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ABSTRACTFormal education is constantly influenced by a determined curriculum, which teachers are more or less forced to follow. But by following Sicart (2014. Play Matters. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press), and thereby considering children's democratic rights and their right to playwe can ask important questions, such as: How can we make schools more playful by giving teachers inspiration and tools for making their subjects in school more creative, engaging and inspiring? How can we use technologies in curriculum-oriented and cross-curricular ways? How can we learn about the influence of technology, about culture and societal development, in age-appropriate ways? The paper investigates which pedagogical approaches and strategies that are most useful as inspiration and as educational exchange on a transnational level. Furthermore, the paper discusses new robotic influenced pedagogies for transforming traditional school activities into more play-based approaches to be implemented with twenty-first century learning skills: creativity, communication, collaboration and critical thinking.

The clinical usefulness of the so-called “static” cardiac filling pressures - central (CVP) and pulmonary-artery-occlusion-pressure (PAOP) – has come into question for guiding hemodynamic therapy due to their poor ability to predict fluid responsiveness in comparison with other monitoring modalities such as transpulmonary thermodilution-derived volumetric measurements, dynamic variables for assessing fluid responsiveness, and the potential risks associated with pulmonary artery catheterization.

Utilizing a fatigue-rated multi-axial strong-floor based test rig, the effect of a retro-fitted fish-mouth third shear-web geometry detail located within the double-curved trailing edge sandwich panels are evaluated in an inner 15m root section from a 34m wind turbine blade manufactured by SSP Technology. From previous research, a load configuration is identified, capable of triggering the breathing/pumping deformations in the trailing edge panels within the root and transition zone, which will drive the propagation on the shear-web disbonding mechanism. Investigation and evaluation of the shear web disbonding and associated mitigation are acquired through strain gauges, wire potentiometer and digital image correlation (DIC) measurements inside the root section.

The purpose of this paper is to present the importance of torsional loads when understanding the significant increase in structural damages on large wind turbine blades. By comparing the stress state of two blades of different length, it is shown that torsional loads grow with an exponent of four (4). Thereby, a function of the length of the blades leading to a new range of challenges that are not met by the current process for design, testing and certification.

This manuscript presents the partial results in the development of numerical models based on Cohesive Zone Modelling to analyse quasi-static and fatigue crack propagation in adhesive interfaces. This work applied to adhesive interface between fibre laminates and structural epoxy adhesive of a wind turbine blade 3rd shear-web connection to the trailing edge panels. Fracture characterization experiments using the Double Cantilever Beam with Unequal Bending Moments (DCB-UBM) specimen are performed, and results are used to determine different modelling parameters, such as the mixed-mode cohesive laws and fatigue damage parameters for cohesive crack propagation. The developed numerical model is compared and validated against sub-component testing on two different scale levels, using a Modified Tear Test (MTT) specimen geometry with simplified geometry and loading, and a more complex geometry sub-component specimen with a simplified Shear Web Disbond Test (SBDT). The work is carried out as part of the CORTIR-II project, funded by the Danish Ministry of Energy.

The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that cerebral oxygen saturation (ScO2) measurements with the INVOS-5100-C and the ForeSight-Elite cerebral oximeters vary in their correlation with mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) upon changes in systemic oxygenation in extubated cardiac surgical patients. Additionally, we aimed to elucidate whether the ScO2measurements of both devices can be used interchangeably to detect reduced SvO2. Forty-eight spontaneously breathing patients extubated after cardiac surgery were included in this prospective observational study. The patients were exposed to both high (10 oxygen L·min−1via face mask) and low (room air) inspiratory oxygen concentrations. Bi-hemispherical ScO2was determined with the INVOS and ForeSight Elite cerebral oximeters. The SvO2was measured with a pulmonary artery catheter. Significant changes in oxygen delivery, ScO2(by both cerebral oximeters), and SvO2were observed upon variation of oxygenation. The minimum mean (standard deviation) ScO2(ScO2min) using the INVOS and ForeSight did not differ significantly during high oxygen delivery [63.1 (8.6) % vs65.8 (4.7) %, respectively; P= 0.07], but during low oxygen delivery, the INVOS value was significantly lower than that of the ForeSight oximeter [56.7 (8.9) % vs61.3 (4.4) %, respectively; P= 0.003]. Both devices differed in the correlation between ScO2minand SvO2for the combined oxygenation data (0.59, INVOS vs0.28, ForeSight; correlation difference, 0.31; Bonferroni-adjusted 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08 to 0.54; P= 0.008). The receiver-operating curve analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.83 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.9; P= 0.005) for detecting an SvO2below 50% by ScO2minwith the INVOS and 0.51 (95% CI, 0.41 to 0.62; P= 0.92), respectively, with the ForeSight. These findings suggest that the cerebral oximeters tested react differently to variations in systemic oxygenation and in their relationship with SvO2and thus give different information on cardiopulmonary function. These findings raise doubt about whether these devices should be used interchangeably. Cette étude a voulu tester l’hypothèse selon laquelle les mesures de la saturation cérébrale en oxygène (ScO2) avec les oxymètres cérébraux INVOS-5100-C et ForeSight-Elite varient dans leur corrélation avec la saturation veineuse mixte en oxygène (SvO2) au moment de changements d’oxygénation systémique chez des patients chirurgicaux cardiaques extubés. De plus, nous avons voulu élucider la question de savoir si les mesures de ScO2effectuées par les deux dispositifs pouvaient être utilisées indifféremment pour détecteur une réduction de la SvO2. Quarante-huit patients extubés respirant spontanément après une chirurgie cardiaque ont été inclus dans cette étude observationnelle prospective. Les patients ont été exposés à des concentrations inspiratoires en oxygène élevées (10 L·min−1d’oxygène par masque facial) et basses (air ambiant). La ScO2bi-hémisphérique a été déterminée au moyen des oxymètres cérébraux INVOS et ForeSight Elite. La SvO2a été mesurée via un cathéter de l’artère pulmonaire. Des changements significatifs de l’apport d’oxygène, de la ScO2(selon les deux oxymètres cérébraux) et de la SvO2ont été observés au moment du changement d’oxygénation. Les ScO2moyennes minimums (écart-type) (ScO2min) obtenues avec INVOS et ForeSight n’étaient pas significativement différente au cours de l’administration d’oxygène à forte concentration (respectivement, 63,1 [8,6] % contre 65,8 [4,7] %; P= 0,07) tandis que pendant l’administration d’oxygène à faible concentration, la valeur indiquée par l’INVOS était significativement inférieure à celle de l’oxymètre ForeSight (respectivement, 56,7 [8,9] % contre 61,3 [4,4] %; P< 0,003). Les deux dispositifs présentaient une corrélation différente entre la ScO2minet la SvO2pour les données d’oxygénation combinées (INVOS = 0,59 contre ForeSight = 0,28; différence de corrélation, 0,31; intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % [avec correction de Bonferroni] : 0,08 à 0,54; P< 0,008). L’analyse de la courbe d’efficacité du récepteur (ROC) a révélé une aire sous la courbe de 0,83 (IC à 95 % : 0,74 à 0,9; P= 0,005) pour la détection d’une SvO2inférieure de 50 % par ScO2minavec l’INVOS et de 0,51 (IC à 95 % : 0,41 à 0,62; P= 0,92) avec le ForeSight. Ces constatations suggèrent que les oxymètres cérébraux testés réagissent différemment aux variations d’oxygénation systémique et dans leurs rapports avec la SvO2; ils donnent donc des informations différentes sur la fonction cardiopulmonaire. Ces constatations remettent donc en question l’utilisation équivalente de ces dispositifs.

The lymphatic growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐C and ‐D are important for maintenance and growth of lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis), but their localization in human gingiva is unknown. This study investigated the expression of VEGF‐C and ‐D in human gingiva and isolated human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). In addition, the localization of their main receptor VEGFR‐3 was explored. Non‐inflamed gingiva from six donors was used for immunohistochemistry or isolation of HGFs. HGFs were stimulated with either E.colilipopolysaccharide (LPS) or IL‐6/soluble IL‐6 receptor (sIL‐6R) complex for 1, 6, and 24 hours. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was used to quantify the relative changes in gene expression of VEGF‐A, ‐C, and ‐D and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantification of protein levels. VEGF‐C, ‐D and VEGFR‐3 were seen in keratinocytes, blood vessels and in scattered single cells in gingiva. VEGFR‐3 was also found in lymphatic vessels and VEGF‐C in cells with fibroblastic appearance. Gene analysis showed no expression of VEGF‐D in the HGFs, but showed constitutive expression of VEGF‐C and ‐A. Stimulation of HGFs with LPS or IL‐6/sIL‐6R complex was followed by gene upregulation of VEGF‐C and ‐A and increased protein levels in cell culture supernatant (P≤0.05). The localization of VEGF‐C, ‐D, and VEGFR‐3 expression imply that signaling via VEGFR‐3 is linked to vascular homeostasis and keratinocyte function under normal conditions in gingiva. Inflammatory stimulation of HGFs upregulates VEGF‐C and ‐A expression and may contribute to angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.

Flexible risers are used in the offshore oil industry for exporting hydrocarbons from subsea equipment to floating production and storage vessels. The latest research in unbonded flexible pipes aims to reduce weight by replacing metal components with composite materials. This would result in lighter and stiffer flexible risers, which would be well suited for ultra deep water applications. This paper develops a new finite element model used for evaluating the efficiency of anchoring flat unidirectional fiber reinforced tendons in a mechanical grip. It consists two flat grips with the fiber reinforced tendon in between. The grips are pressed against the composite and the pullout force is ensured through friction. The novelty of the paper is represented by the detailed investigation of the influence between the coefficient of friction and the pullout force. By comparing numerical and experimentally obtained results, it is possible to show the importance of friction decay in the grip. Improper contact between the grips and composite is also taken into account and leads to good agreement between numerical and experimental results. This study shows how to avoid over-estimating the efficiency of such grip by using dry friction in finite element models.

ApoA-I, the main protein component of HDL, is suggested to be involved in metabolic homeostasis. We examined the effects of Milano, a naturally occurring ApoA-I variant, about which little mechanistic information is available. Remarkably, high-fat-fed mice treated with Milano displayed a rapid weight loss greater than ApoA-I WT treated mice, and a significantly reduced adipose tissue mass, without an inflammatory response. Further, lipolysis in adipose cells isolated from mice treated with either WT or Milano was increased. In primary rat adipose cells, Milano stimulated cholesterol efflux and increased glycerol release, independently of β-adrenergic stimulation and phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase (Ser563) and perilipin (Ser522). Stimulation with Milano had a significantly greater effect on glycerol release compared with WT but similar effect on cholesterol efflux. Pharmacological inhibition or siRNA silencing of ABCA1 did not diminish Milano-stimulated lipolysis, although binding to the cell surface was decreased, as analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Interestingly, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, a well-described cholesterol acceptor, dose-dependently stimulated lipolysis. Together, these results suggest that decreased fat mass and increased lipolysis following Milano treatment in vivo is partly explained by a novel mechanism at the adipose cell level comprising stimulation of lipolysis independently of the canonical cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway.. J. Lipid Res. 2015. 56: 2248–2259.

Periodontitis is characterized by tissue destruction and bone loss mainly due to inflammatory responses after bacterial challenge of the gingiva. Gingiva is supplied with lymphatics that drain interstitial fluid and transport immune cells to the lymph nodes for antigen presentation; yet, the role of lymphatics in periodontal disease development is unknown. To investigate the lymphatic function after periodontal infection, we used K14-VEGF receptor 3-Ig (K14) mice that lack lymphatics in gingiva. Mice were orally infected with human Porphyromonas gingivalisand observed for 42 days. The infected K14 mice developed significantly more bone loss than the wild-type mice, and were associated with an increased number of macrophages and major histocompatibility complex class II antigen-presenting cells in the bone resorptional areas. The infected transgenic mice expressed a significant higher periodontal level of several proinflammatory cytokines, whereas the plasma level of P. gingivalisIgG was significantly lower than in the wild-type mice. No differences were found in immune cell distribution in draining lymph nodes between the strains. Our results show that a strong periodontal inflammatory response and a weakened systemic humoral B-cell response took place in K14 mice after infection. We conclude that gingival lymphatics protect against P. gingivalis–induced periodontitis, and we speculate that they are critical in the protection by clearance of infection and by promotion of humoral immune responses.

Rapid prototyping using the selective laser melting process has been successfully used in the manufacture of solid walls from melt sensitive mechanically alloyed PM2000 FeCrAl ODS powder. Despite melting of the powder, the technique allowed the retention of the nanoscale oxide dispersion due to the high cooling rates. Results showed that coarsening and agglomeration of ODS particles was more dependent on laser scan speed than the maximum laser power.

This paper investigates the rapid prototyping of components from ceramics. Selective laser sintering of barium titanate powder has been investigated as a potential route to manufacturing freeform electro-ceramic based components. Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate the effect of laser power and oxygen partial pressure on the phase and composition of the sintered material. It is shown that the sintering laser power strongly influences the composition. As the laser power is increased during sintering, the Eg mode of anatase becomes evident at 640 cm-1. When the oxygen partial pressure in the sintering atmosphere is reduced from 19% to 0.2% the whole depth of the powder bed sampled by Raman spectroscopy resembles bulk anatase.

Objectives:Apical periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by bone resorption, and sympathetic nerves are known to modulate bone resorption and bone remodeling. Higher numbers of osteoclasts and larger periapical lesions have been observed after sympathectomy in rats, but the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of sympathetic nerves on osteoclasts are unknown. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that sympathetic nerves inhibit the production of the bone-resorbing pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α and TNF-α in rat periapical lesions. Methods:Rats were unilaterally sympathectomized and apical lesions were induced by exposing the dental pulp of molar teeth to the oral microflora. We quantified the cytokines IL-1α and TNF-α by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemical analysis was done for qualitative localization. Pulp from intact incisor teeth was tested as a control. Results:We showed that IL-1α was increased, but not TNF-α, in the periapical lesions on the sympathectomized side. Both IL-1α and TNF-α were expressed in unexposed pulp. TNF-α was significantly decreased in the denervated incisor pulp, whereas the level of IL-1α remained unchanged. Conclusions:This study suggests that sympathetic nerves have an inhibitory effect on IL-1α in periapical lesions and a stimulatory effect on TNF-α in the intact rat pulp.

AbstractObjectives: Apical periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by bone resorption, and sympathetic nerves are known to modulate bone resorption and bone remodeling. Higher numbers of osteoclasts and larger periapical lesions have been observed after sympathectomy in rats, but the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of sympathetic nerves on osteoclasts are unknown. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that sympathetic nerves inhibit the production of the bone-resorbing pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α and TNF-α in rat periapical lesions. Methods: Rats were unilaterally sympathectomized and apical lesions were induced by exposing the dental pulp of molar teeth to the oral microflora. We quantified the cytokines IL-1α and TNF-α by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemical analysis was done for qualitative localization. Pulp from intact incisor teeth was tested as a control. Results: We showed that IL-1α was increased, but not TNF-α, in the periapical lesions on the sympathectomized side. Both IL-1α and TNF-α were expressed in unexposed pulp. TNF-α was significantly decreased in the denervated incisor pulp, whereas the level of IL-1α remained unchanged. Conclusions: This study suggests that sympathetic nerves have an inhibitory effect on IL-1α in periapical lesions and a stimulatory effect on TNF-α in the intact rat pulp.Copyright © 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel

Recent evidence suggests interactions between primary afferent nociceptors and postganglionic sympathetic efferents in the pathogenesis of inflammation. The effect of unilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglion on the innervation pattern of nerve fibers immunoreactive (IR) to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY), as well as the occurrence of cells in the injured and uninjured rat molar pulp, was investigated. Light microscopic immunocytochemistry demonstrated that the molar pulps contralateral to the sympathectomy contained a NPY-IR nerve fiber network more dense and heavily stained than unoperated control rats. The NPY-IR fibers showed, however, no sprouting after deep cavity preparation. There was no compensatory increase in CGRP- and SP-IR nerve fibers in the dental pulp after unilateral sympathectomy, although a significant increase in cells IR to CGRP and SP was found in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion. Unilateral sympathectomy induced a significant increase in cell density both in the inflamed and in the uninflamed dental pulp bilaterally. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, a trophic effect of the sympathetic nerves on cells in the dental pulp, indicating that an imbalance of sympathetic nerves may induce inflammation and pain in teeth.

Serotonin, acetylcholine and substance P are mediators involved in the secretory response to cholera toxin in the small intestine. The aim of this study was to investigate the regional difference in the effect of a serotonin receptor type 3 antagonist (ondansetron), a nicotinic receptor antagonist (hexamethonium), and a substance P antagonist (the neurokinin receptor type 1 antagonist, CP 99,994) on the cholera toxin-induced fluid accumulation in the porcine jejunum. A dose-range of cholera toxin (0.32–56.00 μg/loop) was instilled for 4 hr in ligated loops in two regions of the proximal jejunum in 6–8-week-old pigs. Ondansetron (200 μg/kg), hexamethonium (10 mg/kg), CP 99,994 (1 mg/kg), or saline alone (control) were given intravenously 10 min. before cholera toxin instillation. Cardiovascular parameters, blood gas data, net fluid accumulation, serotonin and electrolyte concentration in the accumulated fluid were measured. Cardiovascular and blood gas parameters were within the normal range in all treatments. The apparent maximal response in fluid accumulation was reduced 20% in case of ondansetron, and by 33% using CP 99,994 in the aboral region compared to control, whereas no effect was observed in the oral region. Hexamethonium reduced the apparent maximal secretory response in both the oral and aboral regions by 45%. None of the treatments with antagonists changed the luminal content of serotonin or the electrolyte concentrations in the accumulated fluid. The results demonstrate that the involvement of serotonin receptor type 3 and neurokinin type 1 receptors in the transductional pathway of cholera toxin-induced fluid accumulation vary significantly within the jejunum, while the cholinergic (nicotinic) transmission plays an even role.

A case of deletion of the short arm of chromosome 3 (46,XY,del(3)(p253) is described. The patient is a youth of 18 years in an institution for the mentally retarded. Phenotypically, he presents congenital heart disease, hypertelorism, ptosis, epicanthus, blepharophimosis, strabismus, nystagmus, synophrys, low-set ears, frequent infections, epilepsy (abnormal EEG and grand mal seizures), “rocker bottom” feet, flat occiput and muscular hypotonia. The parents are healthy and with normal karyotypes. A silent allele in the GPT system was found in the mother, the propositus and 4 of the 5 siblings.

The effects of sensory and sympathetic denervation on simultaneously measured interstitial fluid pressure and blood flow in the canine pulp before, during and after electrical tooth stimulation were investigated in 25 ferrets. The micropuncture technique was used to measure interstitial fluid pressure and laser-Doppler flowmetry was used to record pulpal blood flow. Animals with an intact innervation (group 1) served as controls. Sensory denervation was by axotomy of the left inferior alveolar nerve 10 days before the experiment (group 2) and sympathectomy by removal of the left cervical ganglion 5 days before the experiments (group 3). The study was designed to verify whether denervation affected basal pulp blood flow and interstitial fluid pressures during control conditions and/or after tooth stimulation. During control conditions the interstitial fluid pressure averaged 1.32 ± 0.07 kPa in group l, whereas the mean was only 0.51 ± 0.13 kPa in the axotomized animals (group 2). The difference was highly significant, indicating decreased blood or interstitial fluid volume in the pulp after inferior alveolar nerve axotomy. In the sympathectomized group neither the interstitial fluid pressure nor the pulp blood flow was significantly different from those of group I. Electrical tooth stimulation caused an almost simultaneous increase in interstitial fluid pressure and pulp blood flow in groups I and 3, whereas stimulation did not significantly change either variable in the axotomized animals (group 2). It is concluded that a resting nervous vasodilator tone of sensory origin exists in the ferret dental pulp, and that the sensory nerves are responsible for the increased interstitial fluid pressure and pulp blood Row during tooth stimulation.

Summary Although squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus occurs with increased incidence in primary achalasia, esophageal adenocarcinoma has been considered rare in this condition. We report a patient with long-standing achalasia in whom adenocarcinoma of the esophagus occurred many years after Heller esophagomyotomy, presumably related to Barrett's esophagus complicating gastroesophageal reflux disease.

HE institutes have significant impacts on regional development. Many students in the state of Bavaria, for example, remain in the region after graduating to work. The large construction projects associated with new HE institutes have significant regional employment impacts, while technology transfer (often through third party enabling organizations) offers local industry a direct way to benefit from proximity to HE institutions.

Investigations of intestinal secretion are often performed under anaesthesia. This study evaluates the influence of anaesthetic agents on the intestinal secretion induced by cholera toxin (CT) in the pig. CT was instilled for 4 h in ligated jejunal loops under anaesthesia with halothane, saffan, alpha‐chloralose, or propofol. Cardiovascular parameters, blood gas data, plasma cortisol levels, net fluid accumulation, intraluminal mediators (serotonin (5‐HT), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)) and electrolyte concentrations in the accumulated fluid were determined. The systolic blood pressure and heart rate was highest for saffan‐anaesthetized pigs (blood pressure: saffan > alpha‐chloralose > propofol = halothane; heart rate: saffan > alpha‐chloralose = propofol = halothane), while blood gases and cortisol levels were within the same range. CT induced a dose‐dependent fluid accumulation under all four anaesthetics. The fluid accumulation was significantly higher in pigs treated with saffan, alpha‐chloralose and propofol than in halothane‐treated pigs (saffan = alpha‐chloralose > propofol > halothane). There was no significant difference in electrolyte concentrations in the accumulated fluid or in the luminal content of 5‐HT and PGE2 between anaesthetics. The results demonstrate that anaesthetic agents profoundly influence the secretory response in the small intestine and indicate the importance of the choice of anaesthetic in this type of experiment.

Zusammenfassung Die Erfahrungen und Beobachtungen der Berliner Univ.-Hautklinik der Charité über Mycosis fungoides werden an Hand einer Serie von 48 einschlägigen Fällen (1920–1937) berichtet.

Mg-3Gd (wt. %) samples were prepared by accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) and subsequent annealing to produce samples with average grain sizes in a wide range from 3.3 um to 45.1 um. These samples were tensile tested at room temperature. Dislocation structures and deformation twins in the tested tensile samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Dislocations with different types of Burgers vector were identified based on two-beam diffraction contrast experiments. The results revealed that deformation twins and dislocations are dominant in coarse-grained samples while and dislocations characterize the fine grain deformation structure. The transition of deformation mechanisms and its implications for microstructural design and property optimization are discussed.

Decreased vascular responses to salivary gland stimulation are observed in Sjögren's syndrome patients. We investigate whether impaired vascular responses to parasympathetic stimulation and muscarinic receptor activation in salivary glands parallels hyposalivation in an experimental model for Sjögren's syndrome.