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To investigate the factors associated with treatment outcomes of postcataract surgery fungal endophthalmitis outbreaks related to contaminated viscoelastics.

The global oceans absorb most of the surplus heat from anthropogenic warming, but it is unclear how this heat accumulation will affect the Earth’s climate under climate mitigation scenarios. Here we show that this stored heat will be released at a much slower rate than its accumulation, resulting in a robust pattern of surface ocean warming and consequent regional precipitation. The surface ocean warming is pronounced over subpolar to polar regions and the equatorial eastern Pacific where oceans are weakly stratified to allow vigorous heat release from the deep ocean to the surface layer. We also demonstrate that this ocean warming pattern largely explains changes in the precipitation pattern, including the southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and more moistening in high latitudes. This study suggests that deep ocean warming may hinder climate recovery in some regions, even if carbon neutrality or net negative emissions are successfully achieved.

In a warming climate, storm tracks are projected to intensify on their poleward side. Here we use large-ensemble CO2ramp-up and ramp-down simulations to show that these changes are not reversed when CO2concentrations are reduced. If CO2is removed from the atmosphere following CO2increase, the North Atlantic storm track keeps strengthening until the middle of the CO2removal, while the recovery of the North Pacific storm track during ramp-down is stronger than its shift during ramp-up. By contrast, the Southern Hemisphere storm track weakens during ramp-down at a rate much faster than its strengthening in the warming period. Compared with the present climate, the Northern Hemisphere storm track becomes stronger and the Southern Hemisphere storm track becomes weaker at the end of CO2removal. These hemispherically asymmetric storm-track responses are attributable to the weakened Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and the delayed cooling of the Southern Ocean.

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ObjectiveThe liver acts as a frontline barrier against diverse gut-derived pathogens, and the sinusoid is the primary site of liver immune surveillance. However, little is known about liver sinusoidal immune cells in the context of chronic liver disease (CLD). Here, we investigated the antibacterial capacity of liver sinusoidal γδ T cells in patients with various CLDs.DesignWe analysed the frequency, phenotype and functions of human liver sinusoidal γδ T cells from healthy donors and recipients with CLD, including HBV-related CLD (liver cirrhosis (LC) and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)), alcoholic LC and LC or HCC of other aetiologies, by flow cytometry and RNA-sequencing using liver perfusates obtained during living donor liver transplantation. We also measured the plasma levels of D-lactate and bacterial endotoxin to evaluate bacterial translocation.ResultsThe frequency of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+T cells was reduced in patients with CLD. Immunophenotypic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+T cells from patients with CLD were persistently activated and pro-apoptotic. In addition, liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+T cells from patients with CLD showed significantly decreased interferon (IFN)-γ production following stimulation with bacterial metabolites and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial IFN-γ response of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+T cells significantly correlated with liver function, and inversely correlated with the plasma level of D-lactate in patients with CLD. Repetitive in vitro stimulation with E. coliinduced activation, apoptosis and functional impairment of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+T cells.ConclusionLiver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+T cells are functionally impaired in patients with CLD. Bacterial translocation and decreasing liver functions are associated with functional impairment of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+T cells.

Some climate variables do not show the same response to declining atmospheric CO2concentrations as before the preceding increase. A comprehensive understanding of this hysteresis effect and its regional patterns is, however, lacking. Here we use an Earth system model with an idealized CO2removal scenario to show that surface temperature and precipitation exhibit globally widespread irreversible changes over a timespan of centuries. To explore the climate hysteresis and reversibility on a regional scale, we develop a quantification method that visualizes their spatial patterns. Our experiments project that 89% and 58% of the global area experiences irreversible changes in surface temperature and precipitation, respectively. Strong irreversible response of surface temperature is found in the Southern Ocean, Arctic and North Atlantic Ocean and of precipitation in the tropical Pacific, global monsoon regions and the Himalayas. These global hotspots of irreversible changes can indicate elevated risks of negative impacts on developing countries.

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AbstractCalcium Dependent Protein Kinases are found in the Apicomplexan, algae, and plants; however, they are not reported in vertebrates and are regarded as excellent drug targets for pharmaceutical interventions. Calcium Dependent Protein Kinases of Cryptosporidiumare probably involved in the regulation of invasion and egress process during the infection of the host cells. The previous study reported that after the Calcium Dependent Protein Kinase 1 gene, Calcium Dependent Protein Kinase 6 of Cryptosporidium parvumis expressed in all stages of the parasite (merozoites/schizonts as well as sexual stages) at a comparable level and makes it as a valid drug target. In this study, an attempt is made to address the similarity in sequences and phylogenetic study of Calcium Dependent Protein Kinase 6 (CDPK6) among Calcium Dependent Protein Kinases of Apicomplexans. Further, the three-dimensional structure determination of CDPK6 of C. parvumwas performed through a molecular modeling approach followed by virtual screening of small-molecule inhibitors from different datasets. The best inhibitor from Tres Cantos Antimalarial Set with ID 11730 reported a binding affinity of −8.2 kcal/mol against CDPK6 of C. parvum. Furthermore, the reliability of the binding mode of the inhibitor is validated through a complex molecular dynamics simulation study for a time interval of 100 ns. The simulation study advocates that the inhibitor Tres Cantos Antimalarial Set_11730 formed a stable interaction with the predicted active site residues and can be considered for industrial pharmaceutical research in future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

HLA-incompatible living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) is one of efforts to increase kidney transplantation opportunity for sensitized patients with kidney failure. However, there are conflicting reports for outcomes of HLA-incompatible kidney transplantation compared to patients who wait for HLA-compatible deceased donor kidney transplantation (DDKT) in the United States and United Kingdom. Waiting for an HLA-compatible DDKT is relatively disadvantageous in Korea, because the average waiting time is more than five years. To study this further, we compared outcomes of HLA-incompatible LDKT with those who wait for HLA-compatible DDKT in Korea. One hundred eighty nine patients underwent HLA-incompatible LDKT after desensitization between 2006 and 2018 in two Korean hospitals (42 with a positive complement-dependent cytotoxicity cross-match, 89 with a positive flow cytometric cross-match, and 58 with a positive donor-specific antibody with negative cross-match). The distribution of matched variables was comparable between the HLA-incompatible LDKT group and the matched control groups (waiting-list-only group; and the waiting-list-or-HLA-compatible-DDKT groups; 930 patients each). The HLA-incompatible LDKT group showed a significantly better patient survival rate compared to the waiting-list-only group and the waiting-list-or-HLA-compatible-DDKT groups. Furthermore, the HLA-incompatible LDKT group showed a significant survival benefit as compared with the matched groups at all strength of donor-specific antibodies. Thus, HLA-incompatible LDKT could have a survival benefit as compared with patients who were waitlisted for HLA-compatible DDKT or received HLA-compatible DDKT in Korea. This suggests that HLA-incompatible LDKT as a good option for sensitized patients with kidney failure in countries with prolonged waiting times for DDKT.

Transplant recipients are vulnerable to life-threatening community-acquired respiratory viruses (CA-RVs) infection (CA-RVI). Even if non-transplant critically ill patients in intensive care unit (ICU) have serious CA-RVI, comparison between these groups remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate clinical characteristics and mortality of CA-RVI except seasonal influenza A/B in transplant recipients and non-transplant critically ill patients in ICU.

With the unprecedented rate of global warming in recent decades, whether or not anthropogenic climate change is irreversible is an important question. Based on idealized CO2ramp-up until 1,468 ppm and symmetric ramp-down model experiments, here we show that the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) does not respond linearly to CO2forcing, but exhibits strong hysteresis behaviour. While the location of the ITCZ changes minimally during the ramp-up period, it moves sharply south as soon as CO2begins to decrease, and its centre eventually resides in the Southern Hemisphere during the ramp-down period. Such ITCZ hysteresis is associated with delays in global energy exchanges between the tropics and extratropics. The delayed energy exchanges are explained by two distinct hysteresis behaviours of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and slower warming/cooling in the Southern Ocean. We also suggest that the ITCZ hysteresis can lead to hysteresis in regional hydrological cycles.

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are important in preventing acute rejection (AR) in solid organ transplantation, but the clinical relevance of the different kinetics early after liver transplantation (LT) in acute rejectors and non‐rejectors is unclear. We analyzed peripheral blood samples of 128 LT recipients receiving basiliximab induction plus tacrolimus immunosuppression. Samples were obtained at pretransplant, D7, and D30 after LT. Frequency and phenotype of Tregs were analyzed by flow cytometry. The predictive value of Treg frequency at D7 was assessed for suspected acute rejection (SAR) and was validated for biopsy‐proven AR (BPAR). We found that the frequencies of total and activated Tregs at D7 were significantly lower in recipients with SAR and BPAR. Treg was more reduced in BPARs by in vitro tacrolimus treatment in the presence of basiliximab. Moreover, an early reduction of Treg frequency in rejectors was associated with a greater increase in Treg apoptosis and further attenuated IL‐2 signaling. D7 Treg frequency was an independent risk factor for SAR, which was also validated for BPAR. In conclusion, first‐week peripheral blood Treg frequency correlates with AR after LT under tacrolimus‐based immunosuppression, which needs to be proven in larger, geographically and clinically diverse populations. This study provides immunological and clinical evidence that first‐week peripheral blood Treg frequency is associated with the acute rejection after liver transplantation under tacrolimus‐based immunosuppression.

This study aimed to investigate the possible use of phenolic compounds extracted from the new Korean apple cultivar Arisoo in cosmetics and food additives by examining its functional properties. We extracted and analyzed total phenolic content of Arisoo and Fuji apples to study their antioxidant, anti-wrinkle, and anti-diabetic properties. Water- and ethanol-extracted phenolic compound yields were 1.84 and 2.14 mg/g fresh weight, respectively. In the antioxidant test, 100 μg/mL of water- and ethanol-extracted phenolic compounds (WEP and EEP), respectively, showed (1) scavenging activity of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical by 91.86% and 87.44%; (2) antioxidant protection factors of 2.80 and 1.79; and (3) the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, as tested by a thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay. Anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities were tested to assess the anti-wrinkle activity of the extracts. WEP and EEP inhibited 12.46% and 51.56% of the elastase activity and 36.93% and 91.74% of the collagenase activity, respectively. The inhibitory activities of WEP and EEP on yeast α-glucosidase were tested to assess their anti-diabetic activities. WEP and EEP from Arisoo apples inhibited 83.92% and 100.0% of the α-glucosidase activity, whereas those from Fuji apples inhibited 63.33% and 92.84%, respectively, suggesting that Arisoo extracts have better anti-diabetic activity. Taken together, the extracts from Arisoo apples exhibited better antioxidant, anti-wrinkle, and anti-diabetic activities than did the extracts of Fuji apples.

Detecting and mitigating off-target activity is critical to the practical application of CRISPR-mediated genome and epigenome editing. While numerous methods have been developed to map Cas9 binding specificity genome-wide, they are generally time-consuming and/or expensive, and not applicable to catalytically dead CRISPR enzymes. We have developed CasKAS, a rapid, inexpensive, and facile assay for identifying off-target CRISPR enzyme binding and cleavage by chemically mapping the unwound single-stranded DNA structures formed upon binding of a sgRNA-loaded Cas9 protein. We demonstrate this method in both in vitro and in vivo contexts.

This study presents a practical application of complementary safety indicators, which can be applied in a safety assessment of a radioactive waste repository by excluding a biosphere simulation and comparing the artificial radiation originating from the repository with the background natural radiation. Complementary safety indicators (radiotoxicity flux from geosphere and radiotoxicity concentration in seawater) were applied in the safety assessment of a rock-cavern type low and intermediate level radioactive waste (LILW) repository in the Republic of Korea. The natural radionuclide (40K, 226,228Ra, 232Th, and 234,235,238U) concentrations in the groundwater and seawater at the Gyeongju LILW repository site were measured. Based on the analyzed concentrations of natural radionuclides, the levels of natural radiation were determined to be 8.6 × 10−5– 8.0 × 10−4Sv/m2/yr and 6.95 × 10−5Sv/m3for radiotoxicity flux from the geosphere and radiotoxicity concentration in seawater, respectively. From simulation results obtained using a Goldsim-based safety assessment model, it was determined that the radiotoxicity of radionuclides released from the repository is lower than that of the natural radionuclides inherently present in the natural waters. The applicability of the complementary safety indicators to the safety case was discussed with regard to reduction of the uncertainty associated with biosphere simulations, and communication with the public.

In this study, toxicity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was compared using zebrafish as a model organism. At 96 h, LC50of AgNPs and AuNPs was found to be 24.5 µg/L and 41 mg/L, respectively. Following the LC50determination, half of the LC50of AgNPs (12.25 µg/L) and AuNPs (20.5 mg/L) was exposed to adult zebrafishes for 14 days. Morphological changes, liver marker enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, genotoxic effects and mRNA expression levels of oxidative stress and innate immune response related genes were studied using nanoparticle treated gill, liver and blood cells. In this study, AgNP-treated gill and liver tissues showed a number of morphological changes such as cell membrane damage, irregular cell outlines, pyknotic nuclei and complete disruption of gill and liver cells; on the contrary, AuNPs treated liver tissues alone showed such changes. The levels of liver marker enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were increased after AgNPs treatment when compared to AuNPs treatment. AgNP-treated liver cells showed higher levels of ROS generation than the control; on the other hand, AuNPs treatment exhibited lower levels of ROS generation than the control. Interestingly, AgNP-treated blood cells showed micronuclei formation and nuclear abnormalities, while AuNPs treatment did not show such effects. Based on these observations, it is clear that AgNPs may cause oxidative stress and immunotoxicity to adult zebrafish than the AuNPs. However, these results clearly reveal the significance of relatively safe and less toxic bionanomaterials for possible biomedical applications.

Abundance of tropospheric ozone is determined by the interplay among emissions, chemistry, and climate dependent transport. It is important to identify the essential factors that modulate ozone in China and Korea because of increasing ozone trends in this area. In this study, we investigated the correlations of tropospheric ozone in East Asia with El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO). The model simulated ozone from 2000 to 2020 with Community Atmosphere Model version 6 with chemistry (CAM6‐chem), ECMWF Atmospheric Composition Reanalysis data, and ozone profiles measured in South Korea, Japan, and Hong Kong. These data were utilized to understand the ozone–ENSO relationship in this region. We found that tropospheric ozone in East Asia is significantly correlated with the wintertime Niño 3.4 index in El Niño/La Niña developing summer and decaying spring, with correlation coefficient up to 0.9. Particularly tropospheric ozone originated from stratosphere is strongly correlated with the Niño 3.4 index. Ozone concentrations in China and the Korean Peninsula are ∼5 ppb higher during El Niño developing summer compared to La Niña in a broad area, because of anomalous cyclonic/anticyclonic flows in the extratropics. In El Niño/La Niña decaying spring, the opposite occurs in the same region. In the decaying spring, stronger variability was observed in the subtropical regions of the lower to mid troposphere, indicating higher ozone concentrations during El Niño compared to La Niña. This variability is associated with the fluctuations in the Walker circulation, large‐scale sinking/rising motions, and the accompanying biomass burning events. The model reproduced the ozone variability associated with ENSO in the ozonesonde observations. Ozone in the troposphere (surface to ∼16 km) is a greenhouse gas and an air pollutant harmful to public health and agriculture. Asian countries such as China and South Korea have increasing ozone trends in the last decades. Therefore, it is imperative to understand critical factors affecting ozone variability in this region. Ozone abundance is determined by emissions, chemistry, and transport related to weather and climate. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), an air–sea coupled phenomenon in the tropical ocean can have a global impact on the atmospheric environment. In this study, we found that tropospheric ozone in Asia varies significantly with ENSO. Ozone concentrations in China and the Korean Peninsula in El Niño developing summer are generally higher than its La Niña counterpart throughout the troposphere. In contrast, ozone concentrations in El Niño decaying spring are lower than that in La Niña in the mid to upper troposphere extratropical region, indicating important roles of stratospheric ozone intrusion. The opposite occurs in the subtropical region: higher ozone concentrations during El Niño decaying spring than during La Niña are found in association with large‐scale longitudinal circulation varying with ENSO. Long‐term ozone profile observations support findings in the global chemistry climate model results. A new connection between El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO) and tropospheric ozone in East Asia is introduced using CAM‐chem, reanalysis data and ozonesonde observationsENSO‐driven ozone variations are affected by stratospheric intrusion, continental and maritime transport, and biomass burning emissionsThe impacts of ENSO on tropospheric ozone in East Asia vary depending on location, altitude, and season (developing summer, decaying spring) A new connection between El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO) and tropospheric ozone in East Asia is introduced using CAM‐chem, reanalysis data and ozonesonde observations ENSO‐driven ozone variations are affected by stratospheric intrusion, continental and maritime transport, and biomass burning emissions The impacts of ENSO on tropospheric ozone in East Asia vary depending on location, altitude, and season (developing summer, decaying spring)

El Niño events are characterized by surface warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean and weakening of equatorial trade winds that occur every few years. Such conditions are accompanied by changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation, affecting global climate, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, fisheries and human activities. The alternation of warm El Niño and cold La Niña conditions, referred to as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), represents the strongest year-to-year fluctuation of the global climate system. Here we provide a synopsis of our current understanding of the spatio-temporal complexity of this important climate mode and its influence on the Earth system. Our current understanding of the spatio-temporal complexity of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation phenomenon is reviewed and a unifying framework that identifies the key factors for this complexity is proposed.

El Niño is frequently followed by La Niña, but the opposite case rarely happens. Here we explore a mechanism for such an asymmetrical transition and its future changes. Internally, the asymmetrical response of upper ocean waves against surface wind stress anomaly exerts a primary cause of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) transition asymmetry. Externally, the asymmetrical capacitor effects of both Indian and Atlantic Oceans play some roles in driving the ENSO transition asymmetry via the interbasin interactions. The historical runs of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 show that the intermodel transition asymmetry is significantly correlated with the intermodel asymmetry in ocean wave response to surface wind forcing but not with that in the interbasin interactions. In addition, the El Niño‐to‐La Niña transition tendency was weaker in moderate global warming scenario runs (Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5) while slightly enhanced in strong warming scenario runs (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5). Similar changes also appeared in the asymmetrical response of ocean waves against the surface wind forcing. El Niño and its opposite phase, La Niña, are known as an oscillatory phenomenon, and so sometime in the past La Niña was considered as a mirror image of El Niño. However, El Niño and La Niña are not symmetric. In particular, El Niño is frequently followed by La Niña in the following year, while the opposite case rarely happens. Here we showed that the stronger response of ocean waves against surface wind during El Niño than during La Niña plays a primary cause of a dominant El Niño‐to‐La Niña transition tendency. In addition to such internal Pacific process, externally the interbasin interactions with both Indian and Atlantic Oceans also play some roles in driving the transition asymmetry. However, the twentieth century climate simulation obtained from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project shows that the model‐to‐model difference in transition asymmetry is significantly related to that in ocean wave response to surface wind forcing but not with that in the interbasin interactions. In addition, the dominant El Niño‐to‐La Niña transition tendency appeared in twentieth century climate simulation and observation data become weaker in the climate model simulations under moderate global warming scenario while slightly enhanced in those under strong warming scenario. Asymmetrical interbasin interactions with Indian and Atlantic Oceans play a role in inducing the transition asymmetry via capacitor effectIntermodel diversity of transition asymmetry is related to nonlinear ocean wave response but not asymmetrical interbasin interactionsWarm‐to‐cold transition tendency weakens in future projections, which is related to future change in asymmetrical ocean wave response

AbstractTwo-hundred and fifty-five strains of actinomycetes isolated from soil samples were screened for their antagonistic activities against four well-known wood decay fungi (WDF), including a brown rot fungus, Gloeophyllum trabeumand three white rot fungi Donkioporia expansa, Trametes versicolor, and Schizophyllum commune. A dual culture assay using culture media supplemented with heated or unheated culture filtrates of selected bacterial strains was used for the detection of their antimicrobial activity against four WDF. It was shown that Streptomyces atratus, S. tsukiyonensis, and Streptomycessp. greatly inhibited the mycelial growth of the WDF tested compared with the control. To evaluate the biocontrol efficacy of S. atratus, S. tsukiyonensis, and Streptomycessp., wood blocks of Pinus densiflorainoculated with three selected Streptomycesisolates were tested for weight loss, compression strength (perpendicular or parallel to the grain), bending strength, and chemical component changes. Of these three isolates used, Streptomycessp. exhibited higher inhibitory activity against WDF, especially G. trabeum, as observed in mechanical and chemical change analyses. Scanning electron microscopy showed that cell walls of the wood block treated with Streptomycesstrains were thicker and collapsed to a lesser extent than those of the non-treated control. Taken together, our findings indicate that Streptomycessp. exhibits the potential to be used as a biocontrol agent for wood decay brown rot fungus that causes severe damage to coniferous woods.

Various proxy records show that El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activity has changed from calm to active during the last 6,000 years. However, it is so far unclear whether orbital forcing has solely induced such a dramatic change. In this study, we performed a transient run for the last 6,000 years using an Earth system model of intermediate complexity affected by orbital forcing only without changes due to other climate forcing, and then its time-varying background states were implemented into an intermediate atmosphere-ocean coupled model for ENSO. ENSO activity simulated by the intermediate atmosphere-ocean coupled model during the last 6,000 years resembled the observed proxy data, inferring that orbital forcing mainly leads to changes in ENSO activity during the last 6,000 years. From additional sensitivity experiments, we found that a change in sea surface temperature background conditions is primarily responsible for the observed ENSO activity over the last 6,000 years through modifying the anomalous horizontal thermal advection of the mean SST gradient. Change in ENSO variability during the last 6,000 years is mainly induced by an orbital forcing only without invoking other climate forcingThe zonal and meridional gradients of mean tropical SST were gradually reduced during the last 6,000 years agoThe horizontal thermal advections associated with mean SST gradient are critical in modifying ENSO activity for the last 6,000 years

El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most prominent year‐to‐year climate fluctuation on Earth, alternating between anomalously warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) sea surface temperature (SST) conditions in the tropical Pacific. ENSO exerts its impacts on remote regions of the globe through atmospheric teleconnections, affecting extreme weather events worldwide. However, these teleconnections are inherently nonlinear and sensitive to ENSO SST anomaly patterns and amplitudes. In addition, teleconnections are modulated by variability in the oceanic and atmopsheric mean state outside the tropics and by land and sea ice extent. The character of ENSO as well as the ocean mean state have changed since the 1990s, which might be due to either natural variability or anthropogenic forcing, or their combined influences. This has resulted in changes in ENSO atmospheric teleconnections in terms of precipitation and temperature in various parts of the globe. In addition, changes in ENSO teleconnection patterns have affected their predictability and the statistics of extreme events. However, the short observational record does not allow us to clearly distinguish which changes are robust and which are not. Climate models suggest that ENSO teleconnections will change because the mean atmospheric circulation will change due to anthropogenic forcing in the 21st century, which is independent of whether ENSO properties change or not. However, future ENSO teleconnection changes do not currently show strong intermodel agreement from region to region, highlighting the importance of identifying factors that affect uncertainty in future model projections. The character of ENSO as well as the ocean mean state has changed since the 1990s, resulting in changes in ENSO atmospheric teleconnectionsChanges in ENSO teleconnection patterns have affected their predictability and the statistics of extreme eventsClimate models suggest that changes in the mean atmospheric circulation will affect ENSO teleconnections in the 21st century

The origin of the intermodel diversity of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability is investigated by applying a singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis between the intermodel tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) variance and the intermodel ENSO stability index (BJ index). The first SVD mode features an ENSO-like pattern for the intermodel SSTA variance (74% of total variance) and the dominant thermocline feedback (TH) for the BJ index (51%). Intermodel TH is mainly modified by the intermodel sensitivity of the zonal thermocline gradient response to zonal winds over the equatorial Pacific (ßh), and the intermodel ßhis correlated higher with the intermodel off-equatorial wind stress curl anomalies than the equatorial zonal wind stress anomalies. Finally, the intermodel off-equatorial wind stress curl is associated with the meridional shape and intensity of ENSO-related wind patterns, which may cause a model-to-model difference in ENSO variability by influencing the off-equatorial oceanic Rossby wave response. Intermodel diversity in ENSO variability is mainly attributed to that in thermocline feedbackIntermodel thermocline feedback is highly correlated to the intermodel sensitivity of the zonal contrast of thermocline to wind stressOceanic response is related to the intermodel diversity in the wind stress curl response to SST

To understand why El Niño is frequently followed by La Niña while the opposite occurs rarely, we analyze the inherent asymmetry in a delayed negative feedback loop in the framework of delayed oscillator theory using observational data. The asymmetrical response of the ocean wave to wind is much larger than that of the wind intensity to sea surface temperature (SST) and that of the subsurface temperature to thermocline. Strong oceanic response during El Niño compared to La Niña is presumably due to the relatively shallow mean thermocline over the western Pacific, which efficiently traps the atmospheric momentum in the shallow upper ocean, and the asymmetrical wind pattern response to SST. A modified delayed oscillator model experiment verifies that the asymmetrical ocean wave response to wind is more important in the asymmetrical transition of El Niño and La Niña than asymmetrical wind intensity response to SST and asymmetrical subsurface temperature response to thermocline. There exist inherent asymmetries in a delayed negative feedback of ENSOAsymmetrical response of ocean wave to wind is much larger than that of wind to SSTThe inherent asymmetry in a delayed negative feedback efficiently leads to the asymmetrical evolution of ENSO

To achieve a better understanding of Zircaloy-4 electrorefining in LiCl-KCl at 500degC, redox behaviors of Zr, Sn, Cr, Fe and Co, were examined by cyclic voltammetry using tungsten working and counter electrode. Zr metal can be produced from Zr4+ through two step reduction and ZrCl is generated as an intermediate product. As ZrCl4 concentration decreases, ZrCl would be easily reduced into Zr metal. In addition, Zr2+ formation would be unlikely at low ZrCl4 concentration. The redox reactions of the other elements are much simpler than Zr. The reduction of Zr4+ into ZrCl was close to irreversible but the reduction reactions of the other elements are close to reversible. The diffusion coefficients and apparent reduction potentials were calculated using equations for a reversible or irreversible reaction. The diffusion coefficients are in the order of 10[?]9 m2/s and Zr is less reductive than other elements.

The present multicenter phase II study evaluated the efficacy and safety of weekly docetaxel as second-line chemotherapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Weekly docetaxel was well tolerated but demonstrated modest activity, with a response rate of 6%, a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 1.4 months, and a median overall survival (OS) of 8.3 months. The dichotomy between PFS and OS was likely associated with subsequent platinum-based chemotherapy received by 58% of the patients.

Understanding regional hydro‐climatic extreme responses to CO2pathways is fundamental to climate change mitigation and adaptation. This study evaluates responses of extreme precipitation frequency (R30mm: days with precipitation ≥30 mm) over East Asia to idealized CO2forcing using the Community Earth System Model (CESM1). Under a symmetric increase (ramp‐up, +1% per year until quadrupling level) and decrease (ramp‐down, about −1% per year back to the present level) of CO2concentrations, East Asian R30mm shows an asymmetric response with higher frequency during the ramp‐down period. This hysteresis behavior is found to be due to a northwestward propagating wave response to the El Niño‐like warming, which induces a three‐cell (positive‐negative‐positive) R30mm difference pattern from central equatorial Pacific to East Asia. Monthly analysis further reveals that this asymmetry has a seasonal locking, occurring during July–September only, constrained by the background precipitation climatology over the sub‐tropical western Pacific. Considering tremendous damages caused by regional‐scale hydro‐climatic extremes under global warming, understanding their responses to CO2forcing is fundamentally important but in‐depth analyses have been limited. This study provides a first examination of the responses of extreme precipitation over East Asia to CO2forcing using an ensemble simulation of the coupled climate model Community Earth System Model version. When increasing CO2concentration at a 1%‐per‐year rate from the present level to quadrupling level and then decreasing it symmetrically, extreme precipitation frequency is found to remain higher during the ramp‐down period. This hysteresis behavior occurs strongly during July to September, implying that East Asia can experience more frequent heavy precipitation events even after CO2concentration is recovered. Composite analysis reveals that this irreversible response originates from the El Niño‐like warming pattern, which induces a tri‐pole atmospheric wave pattern from central equatorial Pacific to East Asia. We also find that the seasonal locking of this asymmetric response is related to the background precipitation state over the sub‐tropical western Pacific. Heavy rainfall frequency over East Asia shows an asymmetric response to CO2forcing, remaining higher during the ramp‐down periodThe hysteresis behavior is caused by a northwestward propagating wave response to the El Niño‐like equatorial Pacific warmingThis asymmetry is evident during July–September only, constrained by background precipitation state over the sub‐tropical western Pacific Heavy rainfall frequency over East Asia shows an asymmetric response to CO2forcing, remaining higher during the ramp‐down period The hysteresis behavior is caused by a northwestward propagating wave response to the El Niño‐like equatorial Pacific warming This asymmetry is evident during July–September only, constrained by background precipitation state over the sub‐tropical western Pacific

The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant climate phenomenon affecting extreme weather conditions worldwide. Its response to greenhouse warming has challenged scientists for decades, despite model agreement on projected changes in mean state. Recent studies have provided new insights into the elusive links between changes in ENSO and in the mean state of the Pacific climate. The projected slow-down in Walker circulation is expected to weaken equatorial Pacific Ocean currents, boosting the occurrences of eastward-propagating warm surface anomalies that characterize observed extreme El Niño events. Accelerated equatorial Pacific warming, particularly in the east, is expected to induce extreme rainfall in the eastern equatorial Pacific and extreme equatorward swings of the Pacific convergence zones, both of which are features of extreme El Niño. The frequency of extreme La Niña is also expected to increase in response to more extreme El Niños, an accelerated maritime continent warming and surface-intensified ocean warming. ENSO-related catastrophic weather events are thus likely to occur more frequently with unabated greenhouse-gas emissions. But model biases and recent observed strengthening of the Walker circulation highlight the need for further testing as new models, observations and insights become available.

To analyze El Niño‐La Niña asymmetry, Bjerknes Stability Index analysis applied separately for El Niño and La Niña events. The growth rate of the El Niño is larger than that of the La Niña. Their difference is mainly due to an increased positive dynamical feedback. The enhanced sensitivity of the ocean's dynamic response to wind stress in El Niño is a primary cause for the increase in the positive dynamical feedbacks and is originated from the nonlinear response of atmospheric pattern to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, in particular the eastward shift of maximum wind loading and the equator‐confined wind patch during El Niño. The sensitivity of the wind intensity to SST anomalies is larger during El Niño; however, its impact is not greater than others. Difference in the negative feedbacks is mainly attributed to the damping by shortwave feedback, with the latent heat flux feedback being a secondary contributor. Larger El Niño is due to the larger ocean dynamic sensitivity to SST forcingOcean response to SST is related to the nonlinearity of wind's pattern to SSTLarger damping of El Niño is mainly due to shortwave feedback

The long‐lasting cold surface conditions of North Atlantic, i.e., the negative phase of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), can intensify the El Niño–Southern Oscillation through the enhanced air‐sea coupling under the increased central‐to‐eastern tropical Pacific mean sea surface temperature. However, the impact of warmer mean sea surface temperature (SST) is more efficient in the intensifying El Niño than La Niña, because of the nature of the exponential growth of atmospheric convection to SST change. Moreover, the farther eastward shift of the atmospheric convection during the negative AMO leads to the stronger El Niño due to the longer delayed negative feedback by oceanic waves. Therefore, the AMO mainly influences the El Niño intensity rather than La Niña intensity. AMO leads to the decadal change of ENSO asymmetryENSO asymmetry by AMO is due to nonlineary nature of convection‐SSTCentral‐to‐eastern Pacific warming associated AMO drives ENSO asymmetry

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The jet stream over the eastern North Pacific (ENPJ) as a core of the atmospheric flow is known to strongly fluctuate meridionally, and its meridional displacement directly influences adjacent regional climate. Here, we investigate how this jet will be changed due to global warming. By analyzing the future scenario experiments of Climate Model Intercomparion Project Phase III (CMIP3) and Phase V (5), it was found that both ENPJ and the eastern tropical Pacific intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) tend to move southward, which are closely related to the tropical eastern Pacific warming trend. Tropical eastern Pacific warming leads to not only the southward migration of ITCZ by southward‐shifting the off‐equatorial eastern Pacific warm pool, but also the southward shift of ENPJ by increasing baroclinic instability of the atmosphere in subtropical region through intensifying the meridional sea surface temperature (SST) gradient. Not primary but yet secondly the southward shift of ITCZ contributes to the southward shift of ENPJ through a kinematic connection bridged by local Hadley circulation. Global warming leads to the southward movement of eastern North Pacific jetJet movement is related to the tropical Pacific response to the global warmingITCZ, Hadley circulation, and midlatitude jet are dynamically linked together