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A novel glass system B2O3–SiO2–Bi2O3–TeO2–BaO–ZnO doped with Eu2O3(x= 0–4 mol%) is fabricated through melt-quench technique and coded as BiTeEu-x. Density and refractive index measurements done on the glasses resulted in the increase up to 5.4377 gcm−3and 1.99, respectively, for 4 mol% addition of Eu2O3. Vickers micro-indentation measurements done on synthesized glasses gave increasing microhardness values with Eu3+doping due to higher bond strength of Eu–O bond compared to Te–O bond. The Phy-X/PSD simulation software utilized for obtaining radiation shielding parameters produced highest range of mass attenuation coefficient (63.878–0.036 cm2/g) and lowest range of half-value layer (0.002–3.551 cm) for the same glass proving its superiority in radiation attenuating capacity. This article addresses the theoretical analysis of photon buildup occurring inside the fabricated glasses in 0.015–15 MeV energy range with respect to different penetration depths. Neutron shielding ability of BiTeEu-4 glass was found to be impressive with fast neutron removal cross section (FNR) value of 0.10362 cm−1.

Sm3+ions incorporated Sm2Si2O7crystalline phase formed in the aluminoborosilicate glass matrix synthesized via melting quenching technique followed by heat-treatment process is reported herewith. The preliminary confirmation on the obtained glass ceramics was made through X-ray diffration (XRD) studies. Formation of non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) in the glass network and the modes of vibrations of network units were analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies. Surface morphology of heat-treated samples at varying temperatures was determined via a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The absorption studies on heat-treated samples signify the low bandgap values and high Urbach energy values due to improved crystallinity in the glass network. Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters identified for visible absorption transitions follow the trend of Ω4>Ω2>Ω6. Excitation and emission studies on heat-treated samples show improvement in their intensities compared to the unheated base glass. The thermal quenching is observed at higher temperatures (540 and 580 °C for 3 h) of heat-treated samples. Calculations based on luminescence spectra including radiative transition probability, stimulated emission cross-section and branching ratio show good results for glass ceramics prior to precursor glass. Longer lifetimes of Sm3+ ions (milliseconds) in the level 4G5/2 are seen for glass ceramics. Color coordinates suggest the reddish-orange emissions from prepared glass ceramics. Thus, Sm3+ doped Sm2Si2O7 glass ceramics are favorable materials for solid-state lighting and laser applications.

In the present study, six silicone rubber doped by tellurium borate oxides were fabricated using the casting method. The densities of the fabricated silicon rubber-doped by tellurium borate oxides samples were measured using the Archimedes Method. Moreover, the linear attenuation coefficient of silicone rubber doped tellurium borate oxides samples was evaluated experimentally using the hyper pure germanium, and the recorded linear attenuation coefficient values were affirmed using the theoretical Phy-X program. The experimental measurements were performed using the narrow beam transmission method with radioactive isotopes Am-241, Cs-137, and Co-60 with energies of 59, 661, 1173, and 1332 keV. The linear attenuation coefficient values showed an enhancement by 4.73 times, 1.20 time, 1.17, time, and 1.17 time, respectively at gamma photon energies of 59, 661, 1173, and 1332 keV, when the TeO2concentration increased in the fabricated composites from 0 to 50 wt%. The enhancement of the linear attenuation coefficient values has a positive effect on the transmission rate values where the half-value thickness and transmission rate were decreased accompanied by an increase in the RPE.

In this study, halloysite nanoparticles-doped epoxy resin was synthesised using the casting method. The MH-300A density metre revealed that the density of the fabricated composites changed from 1.132 to 1.317 g/cm3as the halloysite nanoparticle concentration increased. The Fourier transform infrared was recorded for the synthesised composites. Furthermore, the γ-ray shielding properties of the synthesised composites were evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation and a theoretical programme, XCOM. The linear attenuation coefficient of the epoxy resin increased by 43% (at γ-energy of 15 keV) and 14% (at γ-photon energy of 662 keV) when the concentration of the halloysite nanoparticles was increased from 0 wt% to 40 wt%, respectively.

The Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3glasses were shaped via the melt-quenching process. The XRD spectra reveal that the glasses are composed of amorphous material. Four distinct bands may be seen in the FTIR spectra at wavelengths between 400 and 600, 600–800, 800–1200, and 1200–1500 cm−1range. This is due to a variety of bond stretching and vibration modes present in the system. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to verify the radiation shielding capabilities. The µ values grow as the amount of Bi2O3in the manufactured glasses increases. The rise in µ values was coupled with a drop in the Δ0.5values when the Bi2O3concentration was increased. Additionally, the TF and RPE values were influenced by the enhancement in the µ values, with the RPE increasing from 34.61 to 44.42 percent and the TF values decreasing from 65.39 to 55.58 percent at 0.662 MeV when the Bi2O3concentration was increased. The study showed that raising the Bi2O3content improves the shielding capabilities. Thus, the produced glass samples, particularly BPCB25, exhibit excellent shielding capabilities, making them suitable for use in radiation shielding fields.

In this paper, we investigated different cement mortars for gamma-rays shielding. Six composite mortars were prepared by replacing fine aggregate (sand) with 0, 20, 40, 60 and 100% of cathode ray tube (CRT) glass. The composites represented by CM-CRT-0 (without CRT), CM-CRT-20, CM-CRT-40, CM-CRT-60, CM-CRT-80, and CM-CRT-100 (without sand). The mass attenuation coefficient, or MAC, of these materials has been determined experimentally at a wide range of energy ranges. At 0.060 MeV and 0.662 MeV, the samples with highest CRT concentrations had the greatest MAC values. However, at energies above 1 MeV, the opposite trend between MAC and CRT content is observed. The prepared composites' linear attenuation coefficient was also determined with the results showing that the CM-CRT-100 sample, that with the greatest concentration of CRT, is characterized at all tested energies by the optimum shielding capabilities. The half value layer (HVL) values are observed to increase with energy, with the lowest occurring at 0.060 MeV, and continuously increasing until 1.333 MeV. For example, the HVL of CM-CRT-20 is 0.616, 3.815, 5.063, and 5.408 cm at 0.060, 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333 MeV, respectively, while that of CM-CRT-60 is 0.303, 3.661, 4.972, and 5.321 cm, respectively. At 0.060 MeV, the CM-CRT-60, CM-CRT-80, and CM-CRT-100 samples have radiation absorption rate, or RAR values of close to 100%. At elevated energies like 1.173 MeV, the RAR values range between 49.24% for CM-CRT-0 to 50.93% for CM-CRT-100.

ZnO, MoS2, MoS2/ZnO/glass, and ZnO/MoS2/glass thin films have been deposited on glass substrates by chemical bath deposition techniques (CBD). XRD results confirmed the formation of MoS2, ZnO, MoS2/ZnO/glass, and ZnO/MoS2/glass films. All the films have a hexagonal structure. The grain size of heterostructured (MoS2/ZnO/glass and ZnO/MoS2/glass) films is larger than pure (ZnO and MoS2) films. The band gap energy of ZnO, MoS2, MoS2/ZnO/glass and ZnO/MoS2/glass is 3.14 eV, 1.52 eV, 1.62 eV and 2.67 eV, respectively. Photoluminescence (PL) emission peaks of ZnO are observed in the visible region. When ZnO film is deposited on MoS2film, PL peaks are shifted to smaller wavelengths. A very high PL intensity peak of MoS2is observed. When MoS2film was deposited on ZnO film the peak intensity was reduced. The average sheet resistivity of glass/MoS2, glass/ZnO, MoS2/ZnO/glass and ZnO/MoS2/glass films is 6.44 × 104, 7.89 × 103, 5.65 × 104, and 2.45 × 103(ohm-m), respectively. These materials have potential applications in perovskite solar cells.

AbstractNanocluster based drug delivery systems are very useful in modern medical treatment and interaction mechanism of desflurane (DES), isoflurane ISO), sevoflurane (SEV) over carboxyl substituted graphene-doped with O and S atoms were investigated in the present study. Different electronic and chemical properties of adsorbed desflurane, isoflurane and sevoflurane with nanoclusters are analyzed. To track the drugs, SERS is used as an efficient method and drug’s detection was analyzed using SERS. DES’s energy over GQD-S is greater than that over GQD-O nanocluster and for ISO and SEV, adsorption energies over the O/S nanoclusters are same. The title drugs work on the reactives sites and got adsorbed. For ISO, there is an increase in fluorine atom charges and for DES and SEV, the fluorine atom charge decreases due to adsorption in both O/S nanoclusters. Changes in chemical descriptors are identified for the sensing property of drug-nanoclusters.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

The preparation of suitable materials with satisfactory nuclear and mechanical properties to shield the ionizing radiation is a major concern in design the radiation protection. In this work, a group of heavy concrete samples were prepared containing varying concentrations of Tungsten oxide, and the mechanical and radiation shielding properties of the resulting samples was studied using theoretical and experimental techniques. Good agreement between the experimental test and the theoretical data was confirmed at all examined energies. Using WO3in the present concretes increases the density of specimens as well as the photons shielding capability. The increase in the amount of WO3caused a reduction in the half value layer and an increase in the radiation protection efficiency for the prepared concretes. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) for the control concrete reduces from 0.665 to 0.127 cm−1over the selected energy range, while it is reduced from 1.803 to 0.134 cm−1and from 2.014 to 0.138 cm−1for Conc-1 and Conc-2 samples. The mean free path results demonstrated that all the specimens with additive materials (i.e. WO3and barite) have lower MFP than the control concrete. Thus, incorporating WO3and barite into the concrete significantly decreases the MFP of the specimens. The high-density concrete (i.e. Conc-5) absorbs gamma photons more efficaciously than the lower density samples. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) for Concr-5 is 99% at 0.122 MeV, which suggests that this concrete can stop almost all the incoming photons with low energy.

In the current study, the PbO compound was used in order to optimize the gamma-ray shielding properties of the polypropylene polymers. A series of polypropylene doped PbO were performed using various PbO concentrations varied between 0 and 50 wt%. The experimental measurement for the density of the fabricated sample showed that the samples’ density varied between 0.902 ± 0.004 and 1.645 ± 0.007 g/cm3, raising the PbO doping concentration between 0 wt% and 50 wt%. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscope was utilized to illustrate the distribution and morphology of the fabricated polypropylene doped PbO concentrations. The gamma-ray shielding capacity of the fabricated polypropylene doped PbO was examined and evaluated experimentally using a sodium iodide scintillation detector and different point sources in the gamma-ray energy interval between 0.059 and 1.408 MeV. The experimental results were affirmed via the Geant4 code, which depended on the Monte Carlo simulation. The difference recorded between the experimental and Geant4 calculations for the fabricated samples shielding properties was lies in between ±4%. The recorded linear attenuation coefficient at gamma-ray energy of 0.244 MeV varied between 0.1148 and 0.5837 cm−1, raising the PbO doping concentration between 0 wt% and 50 wt%. Moreover, the half-value thickness decreased with increasing the PbO doping ratio.

The melt quenching process have been used to fabricate the PbO–B2O3–CuO–CaO glass samples. The density increases with the inclusion of PbO to the samples. The optical band gap decreases as PbO mol% concentration rises. With the rise in PbO concentration, the refractive index, dielectric constant, and optical dielectric constant increase from 2.141 to 2.248, 4.583 to 5.052, and 3.583 to 4.052, respectively. The selected glass samples were found to be non-metallic in nature. The radiation shielding features were reported using EpiXS software from 0.122 to 1.458 MeV. The mass attenuation coefficient (μm) decreases as the sample constituent PbO is replaced with B2O3. The 50PbO–20B2O3–15CuO–15CaO glass sample, which is denoted by A4, has the highest μmin all photon energy. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) drops dramatically while the energy increases from 0.122 to 1.458 MeV. The RPE of all glass samples is virtually 1 at 0.122 MeV, implying that they can all block all incoming radiation of 0.122 MeV. The prepared glasses possess promising radiation shielding properties. The largest relative reduction in transmission (RRT) values have been recorded to be 82% at 0.122 MeV. At low energies, the effect of PbO on photon transmission through the glass is significant, but as the energy increases, the effect of PbO on photon transmission decreases.

AbstractLetrozole and metronidazole are two commonly used drugs for the management of breast cancer and parasitic infections, respectively. This manuscript attempts to study their structure, geometry, search for stable conformers using relaxed potential energy scan, spectral properties, quantum mechanical properties like energy and reactivity descriptors, intra molecular electron transfer properties, non-linear properties etc using various computational tools. It is found that these compounds will form a self-assembly with graphene sheets and fullerenes and exhibit a surface-enhanced Raman spectra and enhancement in non-linear optical properties when compared to the single molecule. The electronic absorption behavior of the compounds was studied using TD-DFT method. Global chemical reactivity descriptors and activity sites toward electrophilic and nucleophilic attack have been discussed. Studies of intra molecular electron transfer gave information about the relative stability of the compounds. Molecular docking studies indicate that the pure compounds and their self-assemblies with graphene have excellent biological activities.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

The effect of PbO addition with different concentrations on four synthesized zinc titanium borate glasses with the chemical formula xPbO-(75-x) B2O3-10ZnO-10BaO-5TiO2(x=30, 35, 40, and 45 mol%) was explored in this study. The partial PbO substitution for B2O3increases the fabricated glasses' density by ≈ 20% from 5.31 to 6.37 g/cm3, respectively, with raising the PbO concentrations between 30-45 mol.%, respectively. Besides, the substitution mentioned above enhances the gamma-ray attenuation properties where the linear attenuation coefficient increased between 69.911-102.245 cm−1(at 0.033 MeV), 0.341-0.415 cm−1(at 1 MeV), and 0.200-0.262 cm−1(at 10 MeV), increasing the PbO concentration between 30-45 mol.%, respectively. Simultaneously, increases in the PbO concentration within the fabricated glasses decrease the lead’s equivalent thickness between 3.82-2.61 cm (at 0.033 MeV), 2.35-1.93 cm (at 1 MeV), and 2.81-2.14 cm (at 10 MeV). In contrast, substituting PbO for B2O3compounds diminishes the fabricated glasses' mechanical properties, where the microhardness decreased by 13.5 % from 4.24-3.67 GPa. The lead equivalent thickness (Deq) values at 0.66 MeV were found equal to 2.410, 2.232, 2.078, and 1.945 cm, and at 1.112 MeV, these values were found equal to 2.222, 2.081, 1.956, and 1.829 cm for G1, G2, G3, and G4, respectively.

The current study investigated Saudi Arabian oil fly ash impacts on Egyptian clay bricks' structural and radiation shielding properties. To produce the required bricks, crushed clay minerals from the Hafafit area were mixed with 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 % wt.% Saudi Arabian oil fly ash and pressed at a pressure rate of 68.55 MPa. Identification of the minerals in the chosen clay was achieved via X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the material's morphology and chemical composition were determined through scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray. The fabricated bricks' density was reduced by 36.3 % through increasing the concentration of fly ash from 0 to 40 wt%. Then, the fly ash addition's influence on the fabricated clay bricks' γ-ray shielding properties was investigated by Monte Carlo simulation, which found a reduction in the fabricated bricks' linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) by 41.2, 36.0, 33.8, and 33.8 % at the 0.059, 0.103, 0.662, and 1.252 MeV γ-ray energies, respectively. The LAC reduction caused an increase in the fabricated bricks' half-value thickness, transmission factor, and the equivalent thickness of the lead. Moreover, the thicker fabricated sample thicknesses were found to have high γ-ray shielding capacity and can thus be used in radiation shielding applications.

The current study aims to develop new clay bricks doped with metallic waste for radiation shielding applications. The aforementioned new bricks were fabricated with various metallic waste concentrations under a pressure rate reaching ≈114 MPa and firing temperature of 1100 °C. The impacts of the metallic waste and the firing temperature on the developed brick samples' physical, radiation shielding, and structural properties were studied. In order to identify the fabricated bricks' mineral content, the X-ray diffraction pattern was used. Additionally, the fabricated bricks' porosity and density were experimentally determined, where the porosity was reduced by 28.03%, while their densities increased by ≈ 10.5% by raising the concentration of metallic waste. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) for the developed brick was investigated experimentally using a NaI (Tl) scintillation detector over the 0.033–1.408 MeV energy interval. The measured LAC values were enhanced by increasing the concentrations of metallic waste within the fabricated bricks over the examined energy interval. The fabricated brick's LAC enhancement improves the gamma-ray shielding characteristics. Therefore, the fabricated bricks are a cheap and suitable choice for radiation protection applications.

The amorphous glasses containing PbO, ZnO, MgO, and B2O3have been fabricated using the melt quenching technique. The structural properties have been analysed using the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. Derivative of Absorption Spectra Fitting (DASF) method have been used to estimate the band gap energy from the UV–Vis absorption data which decreases from 3.02 eV to 2.66 eV with increasing the concentration of the PbO.The four glass samples 0.284 and 0.826 MeV showed unique variations in terms of gamma attenuation ability. LZMB4 glass sample proved to be the mist effective in terms of shielding of gamma radiation as it requires little distance compared to LZMB3, LZMB2 and LZMB1 to attenuate. RPE revealed a raise with increase in the thickness of the material and reduces as the energy raises. TF is superior in LZMB1 compared to LZMB2, LZMB3 and LZMB4, confirming that, LZMB4 will attenuate better. The ZEffof the materials was seen falling as the energy increases, confirming that the linear attenuation coefficient of the glass materials decreases when the energy is increased. The results confirmed that, glass material LZMB4 is the best option especially for gamma radiation shielding applications compared to LZMB3, followed by LZMB2, then LZMB1.

This investigation developed a novel polyester composite based on the addition of zinc oxide (ZnO) of different sizes. We prepared nine samples Containing different percentages and sizes of ZnO as well as the control sample (Pol-ZnO0). The attenuation factors of Pol-micro ZnO were estimated using Phy-x software, while the HPGe detector and various gamma sources were used to experimentally measure the all-prepared composites. In terms of the two methods for micro composites, good agreement was observed. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) of Pol-ZnO20, Pol-ZnO40, and Pol-ZnO60, two more samples one with ZnO nanoparticles instead of microparticles, and the other with half microparticles and half nanoparticles (referenced as 0.5 M + 0.5 N) were determined. For all the Polyester composites and energies, the mixture of microparticles and nanoparticles had greater LAC values than each of the particles on their own. For example, the LAC values for the Pol-ZnO20 polymer at 1.330 MeV are 0.0836, 0.0888, and 0.0903 cm−1for the microparticles, nanoparticles, and mixture, respectively. The values of the prepared polymer samples' radiation protection efficiency (RPE) against energy with a thickness of 2 cm was determined experimentally. The Pol-ZnO60 0.5 M + 0.5 N sample has the highest RPE out of all the samples, followed by its nanoparticle counterpart, and then its microparticle counterpart. On the other hand, the Pol-ZnO0 sample, the polymer with no ZnO content, at all energies has the lowest RPE, followed by the three Pol-ZnO20 samples.

This research focuses on the preparation of a new glass system designed specifically for applications in radiation shielding materials. These glasses are based on the general formula (56-x)B2O3-10TiO2-8BaO-27ZnO-(x-1)Nd2O3, where x takes the values of 2, 4, 6 and 8 mol%. For the examination of the designed glasses' radiation attenuation performance, Phy-X software was used, which is a useful approach for predicting the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), the half value layer (HVL), and effective atomic number. The LAC decreases from 1.489 cm-1to 0.551 cm-1for the glass with x=1 mol%, while the glass with 7 mol% Nd2O3saw a decrease in the LAC from 2.483 cm-1to 0.718 cm-1. Introducing Nd2O3increases the glasses' LAC, suggesting enhanced radiation shielding performance. Also, Nd2O3addition influences the HVL within the glasses, with higher content reducing the HVL. At 0.122 MeV, the HVL and tenth value layer (TVL) are 0.456 and 1.546 cm, respectively. At 0.245 MeV, the TVL is about 3.32 times higher than the HVL. The lowest mean free path (MFP) is found at 0.122 MeV, which varies between 0.672 cm for Nd1 and 0.403 cm for Nd4.

The current work aims to fabricate metal oxide-doped (PbO, Fe2O3, MgO, and Al2O3, each of which boasts a purity of 99%) zinc barium borate glasses through the melt quenching technique at the 1000 °C melting temperature. The results showed that adding 5 mol.% of metal oxides PbO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, and MgO increases the density of the zinc barium borate glasses. Additionally, the fabricated glasses' mechanical properties were determined based on the Makishima-Mackenzie model, which proved that the highest mechanical properties were achieved for glasses doped with Al2O3compounds. The mechanical moduli for the glasses doped with Al2O3reach 80.95 GPa (Young), 59.90 GPa (bulk), 31.75 GPa (shear), and 102.23 GPa (longitudinal). Additionally, the Al2O3-doped glasses' microhardness reaches 4.77 GPa. Moreover, estimation of the fabricated glasses' gamma-ray shielding capacity utilized Monte Carlo simulation. The highest linear attenuation coefficients are 29.132, 19.906, 19.243, and 18.923 cm−1obtained at 0.033 MeV for glasses dopped by PbO, Fe2O3, MgO, and Al2O3, respectively. Therefore, glasses doped with 5 mol.% of PbO have high gamma-ray shielding capacities followed by glasses doped by Fe2O3.

The radiation shielding abilities of Europium Oxide doped Bismuth Tellurium Barium Zinc Borosilicate glasses were investigated in this study. Five glass samples, denoted as BiTeEu-0, BiTeEu-1, BiTeEu-2, BiTeEu-3, and BiTeEu-4, were assessed to determine their effectiveness in shielding against incident photon energies of 356, 662, 1173, and 1332 KeV. The glass composition was 12B2O3–16SiO2-xEu2O3-(40-x)TeO2−12Bi2O3−12ZnO-8BaO, where x ranged from 0 to 4 mol%. In order to assess the effectiveness of the prepared glass systems as radiation shields, several numerical parameters were experimentally measured. These parameters included the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) and other relevant factors. In order to validate the experimental setup, the LAC values were determined theoretically using WinXCOM software. This provided an opportunity to compare the experimental results with the theoretical values, allowing for the accuracy of the measurements to be assessed. The theoretical and experimental LAC values were identical, indicating the reliability of the experimental setup. A declining trend was found for the value of mean free path (MFP) as - BiTeEu-0 (0 mol% Eu2O3) > BiTeEu-1 (1 mol% Eu2O3) > BiTeEu-2 (2 mol% Eu2O3) > BiTeEu-3 (3 mol% Eu2O3) > BiTeEu-4 (4 mol% Eu2O3) from energy 0.06 MeV to 1.332 MeV. Results showed that the incorporation of higher amounts of Eu2O3into the current glass systems resulted in a reduction in the value of half value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP), but an increase in the radiation protection efficiency. The study found that among the researched glass samples, the sample BiTeEu-4 [12B2O3−16SiO2−4Eu2O3−36TeO2−12Bi2O3−12ZnO-8BaO] provided the best radiation protection efficiency from 0.06 MeV to 1.33 MeV energy range.

In the present work, untreated Iraqi sand with grain sizes varied between 100 and 200 μm was used to produce a colored glass sample that has shielding features against the low gamma-ray energy. Therefore, a weight of 70–60 wt % sand was mixed with 9–14 wt% B2O3, 8–10 wt% Na2O, 4–6 wt% of CaO, 3–6 wt% Al2O3, in addition to 0.3% of Co2O3. After melting and annealing the glass sample, the X-ray diffraction spectrometry was applied to affirm the amorphous phase of the fabricated glass samples. Moreover, the X-ray dispersive energy spectrometry was used to measure the chemical composition, and the MH-300A densimeter was applied to measure the fabricated sample's density. The Makishima-Makinzie model was applied to predict the mechanical properties of the fabricated glass. Besides, the Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the fabricated glass sample's radiation shielding capacity in the low-energy region between 22.1 and 160.6 keV. Therefore, the simulated linear attenuation coefficient changed between 10.725 and 0.484 cm−1, raising the gamma-ray energy between 22.1 and 160.6 keV. Also, other shielding parameters such as a half-value layer, pure lead equivalent thickness, and buildup factors were calculated.

The optical properties and radioactive attenuation parameters of doped tungsten oxide soda-lime-silica (SLS) waste glass were investigated in the current work. A novel series of lead-free transparent glass samples were manufactured with the possibility of developing radiation-absorbing glass shielding materials. The glass composition is WO3-Bi2O3-ZnO-B2O3-SLS. A new approach was employed in the utilization of soda-lime-silica (SLS) glass as an alternative for pure silicon dioxide having 74.1 % of SiO2and other elements in it. The optical properties were investigated with the help of a UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. The results for the optical properties showed that when WO3content is increased in the glass structure, the Urbach energy ΔE and refractive index n, increase from 0.337 to 0.431 and 2.84 to 2.94 respectively, the optical basicity Λ also increase with the increase in WO3while the energy optical band gap Eoptregistered a decrease. The metallization criterion (M) confirmed that the current glass samples are nonmetallic (insulator) because Rm/Vm< 1 which is confirmed in the condensed matter theory in the Lorentz-Lorenz equations. Moreover, the theoretical radiation shielding parameter results indicate that the linear attenuation coefficient μand effective atomic number Zeffwere increased with an increase in WO3. It can be seen also that the relationship between the μand HVL is an inverse one; larger values of μresult in lesser thickness of the HVL. Whereas, as the WO3concentration increases, the half-value layer HVL decreases. The results of this study demonstrate that the glass samples are harmless, transparent to visible light, and effective radiation shielding materials.

This study aims to experimentally analyze the radiation shielding capabilities of micro and nano bismuth oxide waste glasses by evaluating the effect of particle size, bismuth oxide content, and energy on the attenuation abilities of the samples. Waste glasses were powdered and combined with varying amounts of bismuth oxide with different particle sizes to test a total of seven waste glasses using the collimate gamma-ray technique. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis and a scanning electron microscope were used to determine the homogeneity of the samples. The experimental mass attenuation coefficient for the micro Bi2O3samples was compared with values obtained from the XCOM program to determine their accuracy. From these values, the linear attenuation factor and the radiation protection efficiency of the waste glass samples were obtained. The results demonstrated that the smaller particle size of the glasses with nanoparticles led to an enhancement in their radiation shielding properties compared to the samples with microparticles. This improvement occurs because of the greater homogeneity provided by the smaller particles, allowing for more interactions between the glasses and the incoming radiation, leading to greater attenuation. The pure glass sample has a radiation protection efficiency (RPE) of 45.29% at 0.06 MeV, while the samples with Bi2O3have RPE values ranging from 83.85 to 99.73%. The RPE for the sample with 30 w.t% micro Bi2O3is equal to 39.43% at 0.356 MeV while the sample with 30 w.t% nano Bi2O3is equal to 44.44%. Thus, it was concluded that the nano bismuth oxide samples are more effective at shielding gamma-rays than the micro bismuth oxide waste glasses.

The substitution of La2O3by Tb2O3was studied for glass samples with a chemical composition described by: 75P2O5+ (25-x) La2O3+xTb2O3, where x = 5, 10, 15, 20 mol%. The mechanical properties were predicted via the Makishima-Mackenzie model. The study demonstrated that when increasing the Tb2O3content from 5 to 20 mol%, the elastic moduli of the glasses decreased, while the dissociation energy, packing density, and micro-hardness increased. In addition, the radiation shielding properties were studied using the MCNP5 code, which was utilized to simulate the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) of the investigated samples. Furthermore, the mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) of the glasses were determined. The highest MAC was reported for the sample with 20 mol% of Tb2O3and decreased from 0.358 to 0.0515 cm2/g between 0.184 to 1.408 MeV. Furthermore, the effective atomic number (Zeff), equivalent atomic number (Zeq), exposure buildup factor (EBF), and the energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) of the glasses were calculated utilizing BXCOM software. The substitution of La2O3by Tb2O3was revealed to enhance the shielding features of the TLP samples.