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Background: To assess if photobiostimulation (PBS) alleviates pain intensity/duration and swelling after implant surgery. Material and Methods: Sixty subjects (27 male and 33 female, with a mean age of 47,13 ± 8.05 years) were included and randomly assigned to experimental group (implant surgery and photobiostimulation), placebo group (implant surgery and simulated photobiostimulation) and control group (implant surgery only). Inclusion criteria: subjects older than 20 years, with a healthy oral mucosa and requiring implant surgery. Exclusion criteria: pregnancy, history of implant failure, light sensitivity, metabolic deseases, consumption of antibiotics or corticosteroids in the last two weeks, smokers and alcohol drinkers. Patients reported the pain experienced by using a numeric rating scale (NRS) at 2 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours and from day 2 to 7. Swelling score was assessed by linear measurements and type and number of analgesic drugs within each time-point were recorded on a spreadsheet. Data of pain and amount of swelling were compared among the three groups by using the Kruskal-Wallis H Test and post-hoc comparisons tests. Results: Pain in the experimental group was less compared to controls and placebo group, at each time intervals (p < 0.001) as well as the maximum pain score (experimental group: median = 2, interquartile range 2-3; control group: median = 8, interquartile range 3,75-9; placebo group: median = 8, interquartile range 6,25-9). Swelling was almost insignificant in the experimental group (maximum value = 1, interquartile range 0-2,75, at 24 hours) compared with control (maximum value = 6, interquartile range 5-8,75, at 24 hours) and placebo (maximum value = 6, interquartile range 5-8, at 24 hours). Subjects in the experimental group assumed less analgesics compared to both controls and placebo groups. Conclusions: Photobiostimulation is an effective method to reduce pain intensity/duration and swelling after implant surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Tentative bioinformatic predictions were performed to comprehend the complexity of the gene interaction networks of the T lymphocyte cell cycle and of human periodontitis. This study aims to identify and rank genes involved in osseous augmentation or bone remodeling to obtain groups with more numerous predicted associations called the leader gene clusters. Methods:An iterative search (consisting of a consecutive expansion‐filtering loop) was performed for which only genes involved in a specific process were identified. For each gene, predicted associations with all other involved genes were obtained from a Web‐available database (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins) and the weighted number of links (WNL), given by the sum of only high‐confidence predicted associations (results with a score ≥0.9), allowing gene ranking. Genes belonging to higher clustering classes were identified. Results:A total of 161 genes potentially involved in bone‐volume augmentation and 128 genes connected with the bone‐remodeling phenomenon were identified. For the bone‐volume augmentation process, only one gene belonged to the leader gene group, whereas six other genes were classified as cluster B genes; for the bone‐remodeling phenomenon, three leader genes were identified, whereas six other genes formed the cluster B group. No one gene belonged to leader gene clusters of both processes, whereas one gene of each higher cluster group belonged to the immediately lower cluster of the opposite process. Only three genes of the higher clusters were experimentally involved in both analyses. Conclusions:A de novoidentification was performed based on the data mining of leader genes involved in bone‐volume augmentation or bone remodeling to acquire primeval information about their molecular basis and to plan future ad hoc targeted experiments. For several genes of the upper clusters, an active role in the bone processes was already known, but the present analysis suggested that they play a major role in the analyzed phenomena. The role of the transcription factors as leader genes and the numerous orphan genes (genes with WNL = 0) recovered probably attest to a lack of information regarding these processes, which could be further clarified through specific DNA microarray experiments.