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The components of the space payload are designed using materials with high stiffness and lower weight. These parts ought to be able to withstand the harsh climatic conditions over their entire life cycle without failing. Future space missions require lightweight materials with great thermal and electrical and mechanical strength. Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), which is frequently utilized for space payload components, offers significant bulk savings and excellent strength. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) effectively increase both thermal and electrical conductivity. The CNTs must satisfy the requirement of being disseminated by the method of solution mixingfor being considered as an efficient reinforcement to achieve high conductivity and strength of polymer composites. CNT nanocomposites and their quality are generally influenced by the type of CNTs, their purity, loading amount, aspect ratio, interfacial bonding between the polymer and nanotube, and alignment. A successful application of the processing techniques acts as a key parameter for the enactment of the CNT-CFRP composite. This review article aids in the process parameter optimization for the production of space payload components, which are needed to replace the current high-density space-qualified materials. This study summarizes the synthesis techniques, physical properties and space applications of CNT-reinforced composite and FGM. These documents could serve as a ready reference for future researchers and relevant industries.

The dynamic system of an equivalent dye sensitized solar cell electrical model is implemented to analyze the current, voltage and power characteristics. The parameters governing the working of the dye sensitized solar cell are determined for obtaining optimum efficiency. The complex process at different interfaces between the electrode, dye and electrolyte is examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The open-circuit voltage drops with the rise in cell temperature, as there is rapid growth in the reverse saturation current. The open-circuit voltage rises as the insolation level increases even though the saturation current of the recombination diode is independent of the amount of illumination. The current–voltage and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the proposed electrical model matches to that of experimental curve proving that the developed electrical model can be employed as a useful way for assessing the electrical properties of the dye sensitized solar cells. A generalized dye sensitized solar cell model which can be a representative of all the dye sensitized solar cell, module, and array is developed with MATLAB/Simulink. This makes it simple to simulate, examine and optimize the dynamics of a dye sensitized solar cell.

Many conventional sensors are used in industries since industrial methane sensing is critical. In the present case, a SnO2layer is the sensing medium for methane that decreases its electrical resistance with increase in methane concentration. A Wheatstone bridge detects the decrease in resistance, thereby converting it to a suitable voltage. Since the environment where methane gas would be present is hazardous, electrical communication is impossible through a physical network. Instead, the authors have taken the help of the Internet of Things (IoT) for data communication purpose which has become much more feasible nowadays for communicating data in a hazardous environment. The mathematical relationship of the methane concentration with the transmitted current and voltage is found by theoretically analyzing the proposed methane sensor. The authors have tested the proposed system of methane concentration measurement experimentally. The paper presents the experimental results with reasonable accuracy, sensitivity, and linearity.

In this gorgeous metal art form, Cu–Zn or Cu–Sn alloy is used as raw material for the casting process. Due to its aesthetic view, art has become a major attraction for the world and for that also it has sustained for 5000 years. This captivating metal art now is on the verge of extinction due to a lack of up-gradation. It has to face several challenges in manufacturing, marketing, and many more sections. High raw material costs, lack of introduction of new designs, lack of buyers, and many more make artisans’ livelihood challenging. In order to overcome these issues process up-gradation, and public relations on various social platforms need to be done. One of the key factors is the psychological behavior of the Dokra artisans which plays a big role in it as well. A new design of the furnace to trap the heat in it better can be very effective to reduce the cost of fuel and by this artisans can get better profit. A link has been drawn between the psychological behavior of artisans and the lack of spread of Dokra art in this study.

ABSTRACTThe presence of bone spurs (osteophytes) in knee-joints provides an indication of the onset of osteoarthritis and related deformities in patients. The shape of the patella bone at knee-joint undergoes various changes with the advancement of the disease, which may be discerned accurately from X-ray images. The main objective of this work is to identify the presence of osteophytes in the patella bone of knee-joint. Geometric features are extracted that highlight protrusions present on the bone surface from lateral views of X-ray images. The patella region is extracted from the image by performing texture-based segmentation followed by adaptive thresholding. Characteristic features are extracted from the segmented patella using derived novel measures based on differential chain code of the contour and convex hull. Linear support vector machine is used to classify diseased test-cases from healthy ones using the extracted features. Experimental results demonstrate the capability of the proposed image-analysis tool for detecting osteoarthritis with average accuracy of 93.75%.

Travelling salesman problem (TSP) is a well known combinatorial optimization problem which has drawn colossal attention due to its eclectic range of applications. In this article, we have proposed two modified versions of intelligent water drops (IWD) algorithm. The first one is the enhanced IWD (e-IWD) algorithm to solve single objective TSP. In the second modification, e-IWD algorithm has been extended to enhanced multi-objective IWD(e-MIWD) algorithm for solving multi-objective TSP. In order to achieve a better exploration capability in both of the proposed algorithms, the soil and velocity parameters of a randomly selected water drop are updated after every iteration of the algorithm when it traverses all the intermediate vertices for a tour. The proposed algorithms have been compared with some other existing similar algorithms on different benchmark instances of TSPs. Furthermore, we have addressed the TSP for both single and multiple objectives under uncertain environment.

The present investigation signifies the effect of incorporation of lanthanum phosphate nanopowder at different weight ratios in aluminium matrix. The lanthanum phosphate reinforcements in the 50–80 nm size range are synthesized through a cost-effective sol–gel process, without any subsequent secondary process. The composite is fabricated by the ultrasonic-assisted stir casting process, a low cost and a less defective manufacturing process. Various mechanical properties, viz.ultimate tensile strength, flexural strength, compressive strength and hardness, are examined. From the study, it is concluded that MMC with 15 wt% the lanthanum phosphate leads to the best tensile, compression and flexural properties as well as hardness. Blending the reinforcement in the matrix is a challenging task, besides the selection of suitable stirring conditions which greatly reduces the agglomerations. The higher bonding force between the reinforcement and the matrix makes the reinforcement a suitable material in the aluminium matrix composite, and it is confirmed through density functional theory studies. The superior properties of the Al/LaPO4composite make it a suitable replacement material for aerospace and defence applications.

The paper presents an alternative conceptual framework to theorise urban liveability. It reviews two urban liveability measurement methodologies to identify the existing understanding of liveability in practice and literature. The paper highlights the lacunas of theorising liveability through the utility-based approaches and proposes a framework to establish liveability through a non-utilitarian approach. It adopts the central argument of the capability approach to insinuate liveability through human well-being, functioning, capability, and freedom. In present literature Amartya Sen, Martha Nussbaum, Sabina Alkire have discussed the capability approach extensively. It also discusses the ethical arguments of John Rawls and the egalitarian considerations of Ronald Dworkin to establish the uniqueness of the capability approach and to theorise liveability. The paper contributes toward a structured and systematic review of the existing methods to theorise and measure liveability and presents a comprehensive conceptual alternative framework to measure liveability.

The cryo-treatment has already emerged as the sustainable manufacturing process of the future generation. It is an effective process to improve the tool life in different manufacturing processes such as turning, drilling, and milling. Thus, optimal process parameters must be determined in dry turning to attain the economic machining along with tool wear reduction and a better surface finish of the machined workpiece. The present investigation aims to optimize the machining input parameters with multi-responses in dry turning of low carbon En8 steel with deep cryo-treated (DCT) tungsten carbide cobalt bonded insert (WC–Co) by using hybrid type multi-criteria decision-making methods such as Taguchi’s based Grey Relational Analysis and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution. The optimized machining conditions are suitably validated and compared in this study. Additionally, microhardness and microstructure of the DCT tools are examined. The results revealed that the DCT tool enhances the machining performances due to fine eta (η) carbides distribution and densification of Co binder after the treatment which confirms through scanning electron microscopic image.

Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS), a popular optical technique for fast noninvasive measurement of blood flow, is commonly implemented using expensive fiber-coupled long coherence length laser systems. Here, we report the development of a portable and fiber-less approach that can be used as a low-cost alternative to illuminate tissue in DCS instruments. We validate the accuracy and noise characteristics of the fiber-less DCS laser source, by comparisons against traditional DCS light sources, with experiments on controlled tissue-simulating phantoms and in humans.

Energy optimization and coverage area optimization of wireless sensor networks (WSN) are two major challenges to accomplish reliability optimization in the field of WSN. Reliability optimization in the field of WSN is directly connected to the performance and efficiency and consistency of the network. In this paper, the authors describe how these challenges can be resolved by designing an efficient WSN with the help of meta-heuristic algorithms. They have configured an optimized route/path using ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm and deployed static WSN nodes. After configuring an efficient network, if we can maximize the coverage area, then we can ensure that the network is a reliable network. For coverage area optimization, they used a hybrid differential evolution-quantum behaved particle swarm optimization (DE-QPSO) algorithm. The result has been compared with existing literature, and the authors found good results applying those meta-heuristic and hybrid algorithms.

•High temperature caused growth, yield and physio-biochemical alteration in rice.•Salicylic acid or chitosan significantly mitigated high temperature induced alterations.•Both salicylic acid and chitosan boosted enzymatic antioxidants in high temperature.•Individually Salicylic acid showed better alleviation effects than chitosan.•Combined application of salicylic acid and chitosan showed better mitigation effect.

The wide tunability of the energy bandgap of colloidal lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots (QDs) has uniquely positioned them for the development of single junction and tandem solar cells. While there have been substantial advancements in moderate and narrow bandgap PbS QDs-ideal for single junction solar cells and the bottom cell in tandem solar cells, respectively; progress has been limited in high-bandgap PbS QDs that are ideally suited for the formation of the top cell in tandem solar cells. The development of appropriate high bandgap PbS QDs would be a major advancement toward realizing efficient all-QD tandem solar cells utilizing different sizes of PbS QDs. Here, we report a comprehensive approach encompassing synthetic strategy, ligand engineering, and hole transport layer (HTL) modification to implement high-bandgap PbS QDs into solar cell devices. We achieved a greater degree of size homogeneity in high-bandgap PbS QDs through the use of a growth retarding agent and a partial passivation strategy. By adjusting the ligand polarity, we successfully grow HTL over the QD film to fabricate solar cells. With the aid of an interface modifying layer, we incorporated an organic HTL for the realization of high-performance solar cells. These solar cells exhibited an impressive open-circuit voltage of 0.824 V and a power conversion efficiency of 10.7%, marking a 360% improvement over previous results.

Aim: This paper proposed the design and development of 4-Bit Gray Code Counter Circuit Using Reversible Logic Gate. Methods: The 4-Bit Gray Code Counter Circuit can be design using SAM gate, Feynman gate (FG), double Feynman gate (DFG) and NOT gate. The proposed circuit is the combined application of 4-bit binary asynchronous counter and 4-bit binary to gray code converter circuit. Results: The proposed gray code counter is designed using four no. of SAM gate, three no. of DFG, one FG and seven reversible NOT gate. The QC, GO and CI of proposed circuit are correspondingly 30, 4 and 7. Conclusion: The novel reversible gray code counter have been designed using existing reversible logic gate. The proposed gray code counter is designed using four no. of SAM gate, three no. of DFG, one FG and seven reversible NOT gate. The QC, GO and CI of proposed circuit are correspondingly 30, 4 and 7.

Background: In this article, we have proposed a new reversible quantum circuit block along with the Quantum Cost (QC), Constant Input (CI), Garbage Output (GO) and delay optimized code converter using quantum circuit block. Methods: Initially, new quantum circuit block has been designed and later reversible code converter circuits have been implemented using it. The proposed new quantum block used to design 2’s complement code converter (2SCCC), cost efficient BCD to Excess-3 Code Converter (BECC) and can also be used to implement different logic functions. The QC of proposed quantum circuit block is 8. The QC and delay of the proposed 2SCCC is 8 and 1 respectively. Similarly, the QC and delay of the proposed BECC is 11 and 2, respectively. The proposed cost efficient BECC is designed using two NOT gate, one Feynman gate and one new quantum circuit block with QC is 11. Results: The improvement of QC for 2SCCC and BECC is 27.27 % and 21.43%, respectively. The improvement of delay for 2SCCC and BECC are 66.67% and 50%, respectively, compared with respect to the latest reported results. Conclusion: So the improvement of QC and delay are very high using QCB.

Metropolitan regions are an increasingly relevant scale for political decision making and determining urban utilities and services functions. Metropolitan institutions functions with autonomous local governments, parastatal organisations and public-private enterprises. Therefore, it is always difficult to network between the decentralised municipal governments and create a hierarchy of planning, development and inter-local collaboration for governmental services delivery. One may expect that output legitimacy or legitimacy by performance is the dominant source for legitimacy in metropolitan governance. This paper examines India's metropolitan governance, its functioning under the decentralisation, the varied implementation of the act by states, its relevant comparison with global cases, and the opportunity of efficient collaboration between decentralised local governments within a metropolitan governance mechanism. The 74th Constitutional amendment act (74th CAA) 1992 provides the necessary legislative backdrop for decentralisation and establishment of the local governments or urban local bodies in India. The amendment act also pave ways for institutionalisation of metropolitan governance by establishing metropolitan/regional development authorities. The purpose of this metropolitan institution is to establish a framework of democratic governance, provide infrastructure services and improve regional prosperity. However, this contribution of the amendment act is not highlighted much in literature. The paper narrates the functioning of the metropolitan institution for the integration among the decentralised local governments and the relevant issues from two empirical evidences. It divulges the mechanisms of establishing metropolitan governance and decentralisation in India. In the process, it showcases the contribution of 74th CAA towards the establishment of the metropolitan governance. It also outlines the potential and challenges present in this dual system.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to understand the institutional dynamics of the public transport system in Jaipur. The institutional dynamics of the public transport system includes an understanding of the role of the formal and informal institutions (i.e. the actors) and the relationship between the public bus, external and private city bus operators. Design/methodology/approach: The research methodology to achieve the objectives of the study included an institutional mapping method to develop an in-depth understanding of the existing institutional framework for the public transport, secondary data and primary survey processed through focused interviews of Jaipur City Transport Services Limited (JCTSL) and the Regional Transport Office (RTO) officials, representatives of the external operator, drivers and conductors’ union and private city bus service operators. The cooperation level between these organizations was measured on a five-point Likert scale. Findings: The study indicated significant issues: poor cooperation levels between JCTSL and the RTO; the absence of a horizontal relationship between JCTSL and the RTO; conflict of powers, the competition of public and private minibus service; delays in smart city projects; absence of an integrated transport authority. Originality/value: In the Indian context, this study can help other Indian cities which are facing similar problems due to the fragmented institutional framework for public transport services and financial losses to the public bus operators due to the direct competition from paratransit or private bus services.

Purpose: India is set to develop a hundred smart cities under Smart Cities Mission (SCM). New Special Purpose Vehicles (SPV) established at the city level are developing these cities. Cities around the globe do not use this system for city development yet. SCM was launched in 2015, and these companies are working in some of these cities since 2016. This paper is an attempt to investigate the traditional system and SPV system with global best practices. Design/methodology/approach: The method for investigation includes developing a framework with the governance principles (defined by the United Nations Development Programme) and measurement parameters. By this framework, the performance of these governance systems can be measured/ranked; analysing these results give the nodal points where one system is better than the other and highlighting features; those can be incorporated to develop an alternative comprehensive system. Findings: The new service delivery mechanism (SPV) is still adapting and competing with the traditional system. There have been some positives as well as some criticism for SPVs in comparison to the traditional system. Research limitations/implications: The data for analysis is mostly from secondary sources and structured official interviews. The cases selected for the analysis are cities from different states of India and some leading global cities. Practical implications: Smart cities development is still going on. As the analysis findings suggest, it needs a more efficient and converged implementation mechanism. Originality/value: The analysis framework is solely developed for this paper. The paper compares five of the Indian traditional city development process, SCM implementation strategy and leading city development processes around the world.

In the era of rapid urbanization, the public bus system is struggling to become the main mode of transport in Indian cities. The co-existence of private city bus system and intermediate para-transit modes [shared auto-rickshaws, vikrams (6-8 seater shared 3-wheeler) and e-rickshaws] has created more competition for the public bus system instead of complementing it. This paper discusses the existing institutional arrangement of public bus systems in Lucknow city and identifies the challenges of organizations to operate an efficient public bus system. The study is based on primary survey and structured interviews of public bus service operators, representatives of private bus operators, representatives of employee unions, auto-rickshaw & vikram drivers, officials of public transport authority and Regional Transport Office (RTO). The study explores public bus governance system and administrative hierarchy of the city to understand its existing operational process. The role of travel cost and comfort in passenger’s choice of travel mode is discussed. The financial performance of the LCTSL shows the continuous losses. The paper contributes to identify the role of institutional framework to operate a successful public bus system. The analysis and findings will lead to the use of these modes in an integrated manner to complement and promote public bus system in a city.

Aims: The potentiality of Multiple Quantum Well (MQW) Impacts Avalanche Transit Time (IMPATT) diodes based on Si~3C-SiC heterostructures as possible terahertz radiators have been explored in this paper. Objective: The static, high frequency and noise performance of MQW devices operating at 94, 140, and 220 GHz atmospheric window frequencies, as well as 0.30 and 0.50 THz frequency bands, have been studied in this paper. Methods: The simulation methods based on a Self-Consistent Quantum Drift-Diffusion (SCQDD) model developed by the authors have been used for the above-mentioned studies. Results: Thus the noise performance of MQW DDRs will be obviously better as compared to the flat Si DDRs operating at different mm-wave and THz frequencies. Conclusion: Simulation results show that Si~3C-SiC MQW IMPATT sources are capable of providing considerably higher RF power output with the significantly lower noise level at both millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and terahertz (THz) frequency bands as compared to conventional flat Si IMPATT sources.

The modulation of millimetre-wave (mm-wave) and terahertz (THz) properties of impact avalanche transit time (IMPATT) sources under external steady magnetic field has been studied in this paper. The arrangement of magnetic field tuning of IMPATT oscillators by using external transverse steady magnetic field is referred to as magnetic field tunable avalanche transit time (MAGTATT) oscillators. The sensitivities of various static, large-signal and noise characteristics of silicon-based MAGTATT sources operating at mm-wave atmospheric window frequencies (94, 140 and 220 GHz) and two different THz frequencies (0.3 and 0.5 THz) have been studied. Comprehensive two-dimensional simulation models developed by the authors for evaluating static, large-signal and noise characteristics of MATATT diodes have been used for this purpose. The simulation results show that the above-mentioned magnetic field sensitivities of the device properties are significantly reduced with the increase of the operating frequency.

The important optoelectronic properties like spectral response, excess noise characteristics, time and frequency response of multiple quantum barrier (MQB) nano-scale avalanche photodiodes (APDs) based on Si~3C-SiC material system have been studied. A self-consistent simulation method based on quantum drift-diffusion model has been presented. Simulation results show that the Si~3C-SiC MQB nano-APDs are capable of detecting significantly longer wavelengths as compared to infrared flat Si APDs. The multiplication gain and excess noise factor (ENF) of the MQB APDs have been calculated by varying the number of quantum barriers (QBs). The numerically calculated ENF values of MQB APDs have been compared with the ENF of Si flat conventional APDs of similar dimensions and it is observed that the use of QBs leads to significant reduction in ENF of the APDs. Simulation results also show that MQB nano-APDs possess significantly faster time response and wider frequency response as compared to the Si counterparts.

Background: Over the last few decades, reversible logic system/circuits have received considerable attention in the diversified fields such as nanotechnology, quantum computing, cryptography, optical computing and low power design of VLSI circuits due to their low power dissipation characteristics. Methods: In this paper, we proposed the design of reversible shift register (SR) i.e. serial-in-serial out (SISO), serial-in-parallel out (SIPO), parallel-in-serial out (PISO) and parallel-in-parallel out (PIPO) SR using a reduced number of reversible logic gates and garbage output. Result: As compared to previously reported results, the improvement in our proposed model of SISO, SIPO, PISO and PIPO was found to be 50 – 66.66 %, 42.85 – 66.66 %, 12.5 – 53.33 % and 50 – 66.66 % respectively, in terms of the number of reversible logic gates.

India is one of the very few countries which have metropolitan administration in place to administer its metropolis. ‘Metropolitanisation’ of existing big cities is growing cause of concern for India. Very soon, India needs to dwell upon development of its newly growing metropolitan region along with the existing ones. Yet a comprehensive framework has not emerged to address administrative and governance complexity of metropolitan region and local government. This paper examines India’s metropolitan governance, its functioning under the decentralisation of 74th Constitutional amendment act of 1992; its variation in implementation by different states; and critique on the opportunity of having a metropolitan governance mechanism with decentralised local government. Irrespective of the central legislative foundation, state governments are unable to establish a functioning module with decentralised local government and independent metropolitan government. Finally, the paper shall record the findings and discuss the possible policy recommendations.

•Excess Fe2+exposure severely damaged rice leaf mesophyll.•Si or K mitigated excess Fe2+damage to leaf mesophyll by modulating physio-biochemical traits.•Si protected mesophylls from Fe2+toxicity by reducing cellular Fe level.•K protected mesophylls from Fe2+-induced oxidative damage by boosting antioxidant defense.•Combined application of Si and K resulted in better Fe2+toxicity mitigation responses.

ABSTRACTThe influence of inter-carrier scattering phenomena on the noise performance of double-drift region (DDR) impact avalanche transit time diodes has been investigated. Three optimized Si DDR diode structures operating at 94, 140 and 220 GHz have been taken into account for this study. A newly reported analytical model of the ionization rates has been incorporated in the simulation in order to consider the effect of inter-carrier scattering inside the active region of the diodes and the noise performance of those have been evaluated by calculating the noise spectral density and noise measure around respective operating frequency bands. Results show that the noise performances of those are drastically worsened due to the aforementioned effect. The said deterioration has been found to be monotonically increasing in nature with the working frequency.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to compare and learn from Chandigarh in addressing an orderly urbanisation in India. Chandigarh is considered as a benchmark for city design in India. The aim is recapitulate the city design process and garner useful inputs towards city design process in India. Design/methodology/approach: Considering the purpose of the study, two research methodologies are identified – namely “case study” and “analytical narrative”. A case study method is usually focused on certain urban systems with a view to explain why certain systems were a success and why some ended up being a failure. It mostly concerns itself with questions of efficiency. A narrative analysis seeks to understand urban development process and change. It appeared in disciplines such as policy analysis, urban history, social science, political science and economics. Analytical narrative evaluates the explanatory performance of new genre, using some philosophy. Findings: This paper contributes in reinvigorating the aura of Chandigarh and its contribution in developing an Indian city with its own identity. It also reflects upon the series of failure among the recent city planning endeavours, and its avenue of differences from the successful case. Originality/value: The paper contributes in understanding the existing shortcomings of city design approaches in India from the perspective of a relatively successful case of a functional Indian city. It also helps to point out the forgotten dimensions of city design that contributes in creating a functional city.

Purpose: Natural disasters not only cause dilapidated buildings and damaged infrastructure but also delay crucial aid for those affected in the event of a disaster and post-disaster recovery. An institutionally well-managed post-disaster housing strategy provides opportunities for physical and mental healing of its occupant. The time requires occupiers to remain in the temporary housing varies with circumstances. This paper aims to review post-disaster housing scenarios in India in comparison to two Asian cases from Indonesia and Japan. The study focuses on understanding Indian post-disaster housing strategies through a comparative review. Design/methodology/approach: The research selects coastal cities of Tamil Nadu state, where the post-disaster temporary shelter and rehabilitation was planned and implemented after the Tsunami in 2004. The Tsunami created havoc in Nagapattinam and Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. Nagapattinam district reported 6,051 fatalities and many more homeless people. After the Tsunami, the government took measures to supply safe, secured and on-site shelter provisions. Surprisingly, many such shelters were never occupied. In many instances, people actually preferred to spend years in a temporary shelter rather occupying government housing. This paper evaluates such events and investigates India’s post-disaster shelter strategy against the derived best practices. This study is based on the sequential/logical reasoning and understanding of the facts. Discussions and findings from this study can be further generalised into a comprehensive policy discussion. Findings: The paper finds that the manner of planning and design of post-disaster housing programmes influence medium- to long-term recovery of its occupant. A certain element of trade-off between implementation and quality of habitation results into compromises to achieving the desired outcome. When faced with socio-political, economic and financial constraints, the decision-makers are required to make trade-offs in deciding the manner and quantum of allocating resources. Coordination among these agencies is troublesome. It is true for all countries and there is no distinct answer to it. Public consultation and community participation in long-term rehabilitation are crucial to meet the aspiration of the local people. Originality/value: The paper contributes in discussing a comparison of post-disaster housing rehabilitation between India and the two cases from Indonesia and Japan. As a review paper, the objective is to highlight the synthesis and overall understanding of post-disaster housing strategies from two cases and compare it with India.

Aim and Objective: This paper presents the quantum cost, garbage output, constant input and number of reversible gate optimized 2:4 decoder using 4×4 new reversible logic gate which is named as reversible decoder block or RD block. Method: The proposed block is implemented with a quantum circuit and quantum cost of the proposed RD block is 8. The proposed decoder can be designed using only one new proposed block. Results and Conclusion: The quantum cost, garbage output, constant input and gate number of the proposed 2:4 decoder is 9, 0, 2 and 1 which is better w.r.t previously reported work. The improvement % of quantum cost, garbage output, constant input and number of gates are 12.5 – 77.148 %, 100 %, 33.33 – 75 % and 0 – 85.71%.

A major amount of energy of mobile electrons and holes in a semiconductor under electric field are lost due to inter-carrier collisions prior to ionising collision. This fact causes a decrease in the ionisation probability which leads to the deterioration in ionisation rates especially when the doping density is high. The effects of this phenomenon on the high frequency and noise properties of highly doped impact avalanche transit time (IMPATT) devices based on different wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors, like 4H-SiC, Wurtzite-GaN (Wz-GaN) and type-IIb diamond (C) have been studied in this paper. Significant deteriorations in the diodes' high frequency and noise performance have been observed in the simulation results. The simulation results have been compared with the experimental data in order to validate those.

Narrow bandgap quantum dots (QDs) are an important class of materials for near‐infrared (NIR) optoelectronic devices owing to their size‐tunable bandgap and chemical root processing. In photovoltaic applications, NIR QDs could be particularly useful to complement the sub‐bandgap transmission loss of NIR solar radiation from perovskite and c‐Si solar cells. However, insufficient carrier extraction thickness associated with the narrow NIR excitonic bandwidth of QDs limits the conversion efficacy of the broad NIR solar spectrum. Here, we utilize a multi‐bandgap QD ensemble which widens the NIR absorption bandwidth to mimic the broad solar spectrum. A solution‐phase ligand passivation strategy is used to control doping properties and energy level alignment of multi‐bandgap QDs. We successfully developed bulk‐heterojunction solar cells using the multi‐bandgap QD ensemble, which yields higher carrier extraction thickness and broader NIR absorption. The gain from NIR absorption and carrier transport resulted in higher short‐circuit current generation and power conversion efficiency (PCE) in solar cell devices. The champion device shows 8.73% PCE under 1.5 AM solar illumination and 7.44% and 5.05% PCE for the NIR photons transmitted from perovskite and c‐Si layers. A multi‐bandgap quantum dots ensemble with broad near‐infrared (NIR) excitonic bandwidth is employed for the development of NIR solar cells. Bulk‐heterojunction solar cells are built using the solution‐phase surface reprogramming approach, which yields higher carrier extraction thickness and improved NIR absorption. These advancements translate to higher current and efficiency in solar cell devices.

Authorship Attribution is a long-standing problem in Natural Language Processing. Several statistical and computational methods have been used to find a solution to this problem. In this article, we have proposed methods to deal with the authorship attribution problem in Bengali. More specifically, we proposed a supervised framework consisting of lexical and shallow features and investigated the possibility of using topic-modeling-inspired features, to classify documents according to their authors. We have created a corpus from nearly all the literary works of three eminent Bengali authors, consisting of 3,000 disjoint samples. Our models showed better performance than the state-of-the-art, with more than 98% test accuracy for the shallow features and 100% test accuracy for the topic-based features. Further experiments with GloVe vectors [Pennington et al. 2014] showed comparable results, but flexible patterns based on content words and high-frequency words [Schwartz et al. 2013] failed to perform as well as expected.

Lithium tantalate is technologically one of the most important ferroelectric materials with a low poling field that has several applications in the field of photonics and memory switching devices. In a Hamiltonian system, such as dipolar system, the polarization behavior of such ferroelectrics can be well-modeled by Klein–Gordon (K-G) equation. Due to strong localization coupled with discreteness in a nonlinear K-G lattice, there is a formation of breathers and multi-breathers that manifest in the localization peaks across the domains in polarization–space–time plot. Due to the presence of nonlinearity and also impurities (as antisite tantalum defects) in the structure, dissipative effects are observed and hence dissipative breathers are studied here. To probe the quantum states related to discrete breathers, the same K-G lattice is quantized to give rise to quantum breathers (QBs) that are explained by a periodic boundary condition. The gap between the localized and delocalized phonon-band is a function of impurity content that is again related to the effect of pinning of domains due to antisite tantalum defects in the system, i.e., a point of easier switching within the limited amount of data on poling field, which is related to Landau coefficient (read, nonlinearity). Secondly, in a non-periodic boundary condition, the temporal evolution of quanta shows interesting behavior in terms of ‘critical’ time of redistribution of quanta that is proportional to QB’s lifetime in femtosecond having a possibility for THz applications. Hence, the importance of both the methods for characterizing quantum breathers is shown in these perspectives.