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The COVID-19 pandemic and associated responses have induced a host of crises worldwide, including an economic recession and a global mental health crisis. The specific effects of recession on youth mental health are understudied. We aimed to examine the mechanisms by which pandemic-related financial strain may affect mental health in a diverse sample of American adolescents.

IMPORTANCE: Childhood suicidality (ie, suicidal ideation or attempts) rates are increasing, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and externalizing symptoms are common risk factors associated with suicidality. More data are needed to describe associations of ADHD pharmacotherapy with childhood suicidality. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations of ADHD pharmacotherapy with externalizing symptoms and childhood suicidality. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In this cohort study, cross-sectional and 1-year-longitudinal associations were examined using data (collected during 2016-2019) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a large, diverse US sample of children aged 9 to 11 years. Data analysis was performed from November to December 2020. EXPOSURES: Main and interaction associations of externalizing symptoms (hyperactivity ADHD symptoms, oppositional defiant, and conduct disorder symptoms) and ADHD medication treatment (methylphenidate and amphetamine derivatives, a-2-agonists, and atomoxetine) at baseline assessment. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Child-reported suicidality (past and present at baseline; current at longitudinal assessment). Covariates were age, sex, race/ethnicity, parents’ education, marital status, and concomitant child psychiatric pharmacotherapy (antidepressants and antipsychotics). RESULTS: Among 11 878 children at baseline assessment (mean [SD] age,?9.9 [0.6] years; 6196 boys [52.2%]; 8805 White [74.1%]), 1006 (8.5%) were treated with ADHD medication and 1040 (8.8%) reported past or current suicidality. Externalizing symptoms (median?[range], 1 [0-29] symptom count) were associated with suicidality (for a change of 1 SD in symptoms, odds ratio [OR],?1.34; 95% CI, 1.26-1.42; P?<?.001), as was ADHD medication treatment (OR,?1.32; 95% CI, 1.06-1.64; P?=?.01). ADHD medication use was associated with less suicidality in children with more externalizing symptoms (significant symptom-by-medication interaction, B?=?-0.250; SE?=?0.086; P?=?.004), such that for children who were not receiving ADHD medications, there was an association between more externalizing symptoms and suicidality (for a change of 1 SD in symptoms, OR,?1.42; 95% CI, 1.33-1.52; P?<?.001); however, for children who were receiving ADHD medication, there was no such association (OR,?1.15; 95% CI, 0.97-1.35; P?=?.10). The association with medication remained even when covarying for multiple confounders, including risk and protective factors for suicidality in ABCD, and was replicated in 1-year longitudinal follow-up. Sensitivity analyses matching participants with high numbers of externalizing symptoms taking and not taking ADHD medication treatment confirmed its association with less suicidality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings suggest that ADHD medication treatment is associated with less suicidality in children with substantial externalizing symptoms and may be used to inform childhood suicide prevention strategies.