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The elasto-optic tensor elements p12and p44of glasses in the series BaO–B2O3, PbO–B2O3, BaO–P2O5, PbO–P2O5, and PbO–SiO2were measured using Brillouin spectroscopy. Densities, refractive indices, and elastic moduli were also determined. A model was also developed for the elasto-optic tensor elements based on a bond-polarizability approach, which was validated using first-principles calculations and then used to explain the compositional trends observed in the elasto-optic tensor elements. It was found that the shear elasto-optic element p44could be explained in terms of the average bond polarizability anisotropy, while the dilation response p11+ 2p12involved also the bulk cell polarizability response to volume changes.

Abstract: Acute nontraumatic testicular problems are common in children. Currently the most successful imaging modality for the demonstration of these abnormalities is ultrasound. The most important information gathered from the ultrasound study is whether or not the patient will need surgery. This is dependent on whether blood flow to the testicle is present or absent. This article reviews the most common causes of acute nontraumatic testicular conditions and presents a summary flow chart to help simplify imaging findings and correlate these to patient disposition.

Over recent years, it has been established that the incorporation of metallic particles into a ceramic matrix can lead to enhanced fracture properties. Relatively few attempts, however, have been made to establish whether or not the improved fracture toughness typically observed in such composite systems can offer improved performance in demanding environments. The current study is concerned with the thermal shock behaviour of a ceramic matrix composite consisting of an alumina matrix containing 20vol% of discrete iron particles. The composite material has been produced by both hot pressing and conventional sintering techniques. The hot pressed composite shows a greater resistance to thermal shock than the monolithic matrix, both in terms of the critical temperature differential and retained strength, whereas the sintered material has been found to behave as a typical low strength refractory ceramic. The calculation of thermal shock resistance parameters for the composites and the monolith has indicated possible explanations for the differences in thermal shock behaviour.

There is evidence that undernutrition may contribute to the reduction in plasma fibronectin concentration and the depression of the reticuloendothelial (RE) system associated with severe sepsis. We have investigated the effects of fasting, surgical trauma and sepsis on plasma fibronectin concentrations and RE function. In experiment 1, plasma fibronectin was measured in rabbits (n= 14) before and 48 h after fasting. In experiment 2, sepsis was induced by devascularization of the appendix in animals on a normal diet (sepsis group, n= 7) and in fas ted animals (fasting and sepsis group, n= 7). A third group of animals underwent only a laparotomy (laparotomy only group, n= 7). Plasma fibronectin concentrations and the blood clearance and organ distribution of 99mtechnetium tin colloid (TTC) were measured 24h after operation. Compared with pooled reference plasma, fasting in experiment 1 resulted in a reduction in mean(s.e.m.) plasma fibronectin concentration from 98(1·5) per cent to 86(3·7) per cent (T= 2, P< 0·005). Mean(s.e.m.) plasma fibronectin concentration was raised in the sepsis group to 117(4·6)per cent, compared with 97(2·5)per cent in the laparotomy only group (U= 5, P< 0·02), but there was no such increase in the fasting and sepsis group. There was a delay in the blood clearance and reduced hepatic uptake of TTC in both sepsis groups. The dissociation between fibronectin concentrations and RE function in animal models of sepsis casts doubt on the importance of fibronectin in RE function.

Severe sepsis leads to depression of the reticuloendothelial (RE) system with delayed bloodstream clearance of particulate matter and bacteria. Fibronectin may be an important opsonin of the RE system and low fibronectin levels often accompany severe sepsis in man. We have investigated the effect of prolonged intra-abdominal sepsis on plasma fibronectin concentrations and RE function. Serial plasma fibronectin concentrations were determined in rabbits for 2 weeks after either the induction of sepsis (appendix abscess) (n= 6) or laparotomy only (n= 6). RE function was measured at 2 weeks by determining the clearance kinetics and organ distribution of low dose technetium tin colloid (TTC). There was an early transient depression in plasma fibronectin values followed by elevated concentrations at 48–72 h which were more marked in the sepsis group. There was a delay in the blood clearance with reduced hepatic and increased bone uptake of TTC. We conclude that depletion of opsonic fibronectin is unlikely to be an important factor contributing to the impairment of RE function associated with intra-abdominal sepsis and that RE depression in septic animals is due to intrinsic Kupffer cell dysfunction.

Colonic complications are rare in acute pancreatitis. Over the last 9 years at St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK, we have managed severe acute pancreatitis by intensive supportive therapy followed by sub-total pancreatic resection and/or debridement in those who fail to improve. Of the 22 patients who have undergone this form of surgery, nine were found to have colonic involvement in the form of either necrosis or perforation. In addition, one patient presenting at West Middlesex University Hospital, Isleworth, UK, had severe acute pancreatitis and almost total colonic necrosis as an unexpected finding at emergency laparotomy. These ten patients comprised seven men and three women of median age 59 years and with a median of four Ranson criteria. In seven patients, colonic involvement was discovered at the time of pancreatic surgery or laparotomy for pancreatitis and in the remainder it presented between 1 and 3 weeks later as either a faecal fistula (n= 2) or persistent abdominal sepsis (n= 1). The ascending colon was involved in one patient, the splenic flexure and descending colon in one, the transverse colon in three, the splenic flexure alone in four, and one patient had almost total colonic involvement. All patients underwent resection of the involved colon and exteriorization with either a proximal colostomy (n= 7) or ileostomy (n= 3) and a distal mucous fistula. Pathological examination of the resected colons revealed a spectrum of changes from pericolitis through to ischaemic necrosis suggesting at least two possible mechanisms. Six patients died from overwhelming sepsis between 1 day and 4 weeks (median 11 days) after colonic resection. Severe acute pancreatitis must be recognized as a cause of colonic ischaemia and necrosis; this complication is associated with a very poor prognosis despite surgical intervention.

Splenectomy is performed routinely during distal pancreatectomy, yet the spleen has an important role in host defence and can often be preserved. A personal series of 100 distal pancreatectomies undertaken for pancreatic disease between 1978 and 1990 included 23 patients undergoing total pancreatic resection. The remaining 77 patients, who form the basis of the present report, underwent primary distal pancreatectomy and comprised 34 women and 43 men with a median age of 41 years (range 17–78 years). Conventional distal pancreatectomy including splenectomy was performed in 42 patients (55 per cent) for chronic pancreatitis (34 patients), pancreatic neoplasia (six patients), suspected pancreatitis (one patient) or pancreatitic trauma (one patient). Conservative resection with splenic preservation was performed in 35 patients (45 per cent) for chronic pancreatitis (12 patients), suspected pancreatitis (13 patients, including eight patients with pancreas divisum), pancreatic neoplasia (six patients), recurrent acute pancreatitis (two patients) and pancreatic trauma (two patients). There were no postoperative deaths in either group. Early complications followed conventional resection in 10 patients (24 per cent) and conservative resection in seven patients (20 per cent). In five patients the splenic vessels were ligated away from the splenic hilum and the spleen was left in situ, but subsequent isotope scans and haematological indices showed no hyposplenism. The spleen can safely be preserved in many distal pancreatic resections, including those for inflammatory disease, and we now prefer a retrograde technique for dissecting the pancreas off the splenic vessels.

Severe sepsis leads to depression of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) with delayed bloodstream clearance of particulate matter and bacteria. Splenectomy results in increased susceptibility to infection with encapsulated organisms but its effect on the resistance to postoperative Gram-negative infection has been little studied. We have investigated the effect of splenectomy on RES function by measurement of plasma fibronectin concentrations and bacterial clearance in the presence and absence of sepsis. In experiment 1, rabbits underwent splenectomy (n=8) or laparotomy only (n=8) 4 weeks before a second laparotomy. In experiment 2, animals had either splenectomy (n=8) or laparotomy only (n=8) followed 4 weeks later by devascularization of the appendix (sepsis). Plasma fibronectin concentrations and the blood clearance and organ distribution of an intravenous injection of 75Se-labelled viable Escherichia coli (2–3 × 108colony forming units (c.f.u.)) were measured 24 h after the second operation. Splenectomy resulted in: (1) a persistent reduction in plasma fibronectin concentration in the presence and absence of sepsis, and (2) a delay in the bloodstream clearance with reduced hepatic (Kupffer cell) uptake of E. coliwhich was exaggerated in the septic splenectomized animal. It is concluded that the spleen may be important for Gram-negative bacterial clearance, possibly related to its influence on plasma fibronectin concentration and Kupffer cell function.

To demonstrate any difference in outcome between patients with carcinoma at various sites within the large bowel, analysis of a large number of patients is necessary. From the Large Bowel Cancer Project, 4292 patients have been evaluated to compare mode of presentation, surgical management, pathological findings and outcome. Carcinoma at the splenic flexure was associated with the highest risk of obstruction (49 per cent); postoperative cardiopulmonary complications (36 per cent); in-hospital mortality (18 per cent); and the lowest age-adjusted 5-year survival (28 per cent), even after curative resection (38 per cent). This survival disadvantage was seen even in those without obstruction. Further, it was not accounted for by differences in age, sex, Dukes' stage or tumour differentiation between the various sites as stratification by these variables failed to alter significance (log rank χ2= 11·1; d.f. = 4; P < 0·05). Compared with carcinoma of the left colon and rectum, tumours in the right colon were more likely to be poorly differentiated and locally advanced (in terms of fixation and penetration of the bowel wall) but were not associated with a higher risk of either distant spread at presentation or local recurrence. Age-adjusted 5-year survival following curative surgery was higher for the right colon (65 per cent) than the left (59 per cent).

Non-operative management of acute necrotizing pancreatitis carries a mortality of up to 80 per cent. Over the last 6 years we have pursued an aggressive policy of intensive supportive therapy followed by pancreatic resection in those patients with this severe form of the disease. We have managed 15 patients in this way, 14 by subtotal pancreatic resection (usually body and tail of the gland) and one by total pancreatectomy; 7 had early overwhelming multi-system failure with a median of 4 positive prognostic factors whilst 8 were operated on later between 3 and 8 weeks (plus one at 32 weeks) and had varying clinical pictures. Eight patients had ischaemia of the transverse colon which was noted at operation in four, and presented postoperatively in the remainder. Re-operation was necessary in 13 patients to remove further slough or resect ischaemic bowel. Five patients (33 per cent) died between 10 days and 4 weeks postoperatively, death being due to sepsis and multi-system failure in four and a massive retroperitoneal haemorrhage in one. of the ten survivors, four require insulin. Timely excision of necrotic pancreatic tissue combined with intensive supportive therapy may help reduce the high mortality in this condition.

We report the long-term follow-up of lesions of the articular surface of the elbow joint in a group of 12 young gymnasts. There was a high incidence of osteochondritic lesions, intraarticular loose bodies, and precocious signs of joint aging. The prognosis of elbow joint articular surface lesions in these athletes is not good, with only one athlete being able to continue high-level activity at maturity.

Patients were evaluated before and after arterial reconstruction surgery (1) to define the physiology of the digital microcirculation in chronic subcritical ischemia, (2) to demonstrate the short-term effects of successful arterial reconstruction on microvascular flow, and (3) to document the effects of surgery on symptoms, function, and health-related quality of life. Arterial insufficiency was the result of a proximal reconstructible occlusive lesion, 1 or more distal unreconstructible occlusions, and secondary reactive vasospasm. Microvascular physiology was evaluated by monitoring digital temperatures, microvascular perfusion (laser Doppler fluxmetry) and perfusion patterns (laser Doppler perfusion patterns (laser Doppler perfusion imaging). Following successful vascular reconstruction, digital temperatures and microvascular perfusion improved significantly, approaching control levels. Although cold sensitivity was unchanged, symptoms decreased and upper extremity function and health-related quality of life improved after successful proximal reconstruction in patients with 2-level arterial occlusion.

High Tech America: The What, How, Where and Why of Sunrise Industries, A. MARKUSEN, P. HALL and A. GLASMEIER, George Allen and Unwin, Hemel Hempstead, Herts. (1986). xvii + 227 pp. £20.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 04 338139 1.Handbook of Urban and Regional Economics, P. NIJKAMP (Ed.), North-Holland, Amsterdam (1986). xxii + 702 pp. US$ 65.00/Dfl. 215.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 444 87969 2.Energy, Planning and Urban Form, S. OWENS, Pion, London (1987). 118 pp. £9.00 (pbk). ISBN 0 850 861187.Land at the Centre: Choices in a Fast-Changing World, J. C. HOLLIDAY, Shepheard-Walwyn, London (1986). xiii + 241 pp. £7.95 (pbk). ISBN 0 05683 084 4.Lay Participation in a Local Public Inquiry: A Sociological Case Study, N. HUTTON, Gower, Aldershot, Hants. (1986). x + 203 pp. £18.50 (hbk). ISBN 0 566 05192 3.The Designation of Cumbernauld New Town: A Case Study of Central-Local Government Relationships in Scotland During the 1950s, C. CARTER and M. KEATING, Open University, Social Sciences Working Paper 2, Milton Keynes (1986). 100 pp. £2.50. No ISBN given.Western Europe: Economic and Social Studies, R. KING, Harper & Row, London (1987). x + 222 pp. £6.95 (pbk). ISBN 0 06 318364 1.The British Transport Industry and the European Community, P. MACKIE, D. SIMON and A. WHITEING, Gower, Aldershot, Hants. (1987). xvi + 184 pp. £22.50 (hbk). ISBN 0 566 05368 3.Jura Separatism in Switzerland, J. R. G. JENKINS, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1987). xv + 221 pp. £25.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 19 823247 0.Uneven Development and Regionalism: State, Territory and Class in Southern Europe, C. HADJIMICHALIS, Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent (1986). 343 pp. £29.95 (hbk). ISBN 0 7099 3700 8.West European Population Change, A. FINDLAY and P. WHITE (Eds.), Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent (1986). xv + 253 pp., £25.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 7009 3667 2.Decentralization and Change in Contemporary France, M. KEATING and P. HAINSWORTH, Gower, Aldershot, Hants. (1986). 143 pp. £17.50 (hbk). ISBN 0 566 05206 7.Self-Reliant Development in Europe, M. BASSAND, E. A. BRUGGER, J. M. BRYDEN, J. FRIEDMAN and B. STUCKEY (Eds.), Gower, Aldershot, Hants. (1986). vi + 234 pp. £17.50 (hbk). ISBN 0 566 05095 1.Contemporary Studies of Migration: Proceedings of the Second British-Dutch Symposium on Population Geography, 1983, B. VAN DER KNAAP and P. WHITE (Eds.), Geo Books, Norwich (1986). 184 pp. No price given. ISBN 0 96094 192 2.

Localities, Class and Geneder L. MURGATROYD, M. SAVAGE, D. SHAPIRO, J. URRY. S. WALBY, A. WARDE with J. MARK-LAWSON Pion, London (1985). 238 pp. £12.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 85086 115 2.The London Employment Problem, N. BUCK, I. GORDON, K. YOUNG with J. ERMISCH and L. MILLS, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1986). xvi 213 pp. £7.95 (pbk). ISBN 0 19 823263 2.Attracting Private Investment of to the Inner City: The Hackney Demonstration Project, D. A. HART, The Joint Centre for Land Development Studies, Reading (1984). ii 66pp. £5.50. No ISBN given.Urban Growth and Change in Britain, P. LAWLESS AND F. BROWN, Harper and Row, London (1986). 247 pp. £7.95 (pbk). ISBN 0 06 318336 6.Judges and the Cities, G. L. CLARK, University of Chicago Press, London (1986). xv 247 pp. £21.25 (hbk). ISBN 0 226 10753 1.Planning, Politics and Communications, G. L. WOODCOCK, Gower, Aldershot, Hants. (1986). ix 235 pp. £1 6.50 (hbk). ISBN 0 566 00833 5.A World in Crisis?: Geographical Perspectives, R. JOHNSTON and P. J. TAYLOR (Eds.), Basil Blackwel Oxford (1986). vii 308 pp. £27.50 (hbk). £8.50 (pbk) ISBN 0 631 13466 2 (hbk). ISBN 0 631 13524 3 (pbk)The Geography of Peace and War, D. PEPPER and A. JENKINS (Eds.), Basil Blackwell, Oxford (1985). 222 pp. £24.50 (hbk). £7.95 (pbk). ISBN 0631 1355 9 6 (hbk). ISBN 0 631 140697 (pbk).Industrialisation in Developing and Peripheral Regions, I. HAMILTON, Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent (1986). 363 pp. £27.95. ISBN 0 7099 3827 6.Technical Change, Industrial Restructuring and Regional Development, A. AMIN and J. B. GODDARD (Eds.), George Allen & Unwin, Hemel Hempstead, Herts. (1986). xii 291 pp. £25.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 04 338131 6.Multinationals and the Restructuring of the World Economy, M. TAYLOR and N. THRIFT (Eds.) Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent (1986). 389 pp. £29.95 (hbk). ISBN 0 7099 2457 7.Methematical Methods in Human Geography and Planning, A. G. WILSON and R. J. BENNETT, Wiley, Chichester (1985). xvi 411 pp. £29.95 (hbk). ISBN 0 471 10521 X.Microcomputers for Local Government Planning and Management, P. W. NEWTON and M. A. P. TAYLOR (Eds.). Hargreen, Melbourne (1986). xv 272 pp. A$ 39.95 ISBN 0 949905 26 7.Quantitative Methods for Planing and Urban Studies, B. J. SIMPSON, Gower, Aldershot, Hants. (1985). ix 166 pp. £18.50 (hbk). ISBN 0 566 00843 2.

All 10,611 members of IAS received a member survey form during late August or early September of 1994. By early November, 2,470 responses were received from about 23% of the members. The responses were analyzed by a management professor who conducts survey research, Paul Swamidass, who provided a report to the IAS Council on March 22, 1995. This article is based on the Swamidass report with additional interpretation by 1992 IAS President Dayne Aldridge.<>

LOGIC AND SCIENCEW. KNORR, The ancient tradition of geometric problems. Boston, Basel, Stuttgart:Birkhauser, 1986. ix+411 pp., 9 plts. SFr 128.D. PEARCE, Roads to commensurability. Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster, and Tokyo: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1987. xi + 253 pp. £46/$59.RAFFAELLA SIMILI [ed.], Logica, metodo e scienze in Gran Bretagna (1860-1930). Turin: Loescher, 1986. 272 pp. 16 000 Lire.LOGIC AND SCIENCESEPPO SAJAMA and MATTI KAMPPINEN. A historical introduction to phenomenology. London, New York, Sydney: Croom Helm, 1987. vii + 131 pp. £22.50 (hardback)/£8.95 (paperback).GRAHAM MACDONALD and CRISPIN WRIGHT (eds.), Fact, science and morality: Essays on A. J. Ayer's Language, truth and logic. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986. 314 pp. £27.50.BARRY GOWER (ed.). Logical positivism in perspective: Essays on Language, truth and logic. London Croom Helm, 1987. viii + 129 pp. £20.00.CHRISTOPHER CHERNIAK, Minimal rationality. Cambridge, Mass.: Bradford and MIT Press, 1986. x+ 161 pp. £19.95.RADU J. BOGDAN (ed.) Jaakko Hintikka. (Projiles, volume 8.) Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1987. 382 pp. US$89.LOGIC AND SCIENCEE. J. REULAND and A. G. B. TER MEULEN (eds.), The representation of (in) definiteness.Cambridge, (Mass.) and London: M.I.T. Press, 1987. xiv+ 344 pp. £27.50.E. F. KITTAY, Metaphor: its cognitive force and linguistic structure. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. x + 358 pp. £35.00.

The radiographic appearances are reported of chronic stress to the wrist joints of eight adolescent males, seven gymnasts and one roller skater. These consist of bilateral, asymmetrical widening and irregularity of the distal radial growth plates with an ill-defined cystic appearance, sclerosis and flaring of the metaphyses in all eight cases. Similar but less marked changes were present in the distal ulnar growth plates in five cases. The aetiology is thought to be that of a Salter Type I stress fracture of the growth plate due to chronic repetitive shear forces applied to the hyperextended wrist joint. Rapid healing of the stress fracture will occur with cessation of the sporting activity but continued strenuous use of the wrists will result in further widening and irregularity of the growth plate. The differential diagnosis of the radiographic appearances and previous literature are discussed.

The radiological changes of chronic stress injuries of the elbow in 19 adolescent elite gymnasts are reported. The principal abnormalities were avascular necrosis of the capitellar epiphysis (Panner's disease) (one patient), post-traumatic subarticular necrosis (osteochondritis dissecans) of the capitellum (six patients) and the medial articular eminence of the distal humerus (one patient). Flattening and anterior depression of the radial head epiphysis with an underlying metaphyseal notch associated with an epiphyseal cleft (three patients), which, in one patient who continued training, developed into a chronic Salter Type IV stress fracture. A further patient, post-epiphyseal fusion, showed osteochondritis dissecans of the anterior aspect of the radial head. Seven patients exhibited a spectrum of olecranon changes from fragmentation of the epiphysis to chronic Salter Type I stress fractures of the growth plate. A follow-up survey found that, of those who responded to a questionnaire, nearly all the patients with articular surface damage failed to continue with competitive gymnastics whereas those with olecranon abnormalities were able to continue gymnastics at the same level. The mechanism of injury and the pathological changes are discussed.

Reports on the effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement on the Mexican towns of Puerto Palomas and Columbus in the form of international cooperation on education, health, economic development and infrastructure projects. Data on the two towns; Partial list of NAFTA benefits; Activities to attract new businesses; Developing of unique relationships across the border.

Dimethylpolysiloxanes, which are difficult to determine in fatty foods, can be separated at low temperatures by special freeze-out apparatus. Final determination is made by atomic absorption, visible or ultraviolet spectrometry. Recoveries from cottonseed oil and cake mix ranged from 95% to 110%.

Abstract: Dimethylpolysiloxanes, which are difficult to determine in fatty foods, can be separated at low temperatures by special freeze-out apparatus. Final determination is made by atomic absorption, visible or ultraviolet spectrometry. Recoveries from cottonseed oil and cake mix ranged from 95% to 110%.

Describes the professional golf management program at the School of Business Administration and Economics at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces. Establishment of the program in 1988; Job placements for program graduates; Curriculum; Students' participation in cooperatives where they work on different golf courses in the United States; Student requirements.