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Calculating the true probability that a signal will be transmitted between any pair of nodes in a network is computationally hard. Diffusion centrality, which counts the expected number of times that a signal will be transmitted, is often used as a heuristic for this probability. But this formula can lead to distorted results when used in this way, because its summation of probabilities does not take account of the inclusion–exclusion principle. This paper provides a simple new formula for the probabilities of node-to-node diffusion in networks, which uses De Morgan's laws to account for the inclusion–exclusion principle. Like diffusion centrality, this formula is based on the assumption that the probabilities of a signal travelling along each walk in a network are independent. The probabilities it calculates are therefore called Walk-Independence Probabilities (WIP). These probabilities provide two new centrality measures, WIP centrality and blocking centrality. Blocking centrality is a type of induced centrality which is calculated when some nodes block signals. • Calculating probabilities of diffusion in social networks is computationally hard • Diffusion centrality as a heuristic for these probabilities can lead to distortions • It omits the inclusion-exclusion principle, and can thereby overestimate inequality • The paper presents an alternative heuristic: Walk-Independence Probability (WIP) • WIP's formula uses De Morgan's laws to account for the inclusion–exclusion principle • It also provides two new centrality measures: WIP centrality and blocking centrality [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In business practice, there is a statement that creative accounting refers to actions within the scope of accounting law that are legally prohibited. In other words, it encompasses all bookkeeping activities that distort the financial and asset situation of an economic entity. This, therefore, contradicts the principle of a true and fair view mandated by the Accounting Act of September 29, 1994, which requires entities to present their financial results in accordance with their actual state. However, in the literature on the subject, these actions are not designated as creative accounting but as aggressive accounting. Furthermore, creative accounting is presented as a positive phenomenon in accounting systems. Hence, the diversity of interpretations of these terms in both the literature and business practice has become a basis for their systematization. The aim of this article is a comparative analysis of creative accounting and aggressive accounting, as well as presenting the results of original survey research regarding the knowledge and correct interpretation of these terms within the accounting community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Socialiniai Tyrimai is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Standardization in accounting is related to establishing strict unified rules and fundamental principles to achieve unification of both the current accounting reporting and the used way of presenting accounting information about the financial status of enterprises. A change in the accounting legislation in the country took place with the adoption of a new Law on Accounting in 2016, in which the part related to the applicable accounting base was harmonized with the requirements of EU legal norms, explicitly specifying that the NSS are in the accounting base in our country. The enterprises that should draw up their financial statements when applying the IAS/IFRS are determined. The choice of accounting basis directly impacts the information in the annual financial statements used for management decisions or by outsiders. Due to the different models laid down in the NSS and IAS/IFRS, there are differences in the assessment bases, which creates a need to harmonize the accounting systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho is the property of Revista Chilena de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Res Humanitariae is the property of Res Humanitariae and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Comparative Law / Revista Romana de Drept Comparat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the actual context of the international economic and financial crises, the necesity for capital is deepening. Subsidies represents a form of financial assistance given by the government, representing a transfers of resources to an entity in return for past or future certain conditions. They exclude those forms of government assistance which can not be assigned reasonably to a specific value, and those transactions with government which can not be distinguished from normal business operations of the entity. Subsidies represent amounts received for free (non-refundable and non-interest bearing) from the government, government agencies and similar institutions at national and international level. They are intended to cover capital expenditures, price differences for certain products and commodities, or other lawful purposes, provided that the terms for which they were granted. Regardless of their destination, subsidies should not be recognized in the accounts by the time it is clear that the legal entity shall comply with the conditions for granting them and they will be received. This article constitutes a theoretical and practical approach to different categories of subsidies, emphasizing their role as financial aid, a financing solution at national and international level. This article proposes a theoretical approach of the main categories of subsidies and their particularities and their reflection in accounting. To capture their specific features, I will analyze, distinct, the two categories of aid, the accounting policies for recognizing subsidies related to assets and subsidies related to incomes and their fiscal treatment thereof. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the principal features of accounting in the 21st century is harmonisation and stanardisation. Regulation of the European Parliament and European Council No. 1606/2002 harmonizes financial reporting for certain companies in the EU. However, national accounting principles are of great importance for financial reporting. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the application of generally accepted accounting principles, the regulatory accounting framework and the standard-setting bodies of EU member states. The analysis of these accounting issues was conducted with respect to all 28 EU member states. The results indicate that EU member states regulate their principal accounting issues through separate accounting acts or implement those issues in companies acts. Some EU member states do not have national accounting standards, the national accounting principles being incorporated in companies acts and accounting acts. Nevertheless, national accounting standard-setting bodies are governmental organisations in almost half the member states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyse the EU accounting related legislation as a consequence of the introduction of the new European Directive, i.e. Directive 34 of the EC, changing the 4th and the 7th Directive of the EU. These accounting updates will mostly be of the technical and accounting type and will particularly be directed at the financial statements of different sized companies. Therefore, in light of these recent developments, we have herein focused on the current accounting system applied in the EU, which comprises the IAS/IFRS standards and the existing national regulations and is changed by the implementation of the EEC accounting directives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of several articles are presented including "The Fallacies of Fraud" by Lynn Fountain, "Circular 230 Case Processing and the Application of Monetary Penalties" by Nicholas Preusch, and "Where in the SEC Heading on Accounting Enforcement" by Stephen Barlas.

Compared to many developed countries in the former British Empire, little has been written about the accounting history of the Mediterranean island of Cyprus. This article attempts to fill this void. It focuses on the transition in accounting practice from the last four decades of Ottoman rule to the first four decades of British rule. The main focus is on the significant influences on the development of accounting practice on the island during the four decades from the start of the British occupation and administration in 1878, ending with the Great War in 1918. This period constitutes the 'source phase' of the theory proposed by McKinnon (1986), and therefore the beginning of modern accounting practice in both the public and private sectors. Like other studies on the history of accounting in various states, this paper argues that the practice of accounting evolved in response to political, economic, legal, social and military changes and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an accounting system with a lot of regulations, in which entities are offered the possibility to choose out of a series of options as regards the presentation of operations in accounting, in a system in which the information users' decisions mainly rely on what the financial statements reveal, it is to every company's interest to have as good an image as possible, an image which should open new ways for development. These are elements which could lead to the application of creative accounting, by manipulating accounting values, in compliance with accounting laws and standards in effect. Creative accounting is a topic of widespread interest worldwide; in Romania, there is evidence that the relationship with banking institutions, fiscal authorities and third parties are focused on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THIS ARTICLE DOES NOT SIMPLY SUGGEST A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE EUROPEAN LEGISLATION AND THAT OF THE EU MEMBER STATES REGARDING THE RIGHTS OF DELEGATION AND DETACHMENT, BUT IT ALSO TAKES INTO CONSIDERATION AN OVERVIEW OF THESE RIGHTS FOR THE CITIZENS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT. STARTING FROM THE GENERAL LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (WHICH FOCUSES MORE ON SOCIAL ASPECTS) AND REFERRING TO PARTICULAR NOTIONS FROM THE SOCIAL AND ESPECIALLY FINANCIAL FIELD FOUND IN THE EU MEMBER STATES' LEGISLATION (STILL NOT HARMONIZED), THE A UTHORS OF THIS ARTICLE AIM TO HIGHLIGHT SOME DYSFUNCTIONALITIES THAT OCCUR IN THIS AREA DURING FISCAL INSPECTIONS. SUCH DISCREPANCIES HAVE AS A NEGATIVE EFFECT CERTAIN FISCAL DISADVANTAGES FOR ECONOMIC SOCIETIES (FROM DIFFERENT EU MEMBER STATES), AND ESPECIALLY FOR THE EMPLOYEE (THE PERSON THAT HOLDS A WORK CONTRACT AND IS DELEGATED/DETACHED FROM ONE EU MEMBER STATE TO ANOTHER). IN THE CASE OF ROMANIAN EMPLOYEES DELEGATED OR DETACHED IN ANOTHER EU MEMBER STATE, THE SOCIAL AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS INCLUDE A SERIES OF DISCREPANCIES THAT AFFECT BOTH THE INDIVIDUAL'S ACTIVITY AND THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM IN ITS ENTIRETY. THE MAJORITY OF THESE DISCREPANCIES RESULT FROM THE MANNER IN WHICH THE NA TIONAL (AND EUROPEAN) LEGISLATION IS INTERPRETED BY THOSE WHO CONDUCT AN INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL FISCAL INSPECTION. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the legislative intent of the U.S Congress during the time of enactment of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). Topics discussed include the intention of the U.S Congress related to the role of FCPA in dealing with foreign corruption to protect the integrity of businesses and international relations, the history of the FCPA, and an accounting and the anti-bribery provision of the Act. It mentions the 1988 and 1998 Amendments to the FCPA.

Copyright of Cuadernos de Contabilidad is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Contabilidad is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The accounting information is essentially destined to an external usage; therefore a common language is required. As a result, accounting must be normalized, for providing credible information, through its fair view and the certainty that the same transaction is equally analyzed and transformed by its users. There is accounting normalization in most countries nowadays. Therefore, each country has a terminology and rules that lead to an identical presentation of the financial statements for companies. Depending on the accounting tradition and the socio-economic characteristics of each country, standardization and regulatory systems differ in the roles of professional accountants and state. The increased importance of accounting, mostly due to the fact that the information provided become a public good which needs a production and distribution system, lead to the identification and strengthening of a separate branch of law -- the accounting law. This paper is built on the relationship between accounting and law in the attempt to identify the extent in which the existence of an accounting law in Romania can be considered, as well as to analyze its evolution and its role on the private sector entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In compliance with its objective, accounting endeavours to provide information about the financial status, performance and progress of a company, and to furnish all those concerned with a true and fair view of an enterprise patrimony. Being creative in the field of accounting expresses a professional's freedom to use the means which allow them to describe enterprise economic facts, whereas being conventional imposes the observance of rules set up by accounting laws. Creative accounting is not an illicit practice although its being moral and ethical still raises questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the legal framework of our country, economic units are responsible for organizing the management accounting adjusted to the specific activity. Economic and social transformations after 1989 led to significant changes in financial accounting, this being in a continuous process of harmonization with the principles, rules, conventions and accounting standards in countries with developed market economy. Legal framework in our country favored and still favors notable changes in accounting doctrine. So, improvements were made to the accounting system through its harmonization with the Fourth Directive of the EEC and International Accounting Standards. According to the Regulations of the Accounting Act no. 82/1991 republished, economic units are bound to organize accounting, optionally being only concrete way of organizing it according to the specific activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Socialinių Mokslų Studijos is the property of Mykolas Romeris University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences is the property of Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudos de Sociologia is the property of Universidade Estadual Paulista and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The leap into the globalization era is not possible without remarkable progress in the generalization of some rules and norms accepted by the accountants in different countries. The relevance of the accounting information in the knowledge of the company's patrimonial situation is not only a problem of economic theory, but also of accounting law. Beyond the norms regarding the meaning threshold and the axioms of the economic sciences there appear aspects of contractual nature. The most accurate, systematized and representative data can be obtained only from accounting. The managers and members of the Board will want to obtain by this means as much information as possible, sometimes exceeding the natural capacity of the bookkeeping. For such situations, the accounting law as border discipline will have a word to say. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accounting information relevance for company patrimony approach is both an economic theoretical issue and an accounting law one. Apart from the norms regarding significance breakeven and economic axiom, contractual aspects are also important. The most precise, organized and significant data can be obtained only from accounting. In this way, managers and administrators would like to get information as much as possible ignoring the real capacity of accounting. For this kind of situations, it is the accounting law that puts things into light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of the debate analysis from the last decades on the relationship between accounting and taxation, independence or dependence of the accounting rules from the tax ones and taking into consideration that the independence of the two leads to permanent and even significant differences between the accounting and tax profit, I found that certain terms are regulated differently in accounting legislation in our country compared to fiscal one or the legislation in the economic field. Taken from this perspective the main objective of this scientific approach is the identification of accounting and tax legislative nonconformities and the proposal of the ways to solve them so as to eliminate, where possible, differentiated professional interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of the key business regulatory reforms in effect in New Zealand in 2014. Topics include the Accounting Infrastructure Reform Bill, the Commerce (Cartels and Other Matters) Amendment Bill, and the Companies and Limited Partnerships Amendment Bill. Information is provided on the changes made to consumer law in New Zealand.

The article focuses on audit quality in New Zealand in 2014. Topics include how audit quality is measured in New Zealand, auditors' focus on accounting error discovery, and the objective independence of auditors. Information is provided on auditing standards in New Zealand and the role of the legal system in auditing.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including accounting convergence in Colombia, Law 1314/2009, and the so-called accounting industry that includes companies and regulatory and supervisory agencies.

Copyright of Metalurgia is the property of Fundatia Metalurgia Romana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Metalurgia is the property of Fundatia Metalurgia Romana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)