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The energy loss during the beating cilia phenomenon in the human stomach causing acidity in the blood flow under certain conditions has been a serious topic in the modern medical field. In the current study, authors have focused the entropy generation effects and irreversibility comparison on the flow of cilia generated metachronal waves of Cu-blood nanofluid through a curved channel by considering the effects of viscous dissipation and externally applied magnetic field. Due to the complex nature of the stream regime, curvilinear coordinates system is taken into consideration to present the constitutive expressions for bi-dimensional flow. Due to metachronal waves generated due to row wise beating cilia, authors have employed the constraints like large wave number so that the uniform pressure can be assumed over the cross section and the low Reynolds number to neglect the inertial forces. Unsteady flow of the problem producing partial differential equations is made steady by transforming it from a fixed frame to the wave frame of reference which finally provides the system of coupled ordinary differential equations along with cilia oriented non-homogeneous boundary conditions. This system has been solved analytically by incorporating a perturbation technique (HPM) to get the expressions for velocity, stream functions, pressure gradient and thermal profile. In the whole analysis, key findings are: The magnetic field reduces the flow speed in left side of the channel but increases the temperature of the system in the whole region. Entropy of the system can be reduced by diminishing the magnetic field effects and viscous dissipation, also the magnetic field is affecting the flow in the sense of contracting the bolus size. It is concluded that entropy due to thermal transfer is less than that of the whole system. More studies on the topic can be developed by considering the microorganism effects in three dimensional geometries with cilia at the boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research work is to present a numerical study through artificial neural networks (ANNs) to solve a SIQ-based COVID-19 mathematical model using the effects of lockdown. The effects of lockdown are considered to the three-dimensional mathematical model, "susceptible", "infective" and "quarantined", i.e. the SIQ system. ANNs and Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation (LMB) are used to present the numerical analyses of the SIQ system-based COVID-19. Three different types of authentications, testing and training as sample data are applied to solve the SIQ system. Statistical ratios for the SIQ-based COVID-19 mathematical model are selected – 80% for training and 10% for both testing and authentication. The obtained numerical results of the SIQ mathematical system have been compared with the reference dataset, which is constructed through Adams solutions. The obtained numerical performances of the nonlinear SIQ dynamical model are testified with a reduction of the error in mean square sense in the range of 10−9 to 10−12. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By employing the extended hyperbolic function method (EHFM), we extract the exact solutions of the (2 + 1) -dimensional nonlinear soliton equation (SE). A soliton equation is used for investigation of the dynamics of nonlinear waves in plasma physics and fluid dynamics. A various new techniques for finding exact solutions of the (2 + 1) -dimensional nonlinear SE are satisfactorily acquired with the help of EHFM. The EHFM presents various types of new solutions in the form of dark, singular, periodic, bright solitons and some rational function solutions. In addition, for the physical characterization of the acquired solutions of (2+1)-dimensional SE, some 2 - d i m and 3 - d i m plots are drawn. The attained results are novel for the considered equation, and results reveal that the method is concise, direct and competent which can be assembled in other complex phenomena. • By employing the extended hyperbolic function method, the exact solutions of the (2 +1)-dimensional nonlinear soliton equation are obtained. • A soliton equation is used for the investigation of the dynamics of nonlinear waves in plasma physics and fluid dynamics. • For the physical characterization of the acquired solutions of (2+1)-dimensional SE, some 2-dim and 3-dim plots are drawn. • The attained results are novel for the considered equation, and results reveal that the method is concise, direct, and competent which can be assembled in other complex phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]