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Motor neuron disorders (MNDs) are a clinically heterogeneous group of neurological diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons, and share some common pathological pathways. Despite remarkable advances in our understanding of these diseases, no curative treatment for MNDs exists. To better understand the pathogenesis of MNDs and to help develop new treatments, the establishment of animal models that can be studied efficiently and thoroughly is paramount. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is increasingly becoming a valuable model for studying human diseases and in screening for potential therapeutics. In this Review, we highlight recent progress in using zebrafish to study the pathology of the most common MNDs: spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). These studies indicate the power of zebrafish as a model to study the consequences of disease-related genes, because zebrafish homologues of human genes have conserved functions with respect to the aetiology of MNDs. Zebrafish also complement other animal models for the study of pathological mechanisms of MNDs and are particularly advantageous for the screening of compounds with therapeutic potential. We present an overview of their potential usefulness in MND drug discovery, which is just beginning and holds much promise for future therapeutic development.

This research paper describes key information technology (IT) project management activities in terms of project scope, time, and cost management, namely the triple constraint. The authors contend that the ability to properly manage and execute these activities is the quintessential component that oftentimes drives whether projects succeed or fail. The literature shows that IT projects have a dismal success rate but successful projects have been on the rise. The authors attempt to determine if the increase of successful projects correlates to the increase in the number of certified project managers. Empirical evidence is presented that indicates certified project managers do not perform project scope, time, and cost management activities better than project managers without professional certification credentials.

Abstract: This paper examines two nationally renowned football (il calcio) supporter groups located in the capital city of Rome, the centre of Italian political power. The first the Boys, followers of AS Roma, have been notoriously neo-fascist in character since 1972. The second, the Irriducibili who follow SS Lazio, a club that also play in Rome, have, since 1987, attained a notoriety based on toughness and violence. Defying historical, enmity-based logic the Boys and Irriducibili have shared since 1987 a neo-fascist ideology that has made the two curva (terraces) they occupy in the capital city’s Olympic Stadium less hostile to each other. Indeed, the two groups have turned their antagonism against the State and the Italian police. These fan-protagonists exist in groups known throughout Italy as UltraS, the capital S being our neologism to define the neo-fascist-oriented fans and to differentiate them from the wider hardcore football supporters who are referred to as ultrá. The analysis herein focuses on these two UltraS entities and considers three central elements in the concept they promote of the ‘true’ UltraS: the principle of non omologazione (non-conformism), the Tradition versus Modernity opposition so crucial to the make-up of the UltraS cultural identity, and the attempt by such gatherings to live up to the ideal type of the Warrior. This research utilised the ethnographic method and involved the researcher ‘being there’ amongst the leading players of these two aforementioned groupings during various periods between 2001 and 2009. Those subject to academic inquiry are herein permitted to articulate their story and rationale. At the same time the researchers are concomitantly ‘being here’ seeking to infer the motivations of the members.

Drawing upon ethnographic research conducted over five years (1999-2004) in the Norwegian cities of Oslo and Bergen this paper examines alcohol consumption and its association with domestic and transnational football supporter cultures. It examines the historical contexts of football that have produced the everyday (routinised) drinking in contemporary Norwegian society, and explores how football support in recent decades has provided extraordinary drinking occasions which go beyond previous forms of heavy drinking that were associated with the life-cycle and the religious calendar. Football fandom has facilitated a new attitude to alcohol consumption and has taught the benefits of routinised mature (non-inebriated) consumption to a population emerging out of state sanctioned sobriety. Intertwined within such routinised occasions are narratives around concepts of masculinity, localism and national identities.

A prior hyperthermic stress (heat shock) can induce thermoprotection of neuromuscular transmission in Locusta migratoria extensor tibiae muscle measured 4 h after the onset of the heat shock. It is not clear what effect an acute hyperthermic stress may have on the nervous system's ability to tolerate thermal stress, that is, before increased expression of heat‐shock proteins. We found that over consecutive thermal stress tests, failure temperature was not altered in either heat‐shock or control animals. This suggests that protective mechanisms are not established in the short term (within one hour). Various members of the heat‐shock protein family interact with elements of the cytoskeleton. We found that preexposure of the preparation to cytoskeletal stabilizing drugs induced thermoprotection, while preexposure to cytoskeletal disrupting drugs disrupted the ability to confer and maintain thermoprotection. We conclude that thermoprotection relies on a stable cytoskeleton and suggest that members of the heat shock protein family are involved. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60: 453–462, 2004

Drawing upon extensive urban anthropological fieldwork with football hooligan formations in England and Scotland, it is argued that academics have failed to examine adequately the spatial dimension underlying hooligan conflicts. The spatially affective aspects of football fandom in general are identified; via Fiske's dichotomy of locales and stations, the contestation of space inside football grounds between fans, police and club directors is highlighted. From this milieu emerge the football hooligan gatherings, which are conceived as ‘resource networks’ utilising time, identity and information (Wallman), rather than as produced by processes or ‘ordered segmentation’ (Dunning). Subsequently, the paper turns to explore the historical trajectory of football hooliganism qua spatial contest between rival fans and police. The intensification of police control strategies has helped to engender a broadening of social spaces; contexts and techniques by which hooligans may ‘legitimately’ pursue confrontations. The process is complicated further in important ‘two team’ cities, wherein many popular social spaces retain an ambiguous status for local rivals acting in ostensibly non-football contexts. The concluding discussion critically assesses the effects and cultural meanings of increased police surveillance over football fans, noting the response of some hooligans in seeking to ‘arrange’ confrontations with rivals at extremely peripheral, non-football locations.

Summary: Lymphoblastoid cells were cultured from twoHerpesvirus saimiri (HVS) inoculated white-lipped marmosets and from one HVS-inoculated owl monkey. Cells from all three animals grew clumped in suspension. The cells from both species were diploid in chromo-some number and showed no unusual chromosomal abnormalities. The marmoset cell line examined was chimaeric. The marmoset cells lacked HSV-associated antigens as determined by immunofluorescence, and no evidence for the presence of virus was found by either infectivity assays or electron microscopy. Cocultivation of these cells with Vero cells resulted in cytopathology and the recovery of complete, infectious virus. The owl monkey lymphoid cells were positive to a small degree for both viral antigens and infectivity. The cells were resistant to rechallenge with HVS. Cocultivation of these cells with Vero cells led to the development of cytopathology and an increased yield of virus.

Herpesvirus infections were studied in persons with or at risk for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The infections diagnosed were as follows: patients with AIDS, cytomegalovirus (CMV) in 34 of 34, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in 33 of 34, herpes simplex viruses (HSV) in eight of 34, and varicella zoster virus in four of 34; patients with chronic lymphadenopathy syndrome, CMV in eight of nine and EBV in nine of nine; in healthy homosexual men, CMV in five of 13 and EBV in seven of eight. Cytomegalovirus infections were frequently related to disease and death. Herpesvirus infections are frequent causes of serious diseases in AIDS. The prevalence of EBV and CMV infections in AIDS and the chronic lymphadenopathy syndrome may be the result of an important interaction between these viruses and the cause of AIDS.(JAMA 1984;252:72-77)

Pre- and posttreatment with N-methyl-N′-nitro-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) of owl monkey kidney (OMK) cells infected with Herpesvirus saimiri(HVS) resulted in one to three logs higher yields of virus, depending upon the dose of MNNG. A higher percentage of cells also showed HVS early antigen (EA) and late antigen (LA) by immunofluorescence when OMK cells infected with HVS were fed with medium containing MNNG. The high yields of HVS were also observed by electron microscopy. MNNG did not induce HVS-EA in HVS nonproducer lymphoblastoid T cells, nor did it enhance TPA-induced EA to LA. The data suggest that MNNG could be useful in obtaining high yields of virus and/or antigen-producing cells for immunofluorescence or other biochemical experiments, especially from those strains of HVS which grow poorly in vitro.The interaction of MNNG and HVS could also be useful for in vitrotransformation or in vivoenhancement of the malignant process.

In theory CCTV operates fairly and responsibly, helping to uphold the law without prying into innocent lives. The reality of a CCTV control room in northern England raises the old question: 'Who guards the guards?'

An interview with Michael Crew, an apprentice groundsman at The Hurlingham Club, England, is presented. When asked about what attracted him towards this career, he referred to his passion of becoming a professional player & his love for cricket. Crew believes that he has full support in his apprenticeship by his club along with proper approach to training & assessment by Institute of Groundsmanship (IOG). He comments on encouraging the apprenticeships as its a gateway to the sporting industry.

The article discusses a day's activities of Scott Humphries, an apprentice at the British Institute of Groundsmanship (IOG). It states that Humphries' work focused on preparing the ground for the Brentford Football Club in England. According to the author, Scott was trained to operate the tractor as well as vertidrain by his superior. INSET: The IOG Apprenticeship Scheme.

Herpesviral infections and cellular immunity were studied in 19 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who were treated with human lymphoblastoid interferon for Kaposi's sarcoma. Before treatment, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus were isolated from 18 of 19 patients and 13 of 14 patients, respectively. Serum levels of interferon were measurable in all cases. Concanavalin A induced lymphocyte proliferation normally in 16 of 18 patients, but CMV induced proliferation in only nine of 18 patients. Natural killer cell activity was normal in 12 of 19 patients and was augmented in vitro by interferon in six of 19 subjects. CMV-specific HLA-restricted cytotoxic T cell activity was found in only two of 15 cases. With therapy, serum levels of interferon increased in 15 of 18 patients. There were two partial tumor remissions but no improvements in viral infections. Natural killer cell activity was decreased in 11 of 14 cases, and in vitro augmentation by interferon was absent in all five previous responders. CMV-specific T cell activity did not improve, but HLA-unrestricted cytotoxicity was increased in four of eight cases.