Search

Introduction We investigated the clinical differences between familial and sporadic frontotemporal dementia (FTD), screening for mutations in known FTD genes. Methods We diagnosed 22 affected individuals belonging to eight families and 43 sporadic cases with FTD in Apulia, Southern Italy, in 2 years. Mutations in common causative FTD genes ( GRN , MAPT , VCP , and TARDBP ) and C9ORF72 expansions were screened. Results Behavioral variant of FTD was the most common clinical subtype (50% and 69% in familial and sporadic cases, respectively). Social conduct impairment/disinhibition, loss of insight, and inflexibility were the most frequent clinical features observed at onset. One new mutation was identified in GRN in family A. Discussion Disease onset in sporadic FTD was more frequently characterized by a clustering of behavioral symptoms with apathy and loss of personal hygiene. Mutations in common causative FTD genes are not a major cause of familial and sporadic FTD in the Southern Italian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the issue of tolerance or intolerance of minorities during the Enlightenment period in Europe as reflected in the historiography of the period. Approaches to the issue in the historiography of modern states is contrasted with the historiography of the era of the Enlightenment movement in Europe. Groups mentioned in connection to the issue are Jews and minority Protestant denominations. Political and philosophical implications of the issue are both described. Previous scholarship on the subject is also addressed.