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Se realiza en este trabajo la caracterización estocástica de un yacimiento constituido por una secuencia de areniscas intercaladas con limolitas y lutitas. La unidad estratigráfica estudiada corresponde a la arena C4 de la formación Misoa, Campo Lama, Lago de Maracaibo (Venezuela). Se desarrolló un algoritmo de Cadenas de Markov, basado en la definición de relaciones genéticas entre litofacies en una columna estratigráfica. La aplicación del método de Monte Carlo utilizando este algoritmo en 11 pozos en el área, permitió obtener pseudo-secuencias en 20 nuevas localizaciones. El algoritmo fue capaz de modelar, apropiadamente, pseudos-secuencias estratigráficas y cuantificar la proporción relativa de facies, mostrando un 82% de certidumbre en términos del contenido relativo de sedimentos en un pozo de prueba. El mapa de arena neta generado integrando las columnas estratigráficas obtenidas de la información de pozos y las pseudo-columnas Markovianas, sugiere la presencia de cuerpos de arena con orientaciones noreste-suroeste, coincidentes con estudios geológicos previos en el área. Este mapa puede ayudar a definir zonas prospectivas en el campo. La aplicación del algoritmo indicó la existencia de memoria estratigráfica a lo largo de las columnas analizadas. El método de Columnas de Markov embebidas usado en el análisis de ciclicidad de toda el área indica que se presentan transiciones cíclicas sólo de areniscas a limolitas y de lutitas a limolitas. Por tanto, para el área de estudio, en promedio, pueden identificarse con el análisis Markoviano procesos de afinamiento hacia arriba y engrosamiento hacia arriba, como era de esperarse para el sistema deltaico dominado por mareas asociado al reservorio analizado.

We have carried out rock magnetic characterizations of different lithofacies along the stratigraphic well Saltarín 1A, in order to learn about the various diagenetic events that could have affected the Miocene sequence of the Llanos foreland basin (Colombia). Thermomagnetic and low-temperature susceptibility measurements performed on some selected samples were complemented with analyses of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition curves. The identification of the magnetic mineral assemblages at each depth level analysed, as well as their relative concentrations, were determined from a direct signal analysis (DSA) of the IRM curves. Samples from the top of the Guayabo formation reveal the presence of hydrocarbons-related microscopic framboids of pyrite with partial replacement of magnetite. The bottom of the Guayabo formation shows hematite and goethite and appears to record a thoroughly documented Middle Miocene global regression. In samples from the León formation, pyrrhotite could have resulted from an early diagenesis that took place in a lacustrine environment via sulphate reduction. Traces of crude oil in samples from the Carbonera formation, and the additional occurrence of hematite and magnetite, suggest that a hydrocarbons-mediated late diagenesis could also have affected the lowermost levels of Saltarín 1A.

In this work we present a review of our current research on the subject of near-surface hydrocarbon-induced magnetic contrasts. Samples are drill cuttings from number of Venezuelan and Colombian oil fields, and some soils from an oil prospective area. Results from rock magnetic, electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR), extractable organic matter (EOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are discussed in light of new experiments. Two types of magnetic susceptibility (MS) anomalies have been recognized in oil well samples (i.e. A and B-like). A-like anomalies are probably associated to a reducing environment caused by the underlying reservoirs, whereas B-like anomalies might reflect lithological contrasts. Samples from A-like anomalous levels reveal the restrictive presence of authigenic spherical aggregates of submicronic Fe-rich magnetic crystals. Peaks of organic matter free radical concentration (OMFRC) and EOM are also observed at depth levels that lie close to those with A-like anomalies. Hysteresis ratios Jrs/Jsand Hcr/Hccould be used as additional criteria to recognize A-like magnetic contrasts. In soil samples, MS and OMFRC anomalies coincide with peaks of ethane concentration and an area underneath where source rock has reached appropriate conditions of pressure and temperature to generate hydrocarbons (Cretaceous kitchen). Different types of crude oils and subsurface structures could have also a direct effect on the observed amplitude of A-like anomalies.