCHIBAs) have garnered significant attention due to their facile and eco‐friendly synthesis, nonlinear and linear optical properties, and sensitivity in solar cells. Recently, luminescent boron(III) complexes have been successfully employed as emitters in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). The [B(C6F5)2(MeClQ)] complex was synthesized by reacting 5,7‐dichloro‐2‐methylquinoline‐8‐ol with tripentafluorophenylborane, and its structure was determined via single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SC‐XRD). The photophysical properties of the compound in various solvents were investigated using UV–Vis and fluorescence spectra in combination with DFT calculations. Analysis based on HOMO‐LUMO energy, emission and absorption spectra, and other parameters indicates that [B(C6F5)2(MeClQ)] exhibits great potential as a blue light emitter in OLEDs.

Myrsine semiserrataWall. (Primulaceae) is an evergreen shrub found in some Asian regions including Northern Vietnam, Southern China, India, Nepal, and Myanmar. Its bark and leaves are utilized in leather tanning while the fruit serves as a commonly used antiseptic agent. Phytochemical study on the ethyl acetate extract from the aerial parts of this plant led to the isolation of a new saponin 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl juglangenin A (1) and four known triterpenes, lupeol acetate (2), taraxerone (3), cucurbitacin D (4), and cucurbitacin H (5). Their structures were proven by analyzing 1D, 2D NMR, and HR‐ESI‐MS spectroscopic techniques. All isolated compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity on human cancer cell lines: HepG2, KB, MCF7, and A549. Compounds 4and 5exhibited potent activity against HepG2 and KB cell lines with IC50values ranging from 1.06 to 5.99 µm. Saponin substance 1demonstrated action against all cancer cell lines with IC50values of 74.26, 42.83, 40.65, and 70.82 µm, respectively. Phytochemical study on the ethyl acetate extract from the aerial parts of this plant led to the isolation of a new saponin 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl juglangenin A (1) and four known triterpenes. All isolated compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity on human cancer cell lines: HepG2, KB, MCF7, and A549.

The B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) method is applied to investigate the structural and electronic properties of tetrathienylethene (TTE) derivatives, specifically for the properties of 14 distinct TTE derivatives. The results indicate that the T1–T14 derivatives exhibit numerous advantages over the parent TTE compound. Notably, substituents predominantly impact the LUMO energy level of the TTE parent compound. Additionally, all modified molecules exhibit lower energy band gaps (Egap) and improved charge transfer capacity relative to TTE. These findings suggest that the T1–T14 derivatives may be promising candidates for use as materials in OLED applications. The values of chemical hardness (η) indicate that all compounds T1–T14 manifest greater softness relative to the parent compound TTE. This correlation aligns with the calculated Egapvalues, wherein compounds T1–T14 consistently exhibit smaller Egapvalues compared to the TTE compound. These research findings indicate that compounds T1 and T10 display remarkable and harmonious charge transfer capabilities. This is evident from their corresponding values of λhand λe, which stand at 0.39/0.41 and 0.41/0.41 eV, respectively. Remarkably, compound T1 exhibits the most pronounced absorption peak, occurring at a wavelength of 441 nm. This absorption is accompanied by the highest oscillator strength recorded for the compound, reaching a value of 0.638.

This study proposes an innovative method to recycle used coffee grounds into environmentally friendly epoxy composite materials while emphasizing the sustainability of this process. This approach focuses on using lime‐treated coffee grounds as a reinforcing agent for epoxy composites. Diverse analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and mechanical testing according to international standards have been used to evaluate the properties of materials. Coffee grounds have been treated by soaking in Ca(OH)2solution with different concentrations (0.1 m, 0.3 m) and processing times (1, 3 and 5 days), then combined with epoxy resin to form composite materials. The results showed that using coffee grounds treated with Ca(OH)2significantly improved the stability and performance of epoxy composites. The best fire retardant performance was achieved with a Ca(OH)2solution with a concentration of 0.3 mand a treatment time of 3 days, with a limiting oxidation index (LOI) of 21.6%. Furthermore, the compressive strength increased by about 20.79% compared to pure epoxy resin. This study highlights the potential of optimizing coffee grounds treatment parameters with Ca(OH)2to improve the properties and performance of epoxy composites, thereby promoting practical application and environmental protection.

One new aromatic compound ethyl cristiferoate (1), together with two depsides (2, 4), one depsidone (3), and two monoaromatic compounds (5, 6) were isolated from Parmotrema cristiferum(Taylor) Hale. The chemical structure of new compound was confirmed by analyses of NMR spectroscopy (1D and 2D) and high resolution mass spectroscopy. The structures of the others were interpreted based on NMR, MS as well as compared with the references. Some isolated compounds were tested for their α‐glucosidase inhibition and compounds 2and 4displayed remarkable inhibitory activities with IC50around 10 µg/mL.

The Diosmetin Phytosome (Dt‐Ph) was developed to enhance the complex's aqueous solubility and in vitrodrug release compared to pure Diosmetin (Dt). The process variables such as the reactants’ molar ratio, reaction time, stirring speed, and reaction temperature were varied to identify the most appropriate conditions for synthesis. The resulting Dt‐Ph possessed a particle size of 213.9 nm, a zeta potential of −115.1 mV, and a 95.6% encapsulation effectiveness, indicating the successful formation of the phytosome. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the morphology of the surface of Dt and Dt‐Ph. The in vitrodissolution in 24 h and normal cell cytotoxic activities of the selected formulation were evaluated. The solubility of Dt‐Ph in buffered media was four times higher than Dt, indicating greater hydrophilicity of Dt‐Ph in comparison to the more lipophilic‐free drug. Additionally, the formulation showed a noticeably increased rate and extent of dissolution studies on drug release, which was two times better than Dt. Cytotoxicity results on HEK‐293A cells showed that Dt‐Ph had less impact on normal cells compared to Dt. Diosmetin, a flavonoid aglycone that has diverse biological activities, was in combination with a lipid‐based delivery system—phytosome to improve its bioavailability. The complex was shown to have prospectively enhanced the solubility in different gastrointestinal environments for further application of oral administration.

Objectives: To assess quality of life (QOL) outcomes after canal wall up (CWU) and canal wall down (CWD) tympanomastoidectomy in the pediatric population.Methods: A retrospective review tabulated pediatric patients undergoing CWU and CWD tympanomastoidectomy for cholesteatoma by 2 senior surgeons at a single tertiary academic referral center between March 2017 and March 2023. Chronic Ear Survey (CES) and cosmetic survey outcomes were collected post-operatively.Results: A total of 77 ears in 75 patients were identified, with 35 undergoing CWU and 42 undergoing CWD as the most recent (index) otologic surgery. Seventeen patients (23%) participated in the survey. Of this cohort, the mean age was 14.6 years, 12 (71%) were male, and 10 (59%) had CWD as the most recent otologic surgery. The mean time from index surgery to survey completion was 3.4 years (range, 0.1-6.7 years). Regarding QOL outcomes, there were no statistically significant differences in total CES score, CES subscores, and cosmetic survey scores between groups when categorizing by gender or index surgery. Total CES, symptom subscale, medical resource subscale, and cosmetic survey scores showed a tendency to decrease with an increasing number of surgeries (R= −.18, −.28, −.53, and −.56, respectively). Pediatric total CES scores appeared comparable to those reported in the published adult literature.Conclusions: It does not appear that there are worse QOL outcomes for pediatric patients who undergo CWD tympanomastoidectomy compared to those who undergo CWU tympanomastoidectomy. There appears to be no difference in QOL outcomes between pediatric and adult patients undergoing tympanomastoidectomy.

Coordinated multi-robot systems are an effective way to harvest data from sensor networks and implement active perception strategies. However, achieving efficient coordination in a way that guarantees a target QoS while adapting dynamically to changes (in the environment and/or in the system) is a key open issue. In this paper, we propose a novel decentralized Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) algorithm for dynamic environments that allows agents to optimize their own actions while achieving some form of coordination. Its main underlying idea is to balance adaptively the exploration-exploitation trade-off to deal effectively with changes in the environment while filtering out outdated and irrelevant samples via a sliding window mechanism. We show both theoretically and through simulations that in dynamic environments our algorithm provides a log-factor (in terms of time steps) smaller regret than state-of-the-art decentralized multi-agent planning methods. We instantiate our approach to the problem of underwater data collection, showing in a variety of different settings that our approach greatly outperforms the best-competing approaches, both in terms of convergence speed and global utility.

Intrinsic motivational factors (IMFs) such as growth mindset (GM), passion, grit, and joyous exploration (JE) are key aspects that can play significant roles in the academic success of students. However, it is unclear how IMFs relate to academic self-efficacy (ASE) and social entrepreneurship value (SEV), and there is a lack of evidence demonstrating that gifted students have specific educational needs based on their intrinsic motivation, social drive, and self-efficacy. This study investigated the relationships of GM, passion, grit, and JE with SEV and ASE in gifted and non-gifted students. Quantitative and qualitative studies were conducted to develop a comprehensive understanding of the topic. The structural equation model analysis of students’ responses showed that IMFs were positively correlated with ASE and SEV. However, these correlations were not dependent on giftedness status. These findings will be useful in developing policies that appropriately cater to the learning needs of non-gifted and gifted students.

Metastases to the bone of aortic sarcoma include osteolytic and nonosteolytic lesions. This study aims to review the clinical symptoms, the sites, and diagnostic methods of bone metastases and to compare the osteolytic and nonosteolytic metastases of patients with aortic sarcoma.

Carbon fibre-reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6) composites exhibit exceptional mechanical properties, making them a highly attractive material option for various industries. Their ability to combine the advantages of carbon fibres with the versatility of PA6 provides opportunities for lightweight, high-performance applications. This work presented the fabrication of a PA6/carbon fibre composition with carbon fibre was modified by two different chemicals: nitric acid and diglycidil ether bisphenol A (DGEBA). The tensile strength at break, flexural strength, Rockwell hardness and Izod impact were measured to compare the mechanical properties of composites based on the PA6 matrix with two different modified carbon fibres. The morphology of PA6-based composite with different modified carbon fibres was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that PA6 is more compatible with acid-modified carbon fibre than DGEBA-modified carbon fibre and unmodified carbon fibre. In comparison to composite materials containing unmodified carbon fibre and DGEBA-modified carbon fibre, composite containing acid-modified carbon fibre increase tensile strength (16–38% and 7–15%, respectively), flexural strength (18–66% and 51–70%, respectively), Izod impact (23–65% and 32–78%, respectively) and Rockwell hardness (50–400% and equivalence, respectively).

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Background:Trichotillomania (TTM), also known as hair pulling disorder, is a chronic disorder that often leads to considerable emotional distress and functional impairment in affected individuals. Despite the strong underlying psychiatric component of TTM, the majority of individuals suffering from TTM initially may present to dermatologists because of their hair loss. This necessitates awareness and early recognition of TTM as well as familiarity with the unique considerations for its management. Summary:This study reviews the limited literature regarding quality of life in TTM, the methodologies employed to assess quality of life, and further explores the necessity of an interdisciplinary clinical approach to treatment. Several studies included in this review demonstrated the significant degree to which TTM reduces quality of life. Multiple treatment modalities for TTM have been successfully used in the literature that incorporate a comprehensive approach to management and ultimately address the underlying psychiatric component of TTM. Key Messages:TTM significantly reduces the quality of life in affected individuals. Successful management of TTM requires an interdisciplinary approach that bridges dermatology and psychiatry. Screening tools that assess the impact of TTM on quality of life are clinically useful and essential for early diagnosis and optimal management.

Inhibition of integrin αvβ6 is a promising approach to the treatment of fibrotic disease such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Screening a small library combining head groups that stabilize the bent-closed conformation of integrin αIIbβ3 with αv integrin binding motifs resulted in the identification of hit compounds that bind the bent-closed conformation of αvβ6. Crystal structures of these compounds bound to αvβ6 and related integrins revealed opportunities to increase potency and selectivity, and these efforts were accelerated using accurate free energy perturbation (FEP+) calculations. Optimization of PK parameters including permeability, bioavailability, clearance, and half-life resulted in the discovery of development candidate MORF-627, a highly selective inhibitor of αvβ6 that stabilizes the bent-closed conformation and has good oral PK. Unfortunately, the compound showed toxicity in a 28-day NHP safety study, precluding further development. Nevertheless, MORF-627 is a useful tool compound for studying the biology of integrin αvβ6.

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This paper investigates the uplink transmission of an integrated satellite-terrestrial network, wherein the low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellites provide backhaul services to isolated cellular base stations (BSs) for forwarding mobile user (UE) data to the core network. In this integrated system, the high mobility of LEO satellites (LEOSats) introduces significant challenges in managing radio resource allocation (RA), as well as the associations between UEs, BSs, and LEOSats for supporting users’ demands efficiently, while also dynamically balancing the capacity of UE-BS access and BS-LEO backhaul links. Regarding these critical issues, the paper aims to jointly optimize the two-tier UE-BS and BS-LEOSat association, sub-channel assignment, bandwidth allocation, and power control to meet users’ demands in the shortest transmission time. This optimization problem, however, falls into the category of mixed-integer non-convex programming, making it very challenging and requiring advanced solution techniques to find optimal solutions. To tackle this complex problem efficiently, we first develop an iterative centralized algorithm by utilizing convex approximation and compressed-sensing-based methods to deal with binary variables. Furthermore, for practical implementation and to offload computation from the central processing node, we propose a Dec-Alg that can be implemented in parallel at local controllers and achieve efficient solutions. Numerical results are also illustrated to strengthen the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms compared to traditional greedy and benchmark algorithms.

Lacking effective treatment, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes mass mortality in farmed shrimp, significantly damaging the shrimp industry worldwide. To enable early detection and diagnosis of this disease, we have demonstrated an electrochemical immunosensor to detect the VP28 antigen, a key envelope protein of this virus. First, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were electrodeposited on the sensor’s carbon surface to enhance both its sensitivity and its capability to form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Subsequently, an SAM using 11-Mercaptoundecanoic acid was coated as an intermediary layer for immobilizing VP28 antibodies. The specific interaction of VP28 antigen-antibody, confirmed by Western Blot, impeded electrons transfer, leading to an increase in charge transfer resistance. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was utilized to deposit AuNPs and combined with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to characterize the modification of the sensor’s electrode surface through changes in electric current and impedance. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed that nanosized gold particles were uniformly dispersed on the carbon electrode surface. Electric measurement results showed that the change in charge transfer resistance ( $\Delta {R}_{\text {CT}}$ ) correlates linearly with the VP28 protein concentration range from 0 to 60 ng/mL, with an ${R}^{\,{2}}$ coefficient of 0.98945 and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 2.38 ng/mL. Additionally, the anode peak current decreased from 15.150 to $7.725~\mu $ A with increasing antigen concentration. Control experiments with various proteins demonstrated the specificity of the proposed immunosensor for detecting VP28. This sensor offers an accessible electrochemical sensing tool, enabling convenient, direct, and immediate diagnosis of WSSV on shrimp farms.

In the context of increasing negative environmental impacts driven by alarming climate change, extreme weather conditions will necessitate new ways to plan and manage the maintenance of road networks. This promotes the need to shift from reactive and predetermined maintenance methods to predictive and proactive maintenance. Predicting road damage has become a challenge and there is a need to build a more modern pavement quality assessment system in the future. Aimed at enhancing the resilience and sustainability of the road system against significant environmental impacts, this study develops software integrating advanced technology to intelligently manage road infrastructure quality. The software in this study applies machine learning technologies like Yolo, GPS positioning, and online Internet connectivity to automatically detect and locate road damage on the traffic network map. The study successfully developed software capable of automatically identifying road damage or signs of pavement quality degradation before they become more severe. The results of this study help support transportation management agencies by providing an overview of the health of each road within a road network and aiding in the efficient allocation of road maintenance funds. The software in this research not only achieves the goal of modernizing road patrol and maintenance activities but also opens avenues for exploring Industry 4.0 technologies in the development of intelligent traffic management systems.