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BACKGROUND: The microbiota-derived short chain fatty acid butyrate has been shown to lower blood pressure (BP) in rodent studies. Nonetheless, the net effect of butyrate on hypertension in humans remains uncovered. In this study, for the first time, we aimed to determine the effect of oral butyrate on BP in patients with hypertension. METHODS: We performed a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial including 23 patients with hypertension. Antihypertensive medication was discontinued for the duration of the study with a washout period of 4 weeks before starting the intervention. Participants received daily oral capsules containing either sodium butyrate or placebo with an equivalent dosage of sodium chloride for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was daytime 24-hour systolic BP. Differences between groups over time were assessed using linear mixed models (group-by-time interaction). RESULTS: Study participants (59.0±3.7 years; 56.5% female) had an average baseline office systolic BP of 143.5±14.6 mm Hg and diastolic BP of 93.0±8.3 mm Hg. Daytime 24-hour systolic and diastolic BP significantly increased over the intervention period in the butyrate compared with the placebo group, with an increase of +9.63 (95% CI, 2.02--17.20) mm Hg in daytime 24-hour systolic BP and +5.08 (95% CI, 1.34--8.78) mm Hg in diastolic BP over 4 weeks. Butyrate levels significantly increased in plasma, but not in feces, upon butyrate intake, underscoring its absorption. CONCLUSIONS: Four-week treatment with oral butyrate increased daytime systolic and diastolic BP in subjects with hypertension. Our findings implicate that butyrate does not have beneficial effects on human hypertension, which warrants caution in future butyrate intervention studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of antimicrobials causes antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The use of butyric acid and its derivatives is an alternative tactic. This review summarizes the literature on the role of butyric acid in the body and provides further prospects for the clinical use of its derivatives and delivery methods to the animal body. Thus far, there is evidence confirming the vital role of butyric acid in the body and the effectiveness of its derivatives when used as animal medicines and growth stimulants. Butyric acid salts stimulate immunomodulatory activity by reducing microbial colonization of the intestine and suppressing inflammation. Extraintestinal effects occur against the background of hemoglobinopathy, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, and cerebral ischemia. Butyric acid derivatives inhibit histone deacetylase. Aberrant histone deacetylase activity is associated with the development of certain types of cancer in humans. Feed additives containing butyric acid salts or tributyrin are used widely in animal husbandry. They improve the functional status of the intestine and accelerate animal growth and development. On the other hand, high concentrations of butyric acid stimulate the apoptosis of epithelial cells and disrupt the intestinal barrier function. This review highlights the biological activity and the mechanism of action of butyric acid, its salts, and esters, revealing their role in the treatment of various animal and human diseases. This paper also discussed the possibility of using butyric acid and its derivatives as surface modifiers of enterosorbents to obtain new drugs with bifunctional action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, clinical interventions for chronic kidney disease are very limited, and most patients rely on dialysis to sustain their lives for a long time. However, studies on the gut–kidney axis have shown that the gut microbiota is a potentially effective target for correcting or controlling chronic kidney disease. This study showed that berberine, a natural drug with low oral availability, significantly ameliorated chronic kidney disease by altering the composition of the gut microbiota and inhibiting the production of gut-derived uremic toxins, including p -cresol. Furthermore, berberine reduced the content of p -cresol sulfate in plasma mainly by lowering the abundance of g_Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and inhibiting the tyrosine– p -cresol pathway of the intestinal flora. Meanwhile, berberine increased the butyric acid producing bacteria and the butyric acid content in feces, while decreased the renal toxic trimethylamine N -oxide. These findings suggest that berberine may be a therapeutic drug with significant potential to ameliorate chronic kidney disease through the gut–kidney axis. Berberine ameliorates chronic kidney disease through the gut–kidney axis by regulating the metabolism of nephrotoxins such as p -cresol by the gut microbiota. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-molecular-weight (LMW) short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as propionic and butyric acids, have been reported to possess anti-neoplastic effects; however, rapid renal clearance and high dose-based side effects limit their clinical translation. Hence, in this study, we have designed a new self-assembling nano-prodrugs that can effectively supply SCFAs: endogenous enzyme-metabolizable block copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)block-poly(vinyl ester) possessing several units of SCFAs conjugated as side chains via ester linkages. These amphiphilic polymers spontaneously self-assemble into nanostructures under aqueous conditions to form orally administrable nano-prodrugs (butyric acid: NanoBA and propionic acid: NanoPA). Herein, we show the therapeutic efficacy of SCFA nanoparticles (NanoSCFA) in a mouse model of metastasis (melanoma). Ad libitum intake of our NanoSCFA markedly demonstrated a decrease in the metastatic tumor nodules in the lungs compared with the effect observed after LMW SCFA administration with no discernible toxicity to the GI tract. In contrast, LMW SCFAs, even at a lower concentration than that of the NanoSCFA, facilitated villus atrophy. Taken together, our work suggests that the use of NanoSCFA as a therapeutic intervention for metastatic cancer is preferable over typical LMW SCFAs. Low-molecular-weight (LMW) short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have shown versatile therapeutic effects on various diseases, including anti-tumorigenesis effects. However, their clinical translation is limited due to their poor pharmacokinetic profile and adverse effects. To overcome these limitations, we have developed new amphiphilic block copolymer-based SCFA-prodrugs, which self-assemble into nanoparticles in aqueous media (NanoSCFA). SCFAs are covalently conjugated to the hydrophobic polymer segment via ester linkage, which can be enzymatically metabolized after oral administration. In the present study, we confirmed that ad libitum intake of NanoSCFAs retarded the growth and metastatic potential of B16-F10 tumors compared to the LMW SCFAs with negligible discernible toxicity, reflecting NanoSCFA as a preferable therapeutic intervention to LMW SCFA counterparts. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adding prebiotics to fermented dairy products is an effective method to simultaneously improve product quality and promote health. This study investigated how co-fermenting three oligosaccharides affected the quality of fermented goat milk (FGM) and its ability to regulate the small intestinal environment. The co-fermentation with three oligosaccharides increased the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the FGM and maintained a higher percentage of probiotic content during 35 d of storage compared to that of the control FGM without added sugars. The degree of acidification and textural attributes differed among the FGM samples, but the overall quality level increased in the samples fermented with only fructooligosaccharide (FOS) compared to that of the control. Moreover, complex probiotics (FGM) positively affected the small intestinal environment of mice by stabilizing the microbial population and promoting the growth of Bifidobacteria and butyric acid-producing bacteria, specifically Ruminococcus-gnavus. The butyric acid content was higher in the FOS-FGM group than in the other treatment groups. These results indicated that FOS-FGM is more suitable for the gut microbiota and influences short-chain fatty acid metabolism. This study is the first to investigate the effects of co-fermentation with three different oligosaccharides on the quality and small intestinal environment regulatory capacity of FGM products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kombucha is a fermented beverage produced by the Symbiotic Consortium of Bacteria and Yeasts (SCOBY). There are no studies involving agro-industrial by-products from pitahaya in kombucha. This work aimed to incorporate Hylocereus polyrhizus (red pitahaya) peel (an agri-food waste) or pulp (edible part) in kombuchas, chemically characterize, and identify the major microorganisms. Samples were fermented for 7 and 14 days. Volatile fatty acids, ethanol, and carbohydrates were determined. Beverage microbial communities were also evaluated. Kombucha of pitahaya peel waste (KPW) had the highest compounds phenolic content (208.31 mg/L), compared with kombucha pitahaya pulp (KPP) (190.73 mg/L; p < 0.05). Nevertheless, KPP had the highest anthocyanin content (18.53 mg/L; p < 0.05) than KPW and standard kombucha from green tea (KT). The KPW maintained antioxidant activity over time. There was a significant increase in butyric acid biosynthesis in KPW (70%) and KPP (61%) at 14 days of fermentation compared to KT. KPW was the sample with the highest propionic, valeric, and isobutyric acid amounts (17.03 ± 0.05 %, 16.07 ± 0.09 %, and 12.41 ± 0.58 %, respectively; p < 0.05). Lower glucose content was found in pitahaya kombuchas, and xylose was higher in KPP. Zygosaccharomyces bailii was the main fungi, and Komagataeibacter saccharivorans and Acetobacter were the dominant genera of bacteria in KPW. Pitahaya peel can be used to maintain or increase the beverage's antioxidant capacity, and the production of volatile fatty acids that play a pivotal role in gut metabolism. [Display omitted] • KPW displayed the highest phenolic content. • KPP presented high amounts of anthocyanins. • Butyric acid was abundant in pitaya kombuchas. • Zygosaccharomyces and Komagataeibacter were prevalent in KPW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clostridium tyrobutyricum is a promising microbial host for the anaerobic production of bio-based chemicals, especially butyric acid. However, the limited genetic traits of C. tyrobutyricum resulted in its constrained applicability in the food industry due to the absence of publicly available data. We performed a comparative genomic analysis of 13 C. tyrobutyricum strains isolated from different habitats to investigate the adaptation mechanisms and metabolic potentials of the C. tyrobutyricum strains isolated from fermentation environments (FE). The results showed that the genetic diversity of FE-associated C. tyrobutyricum strains was higher than that of strains isolated from non-fermentation environments (NFE). Based on evaluating safety-related genes, FE-associated strains were likely non-pathogenic to humans or animals. Many environmental adaptation-related genes involved in energy production and conversion, phosphotransferase system (PTS), etc., were significantly enriched in FE-associated strains, which was conducive to their survival in the corresponding habitats. The analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes revealed that the CAZyme categories of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and carbohydrate esterases (CEs) were found to be significantly enriched in FE-associated strains, which was beneficial for carbohydrate utilization (including starch, cellulose, etc.). Fermentation experiments revealed that strains isolated from the Chinese liquor fermentation environment were capable of decomposing carbohydrates and producing organic acids. Collectively, this study provided insights into the genomic features of C. tyrobutyricum and the theoretical basis for further use, research, and development of these strains. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lotus leaf is an optimal raw material for the preparation of foods with the function of regulating glycolipid metabolism. However, further investigation is required to elucidate the synergistic regulatory effects of lotus leaf polysaccharide (LLP), flavonoids, and alkaloids, which act as the main active components in lotus leaves. This study optimally prepared LLP and whole functional components (LLE) containing LLP, flavonoids and alkaloids by high-pressure homogenization-assisted dual enzyme extraction with and without pre-/post treatment. LLP and LLE exerted regulatory roles in glycolipid metabolism and alleviated liver, kidney, and pancreas damages of db/db mice. LLP was utilized by gut bacteria, promoting the production of beneficial metabolites i.e. lithodeoxycholic and butyric acids, which reached the liver through blood circulation, activating insulin signaling, and regulating glycolipid metabolism. The combination of polysaccharide, flavonoids and alkaloids promoted the production of butyric acid but different secondary bile acids i.e. deoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids, acted in the intestine and liver, and intervened in more metabolic pathways, showing a synergistic effect on glycolipid metabolism. This study provided insights into the rational processing of lotus leaf for hypoglycaemic foods. • Lotus leaf polysaccharide (LLP) regulates glycolipid metabolism via gut microbiota. • The whole extract (LLE) intervenes more liver metabolic pathways. • LLP and LLE regulate abnormal glycolipid metabolism by liver-gut axis. • Polysaccharide, flavonoids and alkaloids show synergistic effect. • Feasibility of high-pressure homogenization-assisted dual enzyme hydrolysis is proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CP effectively ameliorates DSS-induced UC by tuning intestinal microecology. • Butyric acid is the most influenced bacterial metabolite by CP. • Butyric acid plays a crucial in mediating CP's ameliorative effects on UC. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory condition of the colon. Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CP) possesses prebiotic-like properties and has long been utilized for various diseases. However, the effects and mechanisms of CP on UC are not fully understood. In this study, we utilized dextran sulfate sodium-induced mice to assess the therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of CP against UC. Our findings reveal a range of beneficial outcomes of CP in the management of UC. Mechanistically, the beneficial effects of CP are closely linked to the restoration of intestinal microecology, as evidenced by the normalization of intestinal mucosal architecture, immunological functions, microbial composition, and short-chain fatty acids production after CP consumption, particularly butyric acid, which plays a significant role in inhibiting colonic cell apoptosis. In conclusion, CP could be a prebiotic or nutraceutical and deliberate manipulation of intestinal microecology emerges as a promising strategy for UC therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead (Pb) is an environmentally widespread bone toxic pollutant, contributes to the development of osteoporosis. Butyric acid, mainly produced by the fermentation of indigestible dietary fiber by gut microbiota, plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of bone homeostasis. However, the effects of butyric acids on the Pb induced osteoporosis have not yet been elucidated. In this study, our results showed that Pb exposure was negatively related to the abundance of butyric acid, in the Pb-exposed population and Pb-exposed mice. Pb exposure caused gut microbiota disorders, resulting in the decline of butyric acid-producing bacteria, such as Butyrivibrio_crossotus, Clostridium_sp._JN9 , and the butyrate-producing enzymes through the acetyl-CoA pathway. Moreover, results from the NHANES data suggested that dietary intake of butyrate was associated with a reduced risk of osteoporosis in lead-burdened populations, particularly among men or participants aged 18–60 years. In addition, butyrate supplementation in mice with chronic Pb exposure improved the bone microarchitectures, repaired intestinal damage, upregulated the proportion of Treg cells. Taken together, these results demonstrated that chronic Pb exposure disturbs the gut-bone axis, which can be restored by butyric acid supplement. Our results suggest that butyrate supplementation is a possible therapeutic strategy for lead-induced bone toxicity. [Display omitted] • Chronic lead exposure decreases butyric acid content and its producing bacteria. • Butyrate diet reduces the risk of osteoporosis in lead-burdened populations. • Butyrate supplement restores gut-bone axis disturbed by chronic lead exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), a water-soluble dietary fiber produced by the controlled partial enzymatic hydrolysis of guar gum beans, has various physiological roles. PHGG is expected to influence the immune function and prevent infections. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of continuous ingestion of PHGG for 12 weeks on the development of cold-like symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A placebo-controlled, double blind, randomized, parallel-group comparative study was conducted. 96 healthy Japanese adults received 5.2 g PHGG or placebo daily for 12 weeks. Cold-like symptoms were assessed based on patient diary, and the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in stool and blood immune markers at baseline and at weeks 6 and 12. RESULTS: The cumulative number of "no symptoms" days for all symptoms was significantly larger in the PHGG than in the placebo group. The result of the analysis by severity of cold-like symptoms also showed significant differences, with the PHGG group having a lower severity of cold-like symptoms. Propionic acid at weeks 6 and 12 and n-butyric acid and total SCFAs at week 12 were significantly higher in the PHGG than in the placebo group. The Interferon-γ level was significantly lower at week 6 in the PHGG than in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: PHGG intake may affect immune function and suppress cold-like symptoms through the production of SCFAs in healthy adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In neonates, bilirubin tends to be deposited in body tissues, especially the skin and mucous membranes. Jaundice is an early symptom of bilirubin excretion disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of clofibrate on reducing neonatal jaundice. In this systematic review, international databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, and Google Scholar, were searched without time and language restrictions. The reference lists of all studies ultimately included were manually searched. In the 17 articles reviewed, with a sample size of 665 people published between 2005 and 2019, the average weight of the neonates varied from 2,186 g to 4,000 g. Furthermore, the average age of neonates varied from 2 days to 9 days. Four doses of clofibrate (25, 30, 50, 100 mg/kg of neonatal body weight) were used. The bilirubin level of neonates significantly decreased in the intervention group 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours after the start of treatment. Clofibrate administration decreased total serum bilirubin, especially from the second day onwards, and also reduced hospitalization time, hospital costs, and side effects from hospitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • TC supplementation increased the abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria and phages. • TC supplementation increased circulating SCFAs. • TC supplementation increased the alpha diversity of the gut microbiome. • TC supplementation increased Akkermansia muciniphila. • TC supplementation may modulate bile acid synthesis. Terminalia chebula (TC) is an Ayurvedic herb containing polyphenolic compounds that interact with gut microbiota to modulate bioactivity. To examine how TC supplementation modulates the gut microbiome and associated metabolic pathways, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study that screened 58 and enrolled 43 females aged 25–55 with a BMI of 25–35 kg/m2 and HbA1C between 5.5–7. Subjects were randomized to standardized preparation of TC (250 mg, Synastol® TC) capsules or oral placebo twice daily for 8 weeks. Stool sample collections and venipuncture were performed. Α-diversity of the gut microbiome increased in the TC group at week 8 versus placebo (p < 0.05). Akkermansia muciniphila , Alistipes_putredinis , Bacteroides_u_s , Ruminococcaceae_u_s , Waltera_intestinalis, Lachnospira_eligens, Parabacteroides phage YZ-2015b and Uncultured_crAssphage increased at week 8 versus baseline following TC supplementation. Circulating acetic acid (p < 0.05), propionic acid (p < 0.01), and butyric acid (p = 0.12) increased at week 8 in the TC group versus placebo. Chenodeoxycholate and tauro-beta-muricholate increased following TC supplementation (p < 0.05). TC supplementation increases beneficial gut bacteria, phages, and circulating SCFAs, which may modulate bile acid synthesis. Future studies on how TC extract supplementation influences the metabolome in an expanded population are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) has the ability to ferment dietary polysaccharides and produce butyric acid, which plays a crucial role in promoting gut homeostasis, including alleviating colitis and maintaining gut homeostasis. However, C. butyricum is susceptible to oxygen damage and experiences reduced activity due to various environmental stress, which severely restricts their probiotic effects. In this study, a novel synbiotic preparation for colitis treatment by combining dietary polysaccharides (prebiotic) with C. butyricum (probiotic) was developed using microcapsule embedding technology. Firstly, pectin polysaccharide from waste peel was extracted and modified to obtain low-methoxy pectin (DE = 34%) that could be crosslinked in the presence of Ca2+. Additionally, this extracted pectin could promote the growth of C. butyricum and fermentation to produce butyric acid. Subsequently, C. butyricum and spores (Spo) were encapsulated within pectin gel (Pec) using microfluidic technology, and then dual microcapsules were prepared through chitosan (Chi) coating on their surface (Chi@Pec@Spo). This type of microcapsule exhibited excellent viability maintenance for both C. butyricum vegetative cells and spores under cold/hot treatments and gastrointestinal stress, with a viable cell count of up to 108∼109 CFU/g. Moreover, Chi@Pec@Spo treatment resulted in a remarkable survival rate (100%) and significantly reduced disease activity index (0.78 ± 0.09) in mice with acute colitis, accompanied by an elongated colon length (7.51 ± 0.15 cm). The inhibitory expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6 and TNF-α) further indicated the excellent therapeutic efficacy of Chi@Pec@Spo against mice colitis. Overall, this microcapsule system provides a new approach for the treatment of intestinal diseases using food assembly systems. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Processing techniques have been shown to alter the nutritional composition of rice bran (RB) and wheat bran (WB), influencing their ability to modify microbiota, but a systematic comparison is currently lacking. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the effects of various processing methods, including physical modifications (grinding, extrusion, and steam explosion), enzymolysis (amylase, hemicellulose, and xylanase), and their combinations, on the modification of gut microbiota by RB and WB. Processing methods significantly altered the nutrient components of RB and WB as well as their capacity for gas and SCFAs production during in vitro fermentation. The RB23 (amylase treatment), RB31 (extrusion and hemicellulose treatment), and RB33 (steam explosion and xylanase treatment) samples exhibited the highest production of total SCFAs and butyric acid during in vitro fermentation. Overall, the microbiota responses to brans were conserved within individuals and the processing methods explained 21.6% of the variance. Fermentation of RB23, RB31, and RB33 samples was observed to enhance the richness of gut microbiota, decrease the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and stimulate the growth of Butyricicoccus and Faecallbacterium, while inhibiting the growth of Bilophila , Fusobacterium , and Escherichia-shigella. These findings may provide valuable insights for the processing of RB and WB. [Display omitted] • Various processing methods modified the nutrient composition and the digestive and fermentation characteristics of brans. • Rice bran underwent a combined physical and enzymatic treatment, which promoted the hemostasis of the gut microbiota. • Microbiota responses to different brans were largely conserved within individuals and associated with processing parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple odour nuisance in livestock farming is a notorious problem that has a significant impact on the living environment of surrounding communities. Adsorbents based on metal-organic framework (MOF) materials show great promise for controlling odour pollution, as they offer a high specific surface area, a controllable structure and an abundance of active sites. However, the MOF formation process is prone to problems such as pore clogging or collapse and reduced porosity, which limits its further application. In this study, a series of odour adsorbents were prepared by in situ growth of NH 2 -UiO-66 on tea stem biochar (TSBC) using a hydrothermal method and named UiO (Zr)-TSBC x. The physical and chemical properties and composition of UiO (Zr)-TSBC x have been systematically characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, FT-IR, N 2 adsorption-desorption and XPS. The release of odours from the pig farm effluent was monitored using in-situ continuous Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS), and the obtained primary compositions were tested for further adsorption. In dynamic adsorption experiments focused on butyric acid, UiO (Zr)-TSBC 2 showed a high adsorption capacity of 3.99 × 105 μg/g and exceptional structural stability. UiO (Zr)-TSBC 2 showed variable adsorption efficiencies for different odorous gases, with the best performance for the removal of ammonia, toluene and butyric acid. It also demonstrated the ability to rapidly mitigate instantaneous high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), methanethiol and toluene resulting from agitation. Additionally, based on the relationship between the adsorption amount and the structural characteristics of the adsorbent as well as the nature of the odours, a possible adsorption mechanism of UiO (Zr)-TSBC 2 for a variety of odours released from pig farm effluent was proposed. This work demonstrates a novel approach to promote deodorization applications in livestock and poultry farming environments by the in-situ growth of NH 2 -UiO-66 on biochar prepared from tea stem. [Display omitted] • Odours efficiently adsorbed by UiO (Zr)-TSBC synthesized through a solvothermal method. • The detection of odours released from the effluent was carried out using PTR-MS. • UiO (Zr)-TSBC 2 exhibited advantageous adsorption and cycling performance. • Adsorption mechanism of odours on UiO (Zr)-TSBC were illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latilactobacillus curvatus is a candidate probiotic that is known to have antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-obesity, and colitis-relieving beneficial effects. Here, we evaluated the effects of Lt. curvatus CCFM1268 on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced Caco-2 cell damage and colitis in mice. Our results demonstrate that Lt. curvatus CCFM1268 significantly restored cell viability and promoted the expression of barrier factors in vitro. In vivo , Lt. curvatus CCFM1268 significantly restored weight loss and colon damage in mice and modulated the levels of inflammatory factors and tight junction proteins in the colon. Latilactobacillus curvatus CCFM1268 also reduced the abundance of conditionally pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia_shigella and Alistipes , enriched the abundance of Lactobacillus , Parabacteroides , Enterococcus and Faecalibaculum , and significantly increased the concentrations of acetic, propionic, and butyric acid in the gut. These results indicate that Lt. curvatus CCFM1268 can alleviate colitis by inhibiting colonic inflammation, repairing the gut barrier, regulating the gut microbiota composition, and secreting metabolites, which was demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional constipation in pregnancy (FCP) is a common gastrointestinal disorder unique to pregnant women. The gut microbiota supports gastrointestinal function and maintains immune homeostasis, suggesting gut microbiota can become the target for FCP prevention and treatment. However, it remains unclear whether and how the gut microbiota and its correlated metabolites change for FCP. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of FCP and provide a reference for the selection of probiotics in further clinical trials. We comprehensively profiled the gut microbiota, Bifdobacterium and Bacteroides communities via high throughput sequencing, and faecal metabolome based on untarged metabolomics and targeted metabolomics of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in 100 patients with FCP and 100 matched pregnant controls. We found that gut dysbiosis occurs in FCP patients, characterised by a reduced abundance of SCFAs-producing bacteria (e.g., Faecaliberium) and the enrichment of several opportunistic bacteria (e.g., Escherichia-Shigella), which were highly correlated with the clinical indicators of FCP. Furthermore, a reduced abundance of anti-inflammatory metabolites was seen, particularly arachidonic acid (AA) and butyric acid. We observed a complex co-occurrence between FCP-associated microorganisms and discriminative metabolites in an integrated network, with AA and Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 being identified as the main contributors. Collectively, imbalances in the gut microbiota and metabolome are associated with functional constipation in pregnancy. These findings provide a greater understanding of the pathogenesis and targets for probiotic interventions in FCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Periodontitis progresses with chronic inflammation, without periodontal pain. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well known. Here, the involvement of butyric acid (BA) in periodontal pain sensitivity in Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis)-induced periodontitis was examined.Methods: P. gingivalis was inoculated into the ligature which was tied around the molar (P. gingivalis-L) and the gingival mechanical head withdrawal threshold (MHWT) was measured. Following P. gingivalis-L, the expressions of orphan G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons were examined. The amount of gingival BA was analyzed following the P. gingivalis-L and the changes in the MHWT in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-injected gingival tissue by gingival BA were examined. The changes in the MHWT following P. gingivalis-L by gingival GPR41 antagonist (HA) were examined.Results: No change in the MHWT was observed, GPR41-immunoreactive TG neurons were increased following P. gingivalis-L. The gingival BA amount increased following P. gingivalis-L, and the gingival BA suppressed the decrease in MHWT following CFA. HA decreased MHWT following P. gingivalis-L.Conclusion: Gingival BA modulates periodontal mechanical nociception via GPR41 signaling in P. gingivalis-L-induced periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This review focuses on the role of butyrate as one of the key metabolites of gut microbiota. Butyrate along with other short-chain fatty acids, acetate and propionate, is one of the most important regulators of human metabolism. In this review, we discuss how changes in gut microbiota triggered by type 2 diabetes mellitus and its treatment (e.g., metformin) affect butyrate synthesis, how to increase butyrate production and whether there is robust evidence for the positive effects of sodium butyrate in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature review was conducted by all authors. Studies published until 27/03/2020 were included. Search words were: (“butyric acid” OR “butyrate”) AND (“type 2 diabetes “OR ”T2DM”). The articles selected for the study were not chosen in a systematic manner, so the evidence may not be comprehensive. RESULTS: Butyrate was found to effectively reduce inflammation and plays a prominent role in the function of the intestinal barrier. To date the use of sodium butyrate in the treatment of patients with T2DM is not very popular. Meanwhile, butyric acid can beneficially modulate intestinal functions, counteracting the negative effects of the disease as well as the drugs used to treat diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: T2DM is a widespread chronic disease. Understanding role of microbiota in type 2 diabetes and the mechanisms connecting T2DM and alterations in gut microbiota could be the key to improved treatment of T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperglycemia can induce the heart to enter an oxygen-restricted environment, which results in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) affect O 2 consumption and play crucial roles in modulating metabolic and cardiovascular health. The epigenetic regulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor 3A (HIF3A) gene is implicated in oxidative metabolism in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Identifying the associations between plasma SCFA levels and intronic DNA methylation of HIF3A may reveal useful predictors or provide insights into the disease processes of DCM. In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed plasma SCFA levels, HIF3A expression, and CpG methylation of HIF3A intron 1 in peripheral blood from patients with type 2 diabetes presenting with (n = 92) and without (n = 105) cardiomyopathy. Plasma butyric acid levels and HIF3A mRNA expression in peripheral blood were decreased in DCM patients, whereas 3 CpGs in HIF3A intron 1 (CpG 6, CpG 7 and CpG 11) were highly methylated in DCM patients. Interestingly, butyric acid levels positively correlated with HIF3A levels, while a negative association was identified between butyric acid levels and the methylation rates of HIF3A intron 1 at CpG 6. Butyric acid levels also correlated with several clinical/echocardiographic factors in DCM patients. Additionally, the combination of plasma butyric acid levels and HIF3A intron 1 methylation at CpG 6 discriminated DCM patients from type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. The novel associations between plasma butyric acid levels and HIF3A intron 1 methylation at CpG 6 may highlight an underlying mechanism by which the "microbial-myocardial" axis and host–microbe interactions may participate in the pathogenesis of DCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) enables the production of carbon-neutral chemicals using CO 2 as a carbon source. Acetic acid is the main MES product, but recent studies show the direct production of elongated carboxylic acids, e.g., butyric and caproic acid. However, the production of elongated acids in MES systems is still inefficient due to the low growth rates of acetogenic bacteria and to limited solventogenic rates. Subsequently, researchers have produced elongated carboxylic acids directly from acetic acid or have operated MES systems at low pH to favor solventogenesis. However, the effect the addition of different chain elongation precursors and the operation pH exerts in the bioelectrochemical production of elongated acids remains unclear. To investigate this, three pH-controlled MES systems were operated in this study with continuous liquid and gas supply. MES systems elongating acetic acid at pH 6 achieved higher butyric (0.71 vs. 0.42 g L−1) and caproic acid (0.71 vs. 0.42 g L−1) titers in the absence of CO 2 sparging. Additionally, lowering the pH to 5 in the MES systems fed with CO 2 and acetic acid improved the elongated acids titers, reaching 0.72 g L−1 butyric and 0.33 g L−1 caproic acid. The 16 S rRNA analysis showed the community was dominated by Oscillibacter at pH 6, and by Clostridium at pH 5. Furthermore, the first scanning electron microscopy pictures revealing biofilm stratification in MES cathodes were taken in this study, where homogeneous rod-shaped bacteria biofilm layers, in contact with the graphite cathode, were covered by heterogeneous biofilm layers. [Display omitted] • Carboxylate addition reduced acetogenesis and directed electrons to chain elongation. • Lowering the pH from 6 to 5 improved the yields of chain-elongated products. • The absence of CO 2 enhanced the production of butyric and caproic acid. • The community was dominated by Oscillibacter at pH 6, and by Clostridium at pH 5. • SEM analyses revealed distinct layers in the cathodic biofilm community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the production of a liquid stream rich in volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and low ammoniacal nitrogen content (<0.1 g N/L) from biowaste. The liquid stream was obtained by combining (i) mixed culture acidogenic fermentation to maximise VFA production and (ii) gas-permeable membrane (GPM) contactor to recover ammoniacal nitrogen. Three batch fermentation tests of biowaste collected in a full-scale mechanical-biological treatment plant provided high and stable VFA concentrations (37–39 g COD VFA /L). VFAs represented 73–81 % of the soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) concentration, with a predominance of acetic, propionic and butyric acids. A highly specialized microbial community was observed in all batch tests, with Bacteroidota and Firmicutes as predominant phyla (>90 % of relative abundance). The GPM contactor recovered more than 99 % of the ammoniacal nitrogen in the fermentation liquid without VFA losses. The suitability of the produced fermentation liquid with a high C/N ratio for downstream applications was evaluated using biomethane potential tests (BMP) at different total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) concentrations (0.76–3.15 g N/L) and circumneutral pH. Despite achieving similar ultimate methane yields (279–314 NmL CH 4 /g COD feed), lower TAN concentrations in the biowaste fermentation liquid improved anaerobic biodegradation kinetics, enhancing its potential applicability for methane production. [Display omitted] • VFA-rich fermentation liquids (up to 39 g CODVFA/L) enriched in acetic, propionic and butyric acids were produced using OFMSW. • Members of Bacteroidota and Firmicutes predominated in the microbial community, with a major role for three members of the family Prevotellaceae. • 99 % of TAN in the fermentation liquid (4.1–5.0 g N/L) was recovered using a gas permeable membrane. • Higher TAN content in the fermentation liquid reduced methane production rates (48.4–24.5 NmL CH4/g CODfeed d at 0.76–3.15 g N/L, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine habitat harbors a wide variety of Bacillus species which are dominant producers of biologically active extracellular metabolites and anti-microbial peptides (AMPs). The present study reports a marine bacterial strain MAH84 explored for production of a bioactive compound, its characterization and applications as antibiofilm agent. Cell free supernatant of strain MAH84 (Nutrient broth amended with 1% Glucose), was purified by two resins [Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) Sepharose and Sephadex G-25]. The peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) data of column purified cell free supernatant revealed it as zinc metalloproteases that belonged to M30 family of peptidases (hyicolysin) with a zinc motif at N -terminus with sequence AHEYQHM at position 102. Enzyme characterization studies showed that enzyme is thermostable with optimum activity at 60 °C, pH 12, halotolerance, and halo-stability (1–4 M NaCl). The enzyme activity in presence of chloride salts of metal [magnesium chloride (98.75%) and ferric chloride (97.5%)], and solvents [ethyl acetate (83.4%), glycol (98.4%), toluene (92%), methanol (99.6%) and acetone (93%) were found to be more than 80%. In continuation, application wise enzyme exhibited >50% antibiofilm activity against bacterial pathogens (such as E. coli MTCC43, P. aeruginosa MTCC424, K. pneumoniae MTCC9751, S. aureus MTCC96, and Salmonella enterica Subsp. Enterica serotype Abony - MTCC 6017), and high radical scavenging activity was noted i.e., (2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging (DPPH Assay) 82%, 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS assay) 69%, and Ferric reducing power activity (FRPA assay) 69%. Enzyme was found to be non-cytotoxic towards HeLa cell lines at 10 μg/ml. Additionally, a combinatorial study of ciprofloxacin, H 2 O 2 , short-chain fatty acids (acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid) at their respective MIC (as determined) was conducted wherein the enzymes antibiofilm activity increased by 70% when co-administered with column purified cell free supernatant (metalloproteases 10 μg/ml). Further, quantitative Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (q-RTPCR) revealed downregulation of two biofilm genes, namely csg D and bcs A in S. Abony with highest fold downregulation (2.48-fold) with butyric acid (100 μg/ml) in concurrent administration with column purified cell free supernatant (10 μg/ml). From our results, it is inferred that metalloprotease M30 from strain MAH84 can be a compelling quest for biofilm management. [Display omitted] • A thermostable metalloprotease from B. subtilis strain MAH84 showed antibiofilm activity against clinical pathogens. • Dual therapeutic strategy using known antibiofilm agents and low concentrations of metalloprotease was proposed. • Downregulation of biofilm genes in S. Abony by metalloprotease M30 explains, its application in food and pharma sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by hypertension and dysfunction of several organs, that is associated with maternal and fetal complications. The human gut microbiota is related to health and disease including hypertension. Alterations in gut microbiota composition can change the short-chain fatty acid profile released by the bacteria and contribute to hypertension and metabolic syndrome. It is unclear if the composition of the gut microbiota is altered in women who develop late-onset preeclampsia. In this study, we investigated the composition of the gut microbiota at 28 weeks gestation in women who developed late-onset (>34 weeks gestation) preeclampsia (DPE) by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of fecal samples obtained from 213 pregnant women in the SPRING cohort (Study of Probiotics IN Gestational diabetes). Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess the density of butyrate-producing genes. Gut microbiota composition was compared between women with and without DPE. The abundance of the butyrate-producing Coprococcus genus significantly decreased in DPE. Abundance of Coprococcus is significantly and positively correlated with the abundance of genes encoding the terminal step in bacterial butyrate formation (but and buk). Women with DPE also had significantly reduced levels of serum butyrate prior to the development of symptoms than controls. This study suggests that a reduction in the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria, and Coprococcus spp. in particular, may contribute to an increased risk of developing preeclampsia in pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) can lead to acute liver failure, a lethal condition which may require liver transplantation. Hepatotoxicity associated with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) accounts for ~ 10% of all DILI. In the current study, we determined whether indomethacin, one of the most commonly used NSAIDS, induced apoptosis in hepatocytes and investigated the underlying mechanism. Meanwhile, we investigated the protective effect of S‐allyl‐L‐cysteine (SAC), an active garlic derivative, on indomethacin‐induced hepatocyte apoptosis, and its implication on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We found that indomethacin triggered ER stress, as indicated by the elevated expression of phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and spliced XBP1 in a rat liver BRL‐3A cell line. Following indomethacin treatment, caspase 3 activation and hepatocyte apoptosis were also observed. Inhibition of ER stress by chemical chaperone 4‐phenyl butyric acid alleviated cell apoptosis caused by indomethacin, indicating that ER stress is involved in indomethacin‐induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Moreover, SAC abated indomethacin‐induced eIF2α phosphorylation, inhibited CHOP upregulation and its nuclear translocation, abrogated the activation of caspase 3 and finally, protected hepatocytes from apoptosis. In conclusion, SAC protects indomethacin‐induced hepatocyte apoptosis through mitigating ER stress and may be suitable for development into a potential new therapeutic agent for the treatment of DILI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volatile components emitted from two scale insects, Ceroplastes japonicus and Ceroplastes rubens, were identified using GC–MS analysis. The major volatile components of the solvent extract from C. japonicus were α-humulene (35.8%) and δ-cadinene (17.0%), while those of C. rubens were β-selinene (10.3%) and β-elemene (5.1%). In GC/olfactometry, linalool, butyric acid, 3-methylbutyric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, and vanillin were identified as the odor-active components of the extract from C. japonicus, in addition to trace amounts of trans-4,5-epoxy-(2E)-decenal, 4-methyl-(3E)-hexenoic acid, and phenylacetic acid. With regard to C. rubens, trans-4,5-epoxy-(2E)-decenal, 3-methylbutyric acid, and phenylacetic acid were identified as the odor-active components. Besides, decan-1,4-olide (γ-decalactone) with milky cherry-like note and 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (sotolone) with brown sugar-like note were also detected as the characteristic cherry-like sweet-and-sour note of these two scale insects. GC: Gas chromatography; GC/O: gas chromatography/olfactometry The characteristic smell emitted from two scale insects, Ceroplastes japonicus and Ceroplastes rubens [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ameloblastoma is a benign tumor that develops in the jawbone. Occasionally, however, it may become malignant and metastasize to other tissues. Although it has been suggested that various cytokines and several adhesion factors may play a role in its malignant transformation, the details have not been elucidated. In this context, it has been reported that butyric acid produced by periodontopathic bacteria causes progression of malignant tumors occurring in the mouth via podoplanin. However, the influence of butyric acid on ameloblastoma has not been clarified. In the present study, therefore, the expression of various cytokines and adhesion factors in ameloblastoma upon stimulation with butyric acid or cytokines was investigated using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Three cell lines (HAM1, HAM2 and HAM3) established from the same ameloblastoma were used in the experiments. It was found that the expression of mRNAs for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) was increased in HAM2 and HAM3, respectively, upon stimulation with butyric acid. In addition, stimulation with EGF and TGFβ1 led to an increase in the expression of laminin β-3 mRNA in the respective cell lines. These results suggest that butyric acid may be involved in ameloblastoma exacerbation through the expression of laminin 332 (LM332) via EGF and TGFβ1 produced by ameloblastoma itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1-kestose is a structural component of fructo-oligosaccharides and is composed of 2 fructose residues bound to sucrose through ß2-1 bonds. In the present study, the influence of the ingestion of 1-kestose on the intestinal microbiota was investigated in cats. Six healthy cats were administered 1 g/day of 1-kestose for 8 weeks followed by a 2-week wash-out period. Fecal samples were collected from cats after 0, 4, 8, and 10 weeks. The intestinal microbiota was examined by a 16S rRNA gene metagenomic analysis and real-time PCR. Short-chain fatty acids were measured by GC/MS. The results suggested that the intestinal bacterial community structure in feline assigned to this study was divided into 2 types: one group mainly composed of the genus Lactobacillus (GA) and the other mainly composed of the genus Blautia with very few bacteria of Lactobacillus (GB). Furthermore, the number of Bifidobacterium slightly increased after the administration of 1-kestose (at 4 and 8 weeks) (P<0.1). The administration of 1-kestose also increased the abundance of Megasphaera, the butyric acid-producing bacteria, at 4 and 8 weeks (P<0.1). Furthermore, an increase in butyric acid levels was observed after the administration of 1-kestose for 4 weeks (P<0.1). These results suggest that 1-kestose activated butyrate-producing bacteria as well as bifidobacteria and propose its potential as a new generation prebiotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic farming has been praised for many sound reasons, but there are some negative effects of organic practices. Research on the interactions between soil insect pests and organic farming practices is still scarce, although such interactions might sometimes lead to severe crop damage. Here, we explore the influences of organic farming inputs and key host crops on the oviposition behavior of soil insect pests likely to infest crops. We also shed light on the factors driving this behavior and analyze 4 yr of data from an on‐farm investigation. Our study offers clear support to the idea that decomposing organic matter and legume crops affect oviposition behavior and provides evidence that butyric acid and 1‐hexanol are major attractants. The results suggest that poor management or returning decomposing organic matter to the field is risky. The silver lining, however, is that oviposition behavior can be disrupted by the identified key attractants to benefit crop protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kidney beans have prebiotic potential in preventing chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes by regulating gut microbiota. In the present study, an in vitro simulated colonic fermentation model was established to identify the influences of kidney beans on the intestinal micro-ecosystem via the evolution of microbes and their metabolites. The results showed that kidney beans effectively facilitated the proliferation of probiotics represented by Bifidobacterium and inhibited the colonization of Fusobacterium served as the biomarker for colorectal cancer. Meanwhile, kidney beans facilitated the generating of lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the multi-omics analysis revealed butyric acid was mainly synthesized via the butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase pathway mediated by kidney beans rich in resistant starch and phenolics. Conclusively, this study provided new evidence for the characterization of gut microbial SCFAs metabolism in kidney beans and established the theoretical basis for the health benefits of kidney beans. [Display omitted] • The proliferation of intestinal probiotics was facilitated specifically by kidney beans. • Kidney beans activated multiple short-chain fatty acid metabolism pathways in gut microbiota. • The butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase pathway was the main pathway of butyric acid synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butyric acid, is reported to radiosensitize cancer cell lines in vitro. Their short systemic half-lives may explain their lack of in vivo efficacy. To manage the unsuitable pharmacokinetics of low-molecular-weight (LMW) butyric acid, we have designed a new polymeric prodrug comprising amphiphilic block copolymers, [poly(ethylene glycol)- b -poly(vinyl butyrate)s] (PEG- b -PV(BA)), with tens of butyric acid units conjugated through enzymatically metabolizable ester linkages as side chains in the hydrophobic segment. PEG- b -PV(BA) spontaneously forms self-assembling nanoparticles (NanoBA) with diameters of tens of nanometers. Pharmacological studies of intraperitoneal administration revealed that the retention of NanoBA in the plasma and tumors was extended up to 48–72 h compared to its LMW counterparts, as evidenced using in vivo imaging, immunoblotting of the PEG segment of the block copolymers, and radioisotope techniques. These results corroborated the LC-MS/MS-based study, validating the prominent in vivo liberation of butyric acid for a prolonged period (24 h) in NanoBA administered group compared to the LMW butyric acid, which cleared within approximately 0.5 h post-administration. Furthermore, radiation treatment after 24 h of intraperitoneal NanoBA administration toward tumor (B16-F10)-bearing mice exhibited significantly slower tumor growth in comparison with control irradiated tumors and LMW butyric acid-treated group, which was attributable to attenuated radioresistance Cox-2 and NF- κ β survival pathways. Current findings demonstrate that our self-assembling nanoparticle NanoBA prodrug substantially enhances the radiosensitizing effect of butyric acid in solid tumors in vivo, supporting the use of NanoBA for future clinical ramifications. [Display omitted] • Butyric acid, a therapeutically versatile microbial metabolite, exhibits poor pharmacokinetic profile. • We developed an enzyme-metabolizable block copolymer conjugated with butyric acid units as side chain via ester linkage. • This polymer spontaneously self assembles into nanoparticle (NanoBA)-type prodrug. • NanoBA supersedes the pharmacokinetic profile of butyric acid in comparison with that of butyric acid alone. • This innovative formulation enhances the efficacy of butyric acid as a sensitizer for the radiation therapy, primarily due to its improved in vivo retention capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CMP notably inhibited body weight gain and reduced fat accumulation. • CMP markedly decreased hyperlipidemia and improved glucose tolerance. • CMP significantly enhanced the abundances of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum and Akkermansia muciniphila. • CMP promoted production of BA and PA, but reduced hepatic bile acids (BAs). Poria cocos , a well-known traditional Chinese edible-medicinal mushroom, has shown many beneficial health effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity and hyperlipidemia effect of carboxymethyl pachymaran (CMP) in high-fat diet mice, with a focus on gut microbiota and their metabolites. Results demonstrated that CMP notably decreased fat weights and serum lipid, improved glucose tolerance, and reduced lipid droplet level in hepatic tissue. CMP markedly reduced the ratio between Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, decreased the abundances of Dubosiella newyorkensis and Faecealibaculum rodentium , but increased the abundances of Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum. In addition, CMP significantly promoted the production of butyric acid (BA) while decreased the levels of hepatic bile acids. Association analysis showed that physio-biochemical traits were negatively associated with A. muciniphila and BA, whereas showed a positive correlation to F. rodentium and differential bile acids. Together, CMP can alleviate obesity and related complications by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-fermentation of peel and wastewater from citrus processing is a proposal to promote the complementation of the individual characteristics of these substrates, making it possible to obtain higher efficiency in hydrogen (H 2) production, in addition to equating problems related to the logistics of destination and treatment of these waste. To build a model for optimizing hydrogen production, based on the variables of citrus peel waste concentration (9.9 – 35.1 gTVS.L-1), citrus processing wastewater concentration (0.3 – 8.7 gCOD.L-1), and calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) concentration (0.3 – 7.3 g.L-1), the Rotational Central Composite Design and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were applied, using a mesophilic granular sludge as inoculum for batch assays subjected to thermal treatment. Hydrogen production from 199.2 to 1241.9 mLH 2.L-1 was obtained in the assays, with the lowest production obtained with 22.5 gTVS.L-1 of citrus peel waste, 4.5 gCOD.L-1 of citrus processing wastewater, and 0.3 g.L-1 of calcium carbonate, for a gCaCO 3 /gCarbohydrate ratio of 0.03. In the optimized condition with 21.4 gTVS.L-1 of citrus peel waste, 3.4 gCOD.L-1 of citrus wastewater and 4.5 g.L-1 of calcium carbonate, which resulted in a gCaCO 3 /gCarbohydrate ratio of 0.53, 1249.0 mLH 2.L-1 were obtained. In the hydrogen optimized condition assay a relative abundance of 95% was observed for Clostridium Sensu Stricto 1, and therefore the Clostridial metabolic pathway was inferred as predominant, with a maximum butyric acid and acetic acid production of 2230.8 mg.L-1 and 1213.6 mg.L-1, respectively. For the lowest hydrogen production assay, there was a significant reduction in the Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (51.2%) abundance, and an increase in the Paraclostridium (20.0%) and Lactobacillus (21.9%) abundances, inferring lactic acid fermentation (6367.8 mg.L-1) as the predominant pathway. An energy potential of 523.2 MJ.t-1 of citrus waste was estimated based on the hydrogen production for the optimized condition assay. [Display omitted] • Intermediate substrate concentrations resulted in higher hydrogen production. • Low values for the Carbonate:Carbohydrate ratio resulted in negative effects on hydrogen production. • Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was identified in higher relative abundance in the hydrogen optimization condition. • Paraclostridium and Lactobacillus were identified for conditions with low hydrogen production. • The maximum hydrogen energy potential obtained met almost 10% of an industry's electricity demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the impact of high-intensity ultrasound processing of potentially prebiotic açai juice containing complex carbohydrates (dextran and oligosaccharides) on human gut microbiota after in vitro colonic fermentation. The juice was subjected to an in vitro simulated digestion and human fecal fermentation. HPLC quantified the metabolites produced during fecal fermentation, and the 16 S rRNA sequencing evaluated the microbiota change. The gluco-oligosaccharides and dextran were resistant to in vitro digestion and promoted the fecal microbiota production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The sonicated juice markedly increased propionic and butyric acid production, reaching 11 g/L and 4 g/L, respectively. The potentially prebiotic açai juice improved the richness (25%) and diversity (22%) of the fecal microbiota, and the ultrasound processing increased richness (12%) compared to non-sonicated juice, which may contribute to overall host health. The study demonstrated that açai juice containing gluco-oligosaccharides and dextran has a potential prebiotic effect. Incorporating this juice into the diet might promote gut-beneficial bacterial growth, improving the gut microbiota and the health-promoting metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constipation is a common gastrointestinal problem. This study aimed to identify a combination of prebiotics and wheat peptides (WP) to promote intestinal peristalsis and explore the underlying mechanism. First, we screened four prebiotics (galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), fructose oligosaccharides (FOS), inulin (IN), and resistant dextrin (RD)) using a zebrafish model and found that GOS was the most synergistic with WP. We then tested the GOS-WP combination in a mouse model of loperamide (Lop)-induced constipation and found that it significantly improved constipation symptoms. Specifically, GOS-WP shortened the first black stool time, increased the number of defecation particles, accelerated small intestinal propulsion rate, and increased fecal water content. GOS-WP also normalized the colonic water transport system by inhibiting colonic AQP4/8 expression. Additionally, GOS-WP reversed Lop-induced morphological damage in the ileum and colon, increased colonic barrier, and reduced inflammation in mice. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that GOS-WP reversed the gut microbiota structure changes induced by Lop. GOS-WP significantly increased butyric acid and decreased BCFA levels, indicating improved gut health. Our findings suggest that the GOS-WP combination has potential as a novel intervention for constipation relief. This study highlights the potential of combining prebiotics and WP as a therapeutic strategy for constipation. • Among GOS, FOS, IN and RD, GOS and WP had the strongest synergistic effect in promoting intestinal peristalsis. • The GOS to WP ratio of 1:2 was the most effective in promoting intestinal peristalsis in zebrafish model. • The GOS-WP complex (1:2) could relive constipation under mice model. • The GOS-WP complex (1:2) improved the disturbances of intestinal function in constipated mice. • The GOS-WP complex (1:2) recovered the gut microbiota composition in constipated mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burdock has previously been reported to have anti-diabetic effect. Gut microbiota is an important indicator of diabetes. This study investigated the effect of burdock root powder on the diversity and composition of gut microbiota in hyperglycemic rats. Moreover, the nutritional content, biological activities and beneficial metabolites production of burdock powder during in vitro digestion are determined to supplement its anti-diabetic effect. Our results showed that burdock powder improved intestinal flora diversity in diabetic rats significantly (p < 0.05). Abundance of Lactobacillales , Firmicutes , Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales , Peptostreptococcaceae, Enterococcaceae and Romboutsia was increased. The abundance of Erysipelotrichales and Turicibacter decreased. Inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase of burdock reached the highest at intestinal and gastric digestion stages (p < 0.05), respectively. Burdock can regulate the intestinal flora of hyperglycemic rats, prompting the production of acetic acid and butyric acid in their feces. [Display omitted] • Burdock can improve gut microbiota diversity and variety in hyperglycemic rats. • Polyphenol, polysaccharides and flavonoid in burdock are reduced during digestion. • Burdock prompts the feces of hyperglycemic rats to produce more SCFAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postbiotics are generated through the inactivation and decomposition of probiotics. The present study found that the administration of postbiotics derived from Bacillus coagulans had beneficial effects on improving obesity through the gut-liver axis. 16-week high-fat and fructose diet led to increased serum lipid levels, hepatic steatosis, gut dysbiosis, and obesity. However, treatments with B. coagulans JA845 and its postbiotics alleviated insulin resistance and improved lipid disorders through the AMPK/LKB pathway. Intriguingly, the regulatory effects of B. coagulans JA845 postbiotics on gut microbiota composition were similar to those of B. coagulans JA845, and was characterized by the augmentation of Allobaculum , Muribaculaceae , and Parasutterella populations , concomitant with a reduction in Faecalibaculum and Desulfovibrio. Furthermore, B. coagulans JA845 postbiotics significantly increased the production of short-chain fatty acids, prominently elevating butyric acid levels by 1.4-fold compared to the model group. Consequently, B. coagulans JA845 postbiotics hold promise as a potential functional food additive with stability and obesity-improving properties. [Display omitted] • B. coagulans JA845 postbiotics alleviated insulin resistance and lipid disorders. • B. coagulans JA845 postbiotics positively influenced gut microbiota. • B. coagulans JA845 postbiotics enhanced SCFAs production, especially butyric acid. • B. coagulans JA845 postbiotics improved obesity through the gut-liver axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceftriaxone is an emerging contaminant due to its potential harm, while its effects on liver are still need to be clarified. In this study, we first pretreated the 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice with high dose ceftriaxone sodium (Cef, 400 mg/mL, 0.2 mL per dose) for 8 days to prepare a gut dysbiosis model, then treated with normal feed for a two-month recovery period, and applied non-targeted metabolomics (including lipidomics) to investigate the variations of fecal and liver metabolome, and coupled with targeted determination of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs). Lastly, the correlations and mediation analysis between the liver metabolism and gut metabolism/microbes were carried, and the potential mechanisms of the mal-effects on gut-liver axis induced by Cef pretreatment were accordingly discussed. Compared to the control group, Cef pretreatment reduced the rate of weight gain and hepatosomatic index, induced bile duct epithelial cells proliferated around the central vein and appearance of binucleated hepatocytes, decreased the ratio of total branching chains amino acids (BCAAs) to total aromatic amino acids (AAAs) in liver metabolome. In fecal metabolome, the total fecal SCFAs and BAs did not change significantly while butyric acid decreased and the primary BAs increased after Cef pretreatment. Correlation and mediation analysis revealed one potential mechanism that Cef may first change the intestinal microbiota (such as destroying its normal structure, reducing its abundance and the stability of the microbial network or certain microbe abundance like Alistipes), and then change the intestinal metabolism (such as acetate, caproate, propionate), leading to liver metabolic disorder (such as spermidine, inosine, cinnamaldehyde). This study proved the possibility of Cef-induced liver damage, displayed the overall metabolic profile of the liver following Cef pretreatment and provided a theoretical framework for further research into the mechanism of Cef-induced liver damage. [Display omitted] • Ceftriaxone sodium use may cause pathological liver changes and metabolic disorder. • Ceftriaxone sodium use may alter the gut microbiome structure, leading to fecal metabolic disorders. • Gut homeostasis imbalance may mediate the liver metabolic disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An engineered Yarrowia lipolytica strain was able to simultaneously accumulate microbial oils and β-carotene from both acetic and butyric acids produced from syngas fermentation by Clostridium carboxidivorans , through the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, with CO and CO 2 as carbon sources. It was first determined that Y. lipolytica showed no inhibition at concentrations < 16 g/L of a mixture of VFAs (Volatile Fatty Acids) containing acetic, butyric, and even hexanoic acids. The yeast was then grown in a bioreactor with a culture medium derived from acetogenic syngas (CO, CO 2 , H 2) fermentation containing all three acids. Y. lipolytica consumed a total of 91 g/L VFAs, progressively supplied through eight successive additions of these acids to the reactor. A maximum lipid content of 36.18% g/g cell was achieved at 61 g/L VFAs consumed and with an airflow rate of 2.0 vvm. Besides, a total of 88.4 mg/g cell and 759 mg/L β-carotene content and concentration were achieved at about 80 g/L VFAs consumed and with a 2.0 vvm airflow rate. It was concluded that; a non-limiting air flow favors the metabolic pathway for β-carotene formation against lipid accumulation. [Display omitted] • Y. lipolytica uses Fatty Acids (FA) from syngas fermentation by C. carboxidivorans. • Y. lipolytica was not inhibited at 16 g/L FAs (acetic, butyric, hexanoic acids). • Y. lipolytica efficiently consumed 91 g/L FAs through stepwise additions. • A maximum lipid content of 36.18% g/g was reached after consuming 61 g/L FAs. • β-carotene peaked (88.4 mg/g, 759 mg/L) after consuming 80 g/L FAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta-1,3-glucans have been identified as effective prebiotics. However, their high molecular weight and low water solubility often limit their utilization efficiency by intestinal microbes. In this study, we aimed to address this issue by performing co-culture of Schizophyllum commune and Trichoderma harzianum to produce S. commune oligosaccharide (ScOG) with branched chain structures. Additionally, we obtained its sulfated derivatives (S-ScOG) through the sulfur trioxide-pyridine method and the sulfated curdlan oligosaccharides (S-COS) was used as control. Our findings indicate that both ScOG and S-ScOG demonstrated strong resistance to digestion by saliva, gastric juice, and small intestinal fluid. Moreover, S-COS and S-ScOG exhibited superior scavenging ability for DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. In vitro fermentation of ScOG and its derivatives with healthy human fecal microbiota showed that ScOG increased the abundance of Lactobacillus , while S-ScOG enriched the populations of Bacteroides and butyric acid-producing bacteria compared to the blank group. Notably, S-COS and S-ScOG increased the abundance of Bifidobacteria , and S-ScOG was particularly effective in maintaining microbial community diversity. Furthermore, both S-COS and S-ScOG were easily utilized by intestinal microbiota and significantly enhanced the production of short-chain fatty acids. Overall, ScOG has good prebiotic potential and that sulfation modification can effectively enhance its prebiotic effects. [Display omitted] • Schizophyllum commune oligosaccharide (ScOG) was prepared by fungal co-culture fermentation. • Glucan oligosaccharides were sulfated by the pyridine trioxide method. • S-ScOG alter the structure of intestinal microbiota and contribute to the maintenance of human intestinal microbial diversity. • ScOG and S-ScOG are selectively utilized by probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butyric acid and lauric acid are short chain and medium chain fatty acids, respectively. Their anti-inflammatory and lipid metabolism regulating functions are reported, while their structural lipid functional activity still needs to be verified. In this study, obese mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD) were used to investigate the effects of butyric-lauric acid structural lipid (S BL) on inflammation and small intestinal microbes. In vivo , although S BL did not significantly reduce body weight (P > 0.05), it might have a positive effect on mouse liver health. Compared to the corresponding physical mixture (M BL), S BL treatment could better downregulate hepatic TNF-α , IL-1β and IL-6 expression and stimulate IL-10 expression. Similarly, compared with the HF group, the liver IL-1β and TNF-α levels in the LS BL treatment group decreased by 15.2% and 22.9%, respectively (P < 0.05). In addition, HS BL treatment increased the content of IL-10 in the liver of obese mice (increased by 26.8%, P < 0.05). Moreover, S BL more significantly upregulated Bifidobacterium abundance and inhibited the high-fat diet-induced increase in Faecalibaculum abundance. In all, S BL ameliorated HFD-induced liver inflammation and these improvements are closely associated with its positive effects on small intestinal microbiota. This study aimed to provide support and new perspectives for the development and functional exploration of short-and medium-chain fatty acid structural lipids. [Display omitted] • Butyric-lauric acid structural lipid (S BL) delayed the release of butyric acid. • S BL alleviated liver inflammation induced by high-fat diet. • S BL regulated liver lipid metabolism. • S BL improved small intestinal microbial disorders under high fat diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the highest utilization rates of all short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), butyric acid (BA) is essential for human health. In this study, we investigated butyrylated lotus seed starch (LSB) effects on small intestinal bacteria and SCFA levels in mice. Mouse body weights, after lotus seed resistant starch (RS) and LSB of different degrees of substitution (DS) treatment for 4 weeks, showed no significant difference. LSB of low DS improved small intestine morphology. Relative Lactobacillaceae and Lachnospiraceae abundance was promoted, and several harmful genera e.g., Desulfovibrio were suppressed in LSB groups. From correlation analyses, BA production was negatively related to Bacteroides and Corynebacterium. In this study, we identified butyrylated starch effects on small intestinal bacteria and provided a foundation for designing functional dietary fibers, which induced high BA levels. • Butyrylated starch intervention improved small intestinal histomorphology. • Lactobacillaceae and Lachnospiraceae abundance was promoted in butyrylated starch. • Butyric acid production was negatively related to Bacteroides and Corynebacterium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • CRL supported on OPL-SiO 2 possess substantial thermal and storage stability. • CRL immobilized onto OPL-SiO 2 afforded 93.9% yield of butyl butyrate in 3 h. • CRL/OPL-SiO 2 -catalyzed esterification reaction by bi-bi Ping Pong mechanism. • Process factors for synthesizing butyl butyrate were successfully optimized by RSM. • Biocompatibility of OPL-SiO 2 competes favorably with TEOS and TMOS. Abstract The present study reports on Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) supported on magnetized nanosilica from oil palm leaves (CRL/Gl-A-SiO 2 -MNPs) and its utilization in the catalytic synthesis of butyl butyrate. Statistical optimization of process parameters, viz: enzyme loading, incubation time, temperature and substrate molar ratio (1-butanol:n-butyric acid), was executed using the Box–Behnken Design. Under optimized conditions, using 3.5 mg/mL of CRL/Gl-A-SiO 2 -MNPs, molar ratio of 2:1, incubated at 45 °C a 93.9% yield of ester was achieved in 3 h. CRL/Gl-A-SiO 2 -MNPs-catalyzed the esterification reaction according to Bi-Bi Ping Pong mechanism. The obtained kinetic values corresponded to V max of 0.298 mM/min, as well as Michaelis-Menten constants for substrates, n-butyric acid (K M a) and 1-butanol (K M b) of 17.274 and 13.780 mM, respectively. The values for K cat , K eff and inhibition constant for 1-butanol (K i b) for the CRL/Gl-A-SiO 2 -MNPs-catalyzed esterification are 5.109/min, 0.371/min mM−1 and 288.184 mM, respectively. CRL/Gl-A-SiO 2 -MNPs exhibited higher thermal-stability than the aggregated CRL, as seen in the attained higher values of half-life (45.894 min), D -value (152.45 min), E d (125 KJ/mol), Δ H d ∘ (122.64 KJ/mol) and Δ G d ∘ (11.957 KJ/mol) at 70 °C. Storage stability of CRL/Gl-A-SiO 2 MNPs was improved by ∼ 9 fold over the aggregated CRL when incubated at room temperature. Graphical abstract Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mosquito larvicidal activity of lawsone isolated from Lawsonia inermis (L). The larvae were exposed to four different concentrations of lawsone (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ppm). After 24 h and 120 h post treatment the larval mortality and ovicidal activity were recorded. However, Lawsone shows significant larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus with LC 50 and LC 90 values of 0.72 and 5.04 ppm along with 84% of ovicidal activity at 2 ppm concentration. Histopathological study revealed that serious damage on the larval midgut cells. Lawsone showed no harmful effect on the tested organism Poecilia reticulata. Lawsone was highly active and inhibited AChE in a concentration dependent manner. Lawsone presented highest inhibition against AChE extracted from Cx. quinquefasciatus with IC50 of 0.69 μg/mL. The chemical structure of lawsone was identified based on spectroscopic analysis and literature spectral data. Insect-specific cysteine residues of AChE1 inhibitors will not interact with AChE1 of other organisms. Computational analysis showed that lawsone made strong binding interaction with cysteine residue in the AChE1 of Cx. quinquefasciatus . Hence, these results suggested that lawsone might act as a mosquito specific AChE1 inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of para-grass (PG) addition to pig manure (PM) digester were evaluated at organic loadings 0.10–3.76 gVS/L.d by different PG mixing ratios 0–8% in mesophilic single-stage (MS) and temperature-phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD, comprising T1 and M2 reactors) systems. Results showed equivalent methane production between MS and TPAD until 4%PG mix. Highest biogas yields obtained were 271.7 and 264.0 m 3 /ton dry for MS and TPAD, respectively. Even with intense VFAs accumulation, the acidification yield in T1 was less than M2 because of continuous conversion of VFAs to CH 4 . Only at higher loading (8%PG), reactor staging by temperature was justified for this co-digestion as TPAD exhibited a superior performance and lesser mass transfer impediment. Para-grass addition to PM digester shifted the domination of bacterial strains whereas achaea were steady. Higher microbial diversity and some evolving hydrolytic bacteria observed in T1 could contribute to greater system stability at high solid loading. An addition of small front-end thermophilic tank should be considered when expansion of the existing MS system is planned to process higher solid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry produces about 300–350 million tons of paper mill sludge (PMS) annually and majority is disposed of by landfill. PMS contains up to 75% carbohydrates. In this study, PMS was treated by de-ashing, fiber regeneration and enzymatic hydrolysis. The PMS hydrolysate was used for butyric acid production by Clostridium tyrobutyricum B-67062/RPT 4213. We reported that 8.52 and 8.35 gL −1 butyric acid was produced from 4 L batch fermentation in MRS and RCM4 medium respectively. Moreover, nearly 7 gL −1 butyric acid was produced by using PMS hydrolysates from two different mills when combined with a fraction of MRS, and over 6 gL −1 butyric acid was produced from hydrolysate combined with a fraction of RCM4 medium. This study suggested that beside agricultural lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks, low valued waste materials from the pulp and paper industries could also be used for the sustainable production of butyric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CGE markedly inhibited body weight gain and decreased fat accumulation in various tissues. • CGE significantly improved glucose tolerance and hyperlipidemia. • CGE markedly enhanced the abundances of Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium animalis. • CGE can treat obesity and related complications by modulating gut microbiota and SCFAs. Edible-medicinal fungi have shown many beneficial health effects. Cordyceps guangdongensis is a novel edible-medicinal fungus in China. In this study, we investigated the effects of ethanolic extract from C. guangdongensis fruiting bodies (CGE), and comprehensively dissected the effects of CGE on fat accumulation, dyslipidemia, gut microbial composition, and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Results showed that CGE markedly inhibited body weight gain, decreased fat accumulation in various tissues, and significantly improved glucose tolerance and hyperlipidemia. CGE notably restored high-fat diet induced microbial shift from Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes, and markedly increased the abundances of beneficial gut microbiota (such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium animalis). Interestingly, CGE also significantly promoted butyric acid (BA) production. Pairwise correlation analysis found that A. muciniphila , B. animals and BA were negatively associated with several fat-related parameters and blood lipid indicators. Together, our results suggested that CGE represented a potential novel supplement to treat obesity and related complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]