Search

Wheat powdery mildew possesses a significant threat to wheat crops not only on a global scale but also in the northern region of Pakistan. Recognizing the need for effective measures, the exploration and utilization of exotic germplasm take on critical importance. To address this, a series of trials were made to investigate the response of 30 European (EU) lines, in addition to the local checks (Siran, Atta-Habib (AH) and Ghanimat-e-IBGE) against wheat powdery mildew at the Himalayan region of Pakistan. The study involved field testing from 2018 to 2022 across multiple locations, resulting in 38 different environments (location × year). In addition to field evaluations, molecular genotyping was also performed. The disease was absent on the tested lines during 2018, 2019, and 2020 whereas it ranged from 0 to 100% at Chitral location during 2021, where 100% was observed only for one EU wheat line “Matrix.” The disease prevailed only at Gilgit location (0–60% for EU wheat line “F236”) and at Nagar location (0–10% for EU wheat lines Substance and Nelson) during the disease season of 2022. Most of the EU wheat lines showed very low ACI values, due to an overall low disease pressure. Matrix showed the maximum ACI (1.54) followed by Ritter (1.25) and Bli_autrichion (0.87), whereas the minimum (0.1) was for Substance, JB_Asano, and KWS_Loft followed by Canon (0.19), all exhibiting partial resistance. The molecular marker-based screening revealed that Pm38was the most prevalent and detected in 100% of wheat lines followed by Pm39(60%) and Pm8(30%). Six wheat lines (20%) possessed all three Pmgenes (Pm8, Pm38, and Pm39) concurrently. The variability observed in this study can be utilized in future breeding efforts aimed at developing resistant wheat varieties.

Background: Peptidases are a group of enzymes which catalyze the cleavage of peptide bonds. Around 2-3% of the whole genome codes for proteases and about one-third of all known proteases are serine proteases which are divided into 13 clans and 40 families. They are involved in diverse physiological roles such as digestion, coagulation of blood, fibrinolysis, processing of proteins and prohormones, signaling pathways, complement fixation, and have a vital role in the immune defense system. Based on their functions, they can broadly be divided into two classes; GASPIDs (Granule Associated Serine Peptidases involved in Immune Defense System) and Non- GASPIDs. GASPIDs, in particular are involved in immune-associated functions i.e. initiating apoptosis to kill virally infected and cancerous cells, cytokine modulation for the generation of inflammatory responses, and direct killing of pathogens through phagosomes. Methods: In this study, sequence-based characterization of these two types of serine proteases is performed. We first identified sequences by analyzing multiple online databases as well as by analyzing whole genomes of different species from different orthologous and non-orthologous species. Sequences were identified by devising a distinct criterion to differentiate GASPIDs from Non-GASPIDs. The translated version of these sequences was then subjected to feature extraction. Using these distinctive features, we differentiated GASPIDs from Non-GASPIDs by applying multiple supervised machine learning models. Results and Conclusion: Our results show that, among the three classifiers used in this study, SVM classifier coupled with tripeptide as feature method has shown the best accuracy in classification of sequences as GASPIDs and Non-GASPIDs.

Measles infection is of substantial interest to immunologists due to its paradoxical interaction with the immune system. After the acquisition of the measles infection, secondary infection plays a pivotal role in measles-related deaths. A cross-sectional study conducted between December 2018 and July 2019 is presented here. A total of one hundred children of both genders presented with measles complications were included following WHO criteria. Measles confirmation was done by quantitative determination of anti-measles antibodies (IgM) in patients’ sera while patient-related demographic data, vaccination status, and other clinical information were obtained on a separate form. The number of female patients (52%) slightly exceeded the number of males (48%). 43% of patients’ parents were illiterate, and half of the patients (50%) were from a poor background. The majority of children (76%) who presented with the complications did not receive a measles vaccine. 56% of children were breastfed while 58% received vitamin A supplements but developed complications. The elevated levels of anti-measles IgM were observed in 77% of cases. In both genders, the major complications were pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), acute diarrhea, diarrhea and LRTI, pneumonia and diarrhea, otitis media and pneumonia, myocarditis and LRTI, and pneumothorax. The majority of the infected children (n = 48) under 12 months of age had associated complications. It has been observed that the measles virus strikes early age children in the northwestern region of Pakistan, which is an alarming situation and is associated with the aforementioned complications, especially in unvaccinated children. Anti-measles IgM is an important serological parameter for early diagnosis of measles infection.

The purpose of this paper is to prove some fixed point results using JS-G-contraction on G-metric spaces, also to prove some fixed point results on Gb-complete metric space for a new contraction. Our results extend and improve some results in the literature. Moreover, some examples are presented to illustrate the validity of our results.

Abstract.In this paper, we extend the coupled coincidence point theorems for a mixed g-monotone operator F:X×X→X$F:X\times X\rightarrow X$obtained by Alotaibi and Alsulami [Fixed Point Theory Appl. (2011), article ID 44], by weakening the involved contractive condition. Two examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of our generalizations. Our result also generalizes some recent results announced in the literature. Moreover, some applications to integral equations are presented.

Granzymes are structurally related serine proteases involved in cell death and immunity. To date four out of five human granzymes have assigned orthologs in mice; however for granzyme H, no murine ortholog has been suggested and its role in cytotoxicity remains controversial. Here, we demonstrate that, as is the case for granzyme C, human granzyme H is an inefficient cytotoxin that together with their similar pattern of GrB divergence and functional similarity strongly hint to their orthologous relationship. Besides analyzing the substrate specificity profile of granzyme H by substrate phage display, substrate cleavage susceptibility of human granzyme H and mouse granzyme C was assessed on a proteome-wide level. The extended specificity profiles of granzymes C and H (i.e.beyond cleavage positions P4-P4′) match those previously observed for granzyme B. We demonstrate conservation of these extended specificity profiles among various granzymes as granzyme B cleavage susceptibility of an otherwise granzyme H/C specific cleavage site can simply be conferred by altering the P1-residue to aspartate, the preferred P1-residue of granzyme B. Our results thus indicate a conserved, but hitherto underappreciated specificity-determining role of extended protease-substrate contacts in steering cleavage susceptibility.

The purpose of this article is to introduce locally α-ζ-multivalued contraction and rational Ćirić type α-ζ-multivalued contraction in the context of F-metric spaces and prove some endpoint results. We provide a nontrivial example to show the authenticity of our main result. Our results generalize some well-known results of literature. We also present some endpoint results in both graphic F-metric spaces and ordered F-metric spaces. As an application of our main result, we investigate the solution of an integral equation.

The purpose of this paper is to utilize complex valued extended b-metric space and obtain common α-fuzzy fixed point theorems under Kannan type contractions. As application, we derive common α-fixed point results for multivalued mappings in the context of complex valued extended b-metric space.

The purpose of this paper is to define a rational orbitally (Θ,δb)-contraction and prove some new results in the context of b-metric spaces. Our results extend, generalize, and unify some known results in the literature. As application of our main result, we investigate the solution of Fredholm integral inclusion. We also provide an example to substantiate the advantage and usefulness of obtained results.

The purpose of this paper is to establish some common α-fuzzy fixed point theorems for a pair fuzzy mappings and obtain some results of literature for multivalued mappings. For it, we define the notion of generalized Θ-contractions in the context of b-metric spaces. As applications, we investigate the solutions of Volterra integral inclusions by our established results.

The aim of this paper is to define fuzzy contraction in the context of complex valued extended b-metric space and prove fuzzy fixed-point results. Our results improve and extend certain recent results in literature. Moreover, we discuss an illustrative example to highlight the realized improvements. As application, we derive fixed-point results for multivalued mappings in the setting of complex valued extended b-metric space.

The aim of this article is to discuss the convergence of iterative sequences of the Prešić type involving new classes of operators satisfying Prešić type Θ-contractive condition in the context of metric spaces. Some examples are also provided to show the significance of the investigation of finding fixed points. Some convergence results for a class of matrix difference equations will be derived as application.

The aim of this paper is to define cyclic b-multiplicative Hardy–Rogers-type local contraction in the context of generalized spaces named as b-multiplicative spaces to extend various results of the literature including the main results of Yamaod et al. In this way, we apply a new generalized contractive condition only on a closed set instead of a whole set and by using b-multiplicative space instead of multiplicative metric space. We apply our results to obtain new results in b-metric spaces. Examples are given to show the usability of our results, when others cannot.

The aim of this paper is to introduce some generalized contractions and prove certain new fixed point results for self-mappings satisfying these contractions in the setting of F-metric space. As an application of our results, we investigate the problem of dynamic programming related to the multistage process which formulates the problems of computer programming and mathematical optimization. We also provide an example to support the validity of our main results.

In this article, we introduce Reich type contractions and (α,F)-contractions in the class of controlled metric spaces and establish some new related fixed point theorems. Our results are generalizations of some known results of literature. Some examples and certain consequences are given to illustrate significance of presented results.

Remarkable feature of contractions is associated with the concept Mizoguchi-Takahashi function. For the purpose of extension and modification of classical ideas related with Mizoguchi-Takahashi contraction, we define generalized Mizoguchi-Takahashi G-contractions and establish some generalized fixed point theorems regarding these contractions in this paper. Some applications to the construction of a fixed point of multivalued mappings in ε-chainable metric space are also discussed.

We obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of unique common fixed point of (ψ−ϕ)-weakly contractive mappings on complete rectangular metric spaces. In the process, we generalize several fixed point results from the literature. We also give an example to illustrate our work.