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In this paper we present the results on speckle noise suppression in the entire visible spectrum using moving 3D diffractive optical element (DOE) based on the pseudorandom binary M-sequence. Spectral dependence of the speckle suppression efficiency as a function of moving speed and basic unit height of the DOE has been measured. The most effective 3D DOE structure for speckle reduction in the whole visible range has been determined. For the optimal DOE structure the speckle reduction coefficients of 21, 15 and 14 for light wavelengths of 633, 532 and 405 nm, respectively, have been obtained. Experimental results confirmed the high efficiency of the speckle noise suppression method in the entire visible spectrum.

The mesenteric, mediastinal, and popliteal lymph nodes of rats were studied by indirect immunoperoxidase method using monoclonal antibodies to cytochrome P450 1A1/1A2 after oral treatment with benzo[a]pyrene. These cytochrome forms were detected in monocytes, macrophages, reticular and littoral cells, cell detritus, and liquid contents of the paracortical and medullary sinuses of all studied lymph nodes. The results indicate that exo- and endogenous toxic substances are oxidized not only in the liver, but also in lymph nodes.

The effects of lithium carbonate and Noolit, a novel lithium enterosorbent, on electrophysiological activity of cerebral cortex in rats were compared. Both agents potentiated the θ-, α-, and β-rhythms and modified the response to rhythmic flash stimulation from potentiation to inhibition of cerebral rhythms. Moreover, these drugs increased dispersion of all rhythms. By contrast to lithium carbonate, the effect of Noolit was milder and developed more slowly.

Studies of mesenteric lymph nodes of rats by indirect immunoperoxidase method using monoclonal antibodies to cytochrome P450 1A1/1A2 after oral dose of benzo[a]pyrene showed the presence of these cytochrome forms in monocytes, macrophages, reticular and litoral cells, cell detritus, and liquid contents of the paracortical zone and medullary substance sinuses. Oxidation of various exo- and endogenous toxins in the lymph nodes was revealed.

The effect of Na+,K+,2Cl-cotransport inhibitor bumetanide on action potentials and contractions of smooth muscle cells in the ureter of guinea pigs evoked by electrical stimulation was studied by the method of double sucrose bridge. Bumetanide (10-100 μM) dose-dependently suppressed action potential and contractions of smooth muscle cells induced by 1-10 μM histamine, 10 μM mesatone, 5 mM tetraethylammonium, and 100 μM sodium nitroprusside. Our findings suggest that test substances modulate Na+,K+,2Cl-cotransport in smooth muscle cells.

The possibility of creating microcomposite technical ceramics based on boron pyronitride (BPN) with nanotubes and packets of nanotubes providing a high microplasticity is considered. It is shown that the irradiation by nanosecond proton-ion beams with a high powder density promotes the growth of wurtzite-like BPN based on self-organizing mesoscopic (SOM) particles, SOM-blocks, and nanocrystalline particles. The sizes of SOM-particles and SOM-blocks of the initial and irradiated BPN are determined. The self-organization of nanotubes outside the zone of irradiation has a spiral cyclic nature and is caused by shear deformations of the layers composed of SOM-blocks. Tubes inclined to the surface with symmetry axes of the fifth order and packets of nanotubes of a disk shape are observed. The obtained micrographs are compared with model forms of manifestation of spiral cyclic structures.

Computer simulation is used to consider the possibility of creation of microcomposite technical ceramics with a high transcrystalline mobility and to show that allowance for the exchange interactions of atoms through nonequilibrium electrostatic fields causes formation of self-organized mesoscopic (SM) blocks, which provide microplasticity and relaxation of strain at lower temperatures. The simulation results agree with the yield stria observed in mechanical compression tests of A12,O3specimens obtained from sol-gel solutions. It is shown that the yield stria are directly connected with the sizes of the SM blocks. The high mobility of SM blocks also promotes a decrease in the temperature of the gel → A12O3transformation.

Structural and functional changes in lysosomes of cells in the regional lymph nodes and liver were investigated in the course of toxic hepatitis caused by single or repeated administration of CCl4 to dogs. Total activity of the lymph node lysosomal enzymes studied (ß-galactosidase, acid RNase, cathepsin D) exceeded the corresponding activity in the liver of intact dogs, and this reflects the barrier or protective function of the organ. With the development of acute toxic hepatitis a sharp increase was found in acid RNase and cathepsin D activity. At the times of testing (8 and 30 days) the parameters studied had not returned to normal. Meanwhile the mass of the regional lymph nodes and the relative number of macrophages and neutrophils in their sinuses were increased. The increase in lysosomal enzyme activity in the regional lymph nodes following liver damage is connected with the increased functional load on the lymph nodes, which are involved in the hydrolysis of biopolymers brought to the regional lymph nodes with the lymph flow.

Abstract: Changes in the thymus of male Wistar rats were studied under a light microscope at various times after intranasal administration of α-interferon. The relative mass of the organ, the cortex volume, the total number of cells, the number of small and medium lymphocytes, and the number of mitoses decrease 14 days after interferon administration. At the same time, the number of macrophages, neutrophils, mature plasmacytes, eosinophils, and erythrocytes increases, and mast cells appear. Thus, α-interferon probably suppresses the formation of T cells, facilitates allergization of the organism, and increases the permeability of the vascular endothelium.

Abstract: Transmission electron microscopy of plasma cells from soft strands of cranial deep cervical lymph nodes removed from male Wistar rats at different times after their intranasal treatment with an aqueous α-interferon solution showed a decreased volume of the Golgi complex and lowered numbers of ribosomes and mitochondria in both mature and immature plasma cells. The results of the study are tentatively interpreted as indicating reduced energy potentials and antigen-synthesizing capabilities of the plasma cells formedde novo after α-interferon treatment.

The authors developed and tested (in experiments on dogs and cats) a method for determining the fluid volume and linear circulation rate in the lymph vessels and veins with the aid of microthermoresistance. Thermistor MT-54 use for this purpose was highly sensitive to the changes in the rate of the fluid circulation (up to 0.3 cm/sec). Constant objective recordings taken with the aid of an autorecorder of the H370-M type gave highly accurate oscillographic recordings of the velocity of the fluid circulation in the blood and lymph vessels.

Abstract: Rat liver, small intestinal wall, mesenteric, mediastinal, and popliteal lymph nodes of rats were studied by indirect immunoperoxidase method with monoclonal antibodies to cytochrome P-450 1A1/1A2. These cytochrome forms were detected in low concentrations in hepatocytes, macrophages of the small intestinal villi and mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes of intact animals. Basal induction of monooxygenase enzymes can be caused by cytochrome inductors entering with air (environmental pollution) or food.

TThe harsh conditions of use of highly augmented two—cycle diesel engines with a power—to—volume ratio of more than 45 kW ( ambient temperature under 55°C, coolant and oil temperature of 130°C) impose heightened requirements not only for reliability of construction but also for motor oil quality.

Double sucrose gap experiments were carried out to study the effect of phosphodiesterase inhibitors and penetrating analogs of cyclic nucleotides on action potential and contraction of guinea pig ureteral smooth muscle cells. 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (10 μM) and dibutyryl-cAMP (20 μM) shortened the plateau of action potential and inhibited contraction of smooth muscle cells by increasing potassium permeability of their membrane. Vinpocetine (1 μM) and dibutyryl-cAMP (100 μM) strengthened contraction of smooth muscle cells and shortened action potentials by decreasing sodium permeability of their membrane.

Protective properties of a new enterosorbent noolith (lithium ions immobilized on mineral matrix) were studied in C57Bl/6J mice predisposed to depression caused by intermale confrontations. The drug was administered daily for 15 days after the 5th confrontation and then the animals were tested in the forced swimming test. The number of specific 3H-8-OH-DPAT binding sites in 3 brain regions was determined. It is shown that noolith produced an antidepressive effect manifested in decreased immobility time in the Porsolt test. Moreover, noolith reduced the number of 1A-serotonin receptors in the frontal cortex and hypothalamus. It is concluded that noolith possesses protective properties.

Abstract: Double sucrose gap experiments revealed differences in the effect of nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprusside on action potential and contraction of ureteral smooth muscle cells. Unlike sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin inhibited voltage-dependent Ca2+ membrane permeability. It was concluded that cGMP-independent mechanisms of the effects of nitro derivative reflect the peculiarities of excitation-contraction coupling in smooth muscles.

Abstract: The possibility of obtaining wurtzite-like boron nitride with a microcomposite structure in the form of nanotube packets using low-temperature proton-carbon treatment is investigated. It is demonstrated that the formation of nanotube packets at a distance from the treatment zone is related to the collective shift deformations of the layers consisting of self-organizing blocks.

Abstract: In control rats and animals receiving polyphenol compounds extracted fromAlchemilla vulgaris, intense cooling stimulated synthesis of thyroid hormones and promoted their peripheral deiodination. In control rats, the period of recovery after cooling (readaptation period) was characterized by a compensatory reduction in thyroid function. In rats receiving test preparation, this period was characterized by significant activation of thyroid hormone synthesis and by further growth of reserve follicles that appeared during the cooling.

Abstract: Morphological transformations occurring in the thymus and lymph nodes are studied in Wistar rats after irradiation of the thymus projection area and transcutaneous irradiation of peripheral blood with a low-energy helium-neon laser during a 7-day period. Irradiation of the thymus projection area stimulates lymphopoiesis in T-dependent zones of lymph nodes, while irradiation of peripheral blood increases lymph flow through lymph node parenchyma and activates B-dependent zones.

Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most aggressive human neoplasms that can quickly metastasize to regional lymph nodes. Currently, prognosis is determined by measuring tumor thickness but more reliable markers for metastatic spread are urgently needed. It is well known that tumors require a microvasculature development in order to grow and metastasize. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis play an important role not only in the tumor growth, but also in the tumor metastasis. As malignancy is a disorder of cellular growth control, the assessment of cell proliferation rates in tumors has intuitive appeal as a prognostic marker. One such biomarker is Ki-67, a cell cycle dependent protein. Recent reports related to its role as a prognostic factor have been contradictory. The purpose of this study was to investigate lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis and tumor tissue proliferative activity depending on the clinical stages of melanoma.

Abstract: Histochemical study of rat pancreas was carried out on days 14 and 30 of acute pancreatitis. The area of the stroma increased after damage and the area of lymph microcirculatory component increased in comparison with the blood circulation component.

Inhomogeneity (in depth) of Ti, Al, and Zr oxide coatings deposited on glass using a sol-gel method is attributed both to the effect of the mesostructure of oxide components and to quantum transfer of waveguide light. Substantial deviation from the additivity of the refractive index is observed for TiO2-ZrO2coatings. Homogeneity in depth and RI additivity can be attained if one of the components is present in excess.

The thermal conductivity coefficient of lymph in various parts of the lymphatic system was measured with microthermistors. Starvation was found to affect the thermal conductivity coefficient of lymph of the intestinal trunk and the temperature of the lymph in the thoracic duct affected its thermal conductivity coefficient.

Abstract: Variations in the optical thickness of oxide coatings on glass in treatment with benzoic acid melts are investigated by the ellipsometric method. The possibility of rapid estimation of their wet strength is shown.

Abstract: The possibility of production of Al2O3 with a microcomposite structure and microplastic properties from solgel compositions at room temperatures is considered. It is demonstrated that high strength parameters are achieved owing to fluidity sites. The Al2O3 obtained from periodic sol-gel solutions can be used as a matrix for microcomposite ceramic material.

For the first time an electrostatic method of wire tension measurement (WTM) is used for drift chamber construction. It became possible due to the use of a digital approach to sense the wire oscillations induced by an alternating potential. The method has excellent signal-to-noise ratio, high accuracy which is well above the stringing requirements and reasonable measuring time. The WTM system implemented in a CAMAC–Machintosh–Labview environment is now in use for the KLOE drift chamber stringing control and for monitoring the end-plate deformation.

An apparatus was designed to investigate the transport function of lymph nodes in experimental conditions. This apparatus has made it possible to determine the volume of fluid entering and escaping from the lymph node per unit of time. Altered transport function of the node in various experimental conditions may be assessed by the changes in these values.