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With the expansion of green finance and the digital economy, the discussion on the evolution of green credit business and the digitalization of commercial banks have grown in prominence. However, limited research has been done on how different degrees of digital transformation in commercial banks—the main issuers—affect the way of green credit efficiency. To fill this gap, based on data from 114 Chinese commercial banks between 2010 and 2021, this paper explores the impact of digitalization on the green credit efficiency through the integration of several methodologies. The paper indicates that enhancing the digitalization, business digitization, and management digitization of commercial banks can greatly enhance the effectiveness of green credit businesses, but the impact of strategic digitization is not significant. Further analysis reveals that digitization facilitates the expansion of overall bank assets, thereby bolstering the green credit business. It also investigates the characteristics of commercial banks and the geographical distribution of their headquarters, indicating a diminished promotional impact for urban and rural banks, as well as banks in the central areas. Finally, this study contends that commercial banks ought to leverage digital resources extensively to facilitate digital transformation and bolster the advancement of green credit operations. It is also recommended that the government should implement preferential policies for regions and banks exhibiting slower developmental progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The research aims to find out the relationship between e-marketing communication, customer satisfaction, and loyalty at Vietnamese commercial banks. Design/Methodology/Approach: Customers who use e-banking services in Ho Chi Minh City are surveyed to gather the data. Using Google Forms, the survey was first pretested on 10 people. There were 224 valid responses to the official survey. Following that, SmartPLS processed the data in two steps: evaluating the measurement model and the structural model. Findings: The results show that e-marketing communication has a positive relationship with customer satisfaction and loyalty. Besides, customer satisfaction mediates a positive relationship between e-marketing communication and customer loyalty. Conclusion: The outstanding advancement of information technology has facilitated digital transformation in all aspects of life, including the banking industry. As technology advanced, marketing was the industry that underwent the most change. E-marketing makes it possible to establish and maintain a close relationship with clients, which is essential for being successful in luring them. E-marketing must connect many people, particularly the target customer group, and is not just focused on the design, logo, and overall user interface. Research Limitations and Implications: The effectiveness of direct marketing is not combined or compared in this study. It only examines the effect of e-marketing. Practical Implications: The banks should identify, contact, and maintain regular contact with potential customers. They can incorporate unstructured data from social networks. Furthermore, the banks must develop methods for evaluating and measuring the efficacy of their marketing efforts. This study gives bank managers in Vietnam suggestions for an appropriate e-marketing strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to evaluate the nonlinear impact of ICT on the profitability of commercial banks in Vietnam and determine the ICT threshold for banks to gain additional profits from this investment. The research sample was selected by purposive sampling method, including 25 commercial banks in the period 2010-2020. The estimation results according to the 2-step system GMM indicate that ICT has a Ushaped nonlinear effect on profitability, and profitability will be lowest when the readiness index for ICT development and application reaches 0.6052 according to the derivative method, if this level is exceeded, ICT will have a positive impact on profitability and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the steps required to generalize a sustainability credit rating system based on the analytical hierarchy process. We argue that such systems are ideal for commercial banks to improve their lending processes. Starting with the model by Zeidan et al. (2015), we transform the SCSS from a closed to an open platform by adding country and industry variables, two additional possible answers, and an explicit way to generate forward default probabilities. Finally, we present a model for final reports that could be used for banks that use this or similar credit systems. The final reports are generated after initial tests on a database of 100+ public companies, with over 1,000+ Monte Carlo simulations conducted in six months following the initial assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation The failure of the banking sector has adverse knock-on effects on the economy. The utility functions of shareholders of a bank are much heterogeneous, and the bank management needs a single corporate objective to serve these functions. The traditional firm theory focuses on wealth maximization for shareholders. This theory uses agency conflict as an analytical framework that focuses shareholder preferences toward risk in measuring the financial performance of banks to fulfill the corporate objective. The current study empirically examines the direct correlation between shareholders' investment and the financial performance of Pakistani commercial banks. The performance of commercial banks can be reviewed using three distinctive perspectives-accounting-based performance through return on assets, economic-value-based performance through economic value added and shareholder value added, and market-value-based performance measured through market value added and created shareholders value. With data collected from FY2007 to FY2020, this study uses a sample of eighteen commercial banks listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. This study employs multiple regressions on panel data to investigate the impact of strategic factors on the financial performance. We conclude that return on assets is the most significant bank performance measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We use text mining and entropy method to measure bank digital transformation index. • Digital transformation significantly improves the cost efficiency of banks. • Digital transformation improves banks' cost efficiency through four mediating channels. • Digital transformation has heterogeneous impacts on different types of banks. This study explores the impact of digital transformation on the cost efficiency of commercial banks. Using panel data from 131 banks in China from 2013 to 2022, and employing text mining and entropy method to measure bank digital transformation index, we find that digital transformation significantly improves banks' cost efficiency. Digital transformation exerts its influence on banks' cost efficiency through four intermediary channels: facilitating business diversification, diminishing information asymmetry, enhancing fund utilization efficiency, and reducing risk. Moreover, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the impact of digital transformation on cost efficiency varies by bank size, capital status, asset structure, and ownership structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Capital price distortion and financial leverage have a significantly positive impact on the NPL ratio of commercial banks. • Increasing the degree of capital price distortion and financial leverage leads to a higher NPL ratio. • Capital price distortion has a significantly positive impact on financial leverage, while capacity utilization has a significantly negative impact on financial leverage. This paper uses panel data from 30 provinces and cities from 2012 to 2022 (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan), and empirically examines the impact of capital price distortion and financial leverage on the non-performing loan (NPL) ratio of banks by constructing a dynamic panel system GMM model. The study finds that capital price distortion and financial leverage have a significantly positive impact on the NPL ratio of commercial banks. Increasing the degree of capital price distortion and financial leverage leads to a higher NPL ratio. Further analysis reveals that capital price distortion has a significantly positive impact on financial leverage, while Overcapacity has a significantly negative impact on financial leverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper examines how commercial banks' fintech development can mitigate non-performing loan risks. • Commercial banks' fintech development can mitigate non-performing loan risks. • The impact is achieved by pre-lending and post-loan cost reduction and revenue growth effects. This paper examines how commercial banks' fintech development can mitigate non-performing loan (NPL) risk. This study adopted a two-fixed model and examined listed commercial banks from 2011 to 2022. Findings indicate that fintech development can mitigate NPL risk through pre-lending and post-loan cost reduction and revenue growth effects. This study contributes to theory and practice for advancing the growth of commercial banks while upholding the stability of the financial system. The findings provide a reference for nations using digital technology to maintain financial stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Venezolana de Gerencia (RVG) is the property of Revista de Filosofia-Universidad del Zulia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of board director characteristics on banking financial performance in Tunisia from 2005 to 2015. We used four independent variables related to the board of directors (board size, independence, duality, and the percentage of directors representing the state), as well as a macroeconomic variable (inflation), and a control variable (the size of the bank). We used two dependent variables to assess financial performance: return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The main empirical findings show that board size and inflation variables have a negative impact on banking performance. The variables percentage of directors representing the state and bank size, on the other hand, have a positive impact on banking performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to present a general analysis of the main aspects characteristic of the macroeconomic situation of the Republic of Moldova and the domestic banking system in conditions of nationally and internationally instability. Mission of each Bank is to provide banking services and products in accordance with the most modern and advanced standards to meet customer needs and shareholder expectations. The national economy follows the recovery trajectory after the decline caused by the pandemic crisis and the extreme climatic conditions in 2020 and again is affected by the regional security situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of economic policy uncertainty on the stock price crash risk of commercial banks based on a sample of 32 Chinese A-share listed banks from Q1 2007 to Q4 2019. Empirical analysis revealed that economic policy uncertainty significantly increases the banks' stock price crash risk. The main findings were valid in a series of robustness tests, including replacing measures of economic policy uncertainty and stock price crash indicators, adding control variables to the model, changing the sample size, and addressing endogenous issues. Further analysis of the moderating effects revealed that higher the financial risk and lower the information transparency of commercial banks, higher are the chances of stock price crash risk being affected by economic policy uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Credit risk, as the main risk currently faced by commercial banks, is largely determined by whether the borrower can repay the credit loan on schedule. Therefore, the research on credit risk of commercial banks has important theoretical and practical significance. This article mainly predicts the credit risk of corporate customers of commercial banks by constructing Artificial Neural Network model. First, this article selects 14 financial indicators to construct a credit risk evaluation index system based on the results of previous studies; second, combined with cluster analysis and factor analysis to determine the actual credit rating of the sample data, thereby giving the sample data the category label; finally, combining the above research, established and compared two traditional credit risk prediction models and three commonly used Artificial Neural Network models, and finally compared the prediction performance to select the best model to achieve prediction and evaluation of the credit risk of corporate customers of commercial banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Job satisfaction is one of the important factors which have drawn attention of managers in the organization as well as researchers. Job satisfaction is the mental feeling of favorableness and plea sureness which an individual has about one job. The basic purpose of this study is appraising in the employee job satisfaction and its impact on employee job performance in Private commercial banks. A highly satisfied worker has better physical and mental well-being that leads to higher productivity of the organization. This study followed descriptive and casual research design. Data were collected through questionnaires. It was found that there are significant relationships between all independent variable (i.e. Working Condition, Pay and Promotion, Fairness, Job Security, Career Development Opportunities) with dependent variable (i.e. perceived performance) as p-value is significant at 5 percent level of significance (p< 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Employee behavior influences the organization's effectiveness. A significant element that separates one company from another is technology. The acceptance, dismissal, and adaptability of workers to the technologies being used ultimately defines how companies can succeed in a market setting. The push for the use of technology is to ensuring that process improvements are made simpler, quicker and to increase the economic performance of the company. Moreover, the use of technology significantly affects employee behavior. The purpose of this research is to identify out how electronic monitoring on the work performance of employees in commercial banks likeICICI Bank (Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India), HDFC(Housing Development Finance Corporation) and Axis bank. It is necessary to analyze the specific actions of employees in order to maximize the use of technology introduced into the company by employees in order to enhance their attitude. The research adopted a descriptive empirical approach and then evaluated the relationship among the independent variable (electronic testing) and the dependent variable (performance of employees) in order to explain the influence of the independent on the dependent variable. The study findings show that employee behavior mainly influences the use of technology, facilitates learning process, enhances productivity and effectiveness, and enhances organization effectiveness. In today’s modern workplaces, employee monitoring has become common practice. A vast number of employers are using some kind of monitoring tools in the workplace to boost team performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Air pollution suppresses bank risk-taking. • The effect of air pollution is mainly driven by the frequency of extreme pollution days. • The effect of air pollution is more pronounced on banks located in cities with higher government environmental concern. • The effect of air pollution is more pronounced on banks with smaller asset scale and lower risk resistance. • The transparent environmental supervision weakens the effect of air pollution. In the context of frequent environmental events that attract widespread attention, this paper investigates the impact of air pollution on bank risk-taking. Using the data of 105 city commercial banks in China from 2014 to 2021, our findings suggest that air pollution leads banks to reduce risk-taking, which is primarily driven by the frequency of extreme pollution days. Banks in cities with higher government environmental concern and those with smaller asset scale and lower risk resistance are relatively more sensitive to air pollution. The transparent environmental supervision weakens the effect of air pollution on bank risk-taking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We explore the impact of big data infrastructure development on Fintech innovation in banks. • Analyzing data from 1882 bank-year observations of 297 commercial banks between 2011 and 2021, we find that the national big data comprehensive experimental zones significantly enhance banks' Fintech innovation. • Data element agglomeration is the channel through which big data infrastructure development influences banks' Fintech innovation. • Big data infrastructure development more effectively promotes Fintech innovation in banks with larger scale, lower loan concentration and lower credit risk. This paper explores the impact of big data infrastructure development on banks' Fintech innovation. Analyzing data from 1882 bank-year observations of 297 banks between 2011 and 2021, we find that the National Big Data Comprehensive Experimental Zones significantly enhance banks' Fintech innovation. Our results indicate that data element agglomeration is the channel that influences banks' Fintech innovation. Further analyses show that big data infrastructure development more effectively promotes Fintech innovation in banks with larger scale, lower loan concentration and credit risk. These findings contribute to the existing literature by identifying the determinants of banks' Fintech innovation in the digital era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the impact of inflation and exchange rate on the financial performance of commercial banks in South Africa. The study covers four largest commercial banks in South Africa, namely; Standard bank, Nedbank, Capitec Bank and Firstrand Bank for the period 2003-2019. To measure the financial performance, return on equity was used as the dependent variable and inflation and exchange rate as the independent variables. To achieve the objective of the study, the ARDL, FMOLS and DOLS models are used. The findings illustrated that there is a significant inverse relationship between inflation and the return on equity and there is a weak relationship between exchange rate and the return on equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to find out how, the two different types of risks, i.e. Liquidity Risk & Credit Risk, affect the overall profitability/financial performance of commercial banks in Pakistan. We used methods that were applicable on a panel data for long run and short run time specifications. Thirty-three scheduled banks listed with the SBP, as of December 2018 have been used for the purpose of the data analysis. The panel data that is used for this study stretches across a period of 10 years, with 33 cross sections. The findings of this current study revealed that the financial performance of the banks present in Pakistan is negatively, and significantly influenced by the credit risk. In addition to this, it was revealed that the lesser the non-performing loans, the lower the risk factor that is experienced. The financial risk comprising of credit risk and liquidity risk tends to have a significantly robust impact on the overall enactment of the commercial banks in Pakistan. This study will prove beneficial for the top management of the financial institutions developing economies, as it will enhance their existing knowledge regarding the impact of financial risk, which will eventually infiltrate into the intensity and quality of the financial performance of the banks. This will also enable banks, and other financial institutions to involve all the relevant stakeholders, in order to determine how they can minimize the effects of the financial risk, so as to maximize the overall returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accounting information system AIS is the most important tool on which the institutions rely so as to conduct their business. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the availability of general control procedures GCP in order to protect the security of AIS. The main objective of this study is to determine the extent of the availability of GCP of AIS security in commercial banks in Yemen. A descriptive analytical approach is used. Data is collected through a questionnaire distributed to the principals and specialists in departments of finance, information technology IT, and internal auditor in the head offices of commercial banks. Out of the distributed questionnaire, only 78 are valid and suitable for the analysis. The study finds that there is an availability of GCP depending on organizational control, security, and protection procedures in maintaining AIS. It also encourages the management of commercial banks to pay attention to a high-level of GCP in their AIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The level of digitalization in commercial banks can significantly enhance the level of bank liquidity creation. • This effect varies with the size of the commercial banks. • This effect varies with the degree of integration between industry and finance. This paper takes all banking enterprises among Chinese listed companies as the research sample and examines the impact of the level of digitalization in commercial banks on bank liquidity creation through constructing an empirical econometric model. The research results show that the level of digitalization in commercial banks can significantly enhance the level of bank liquidity creation. Additionally, the results of heterogeneity tests indicate that the effect of commercial banks' digitalization level on the enhancement of bank liquidity creation varies with the size of the commercial banks and the degree of integration between industry and finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk-based approach to anti-money laundering and combating terrorism financing (hereinafter - AML/CFT) came to the forefront in the FATF Recommendations updated in 2012. According to the FATF Recommendation 1, commercial banks, which are an essential part of AML/CFT system, are required to identify, assess and take measures to mitigate their money laundering/terrorism financing (ML/TF) risks. It should be mentioned that banking practice consider the following types of ML/TF risks: inherent in a banking product (product risk); inherent in a client (client risk); inherent in a financial institution (in particular a commercial bank) and determining its possible involvement in suspicious transactions. This article is devoted to contemporary approaches of such risks assessment and methods of its automation in commercial bank. Prompt preparation of risk reports in this area will allow the bank's risk management to take timely measures to neutralize emerging threats and vulnerabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to analyze a variety of factors that can explain the differences in commercial bank efficiency among 17 countries in Latin America (LatAm). Design/methodology/approach -- In a first stage, data envelopment analysis (DEA) and conditional efficiency analysis techniques are used to assess the relative efficiency level of 409 banks for the 2014-2016 period. The conditional efficiency approach considers environmental variables (that are beyond the manager's control), which could influence the shape and the level of the boundary of the attainable set. In the second stage, the resulting conditional efficiency scores are correlated with internal variables (those that are under the manager's control), which might affect the distribution of the inefficiencies. For this purpose, an econometric approach developed by Simar and Wilson (2007) is used. Findings -- First stage scores reveal the heterogeneity of average efficiency within the region. Regarding the factors that may explain the differences in performance in the LatAm banking sector, the results allow us to state that certain internal variables such as bank size, the ratio of loans to total assets and the ratio of non- performing loans show the expected relationship to efficiency, in line withmuch of the previous literature. Originality/value -- This is the first time that conditional efficiency and Simar and Wilson (2007) approaches have been applied at the same time to analyse the LatAm banking industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Credit unions in the United States (US) are exempt (benefit from subsidies) from federal corporate income taxes, which are traditionally justified by their non-profit cooperative status and mission of meeting the financial needs of individuals of modest means. In recent years, the efficacy and fairness of these subsidies has been debated extensively as the traditional demarcation between banks and credit unions and their respective customer bases have blurred. To investigate how credit unions allocate subsidies to various stakeholders, we estimate a structural profit model for matched pairs of credit unions and commercial banks. We find that credit unions use most (approximately 90%) of their tax exemption for the benefit of their membership via above-market deposit interest rates. • US credit unions are exempt from federal income taxes. • We investigate how credit unions allocate the subsidies arising from the tax exemption to various stakeholders. • We use a profit function-based approach to compare the performance of credit unions to similar commercial banks. • We find economically large profit inefficiencies at credit unions relative to banks. • Most benefits from the tax subsidy are passed by credit unions through to members as above-market deposit interest rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is obvious that the technological advance led to a radical change not only of the concept of money, but also of the contracts and agreement that can be done between the parties through electronic means of communication. Digital signature is a technology that allows its users to validate the authenticity of electronic documents or instruments. In this paper we aim to create an overview of the electronic signature, starting from its definition, continuing with the main features and advantages generated by its use, as well as an overview of the legal framework for electronic signatures. The last part of the paper focuses on the process of introducing the concept of electronic signature in the Romanian banking system and presents the main legislative and financial barriers that this process has encountered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing field of Corporate Social Responsibility includes gender equality issues as a corporate commitment to society as well as the organization. It emphasizes equal opportunities for males and females in every sphere of organizational practice. However, the practices are most relevant to economic gains and political and regulatory purposes instead of demands for society, ethics and human rights. This research paper finds that the commercial banks of Bangladesh practice their gender commitments within a Corporate Social Responsibility framework and concentrate more on economic and political gains than mainstream gender practices from an ethical point of view. Incorporating gender issues in the organizational practices of commercial banks is one kind of rhetorical or nominal participation in a strategic way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies the two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator to examine the bi-directional relationship between banks’ capital regulation and risk-taking behavior concerning the impact of ownership structure. We have used a balanced panel dataset of banks from a developing country over the most recent period between 2006 and 2014. The empirical findings of this study suggest that higher capital regulation enhances banks’ stability when it combats with credit risk but higher credit risk often persuades abating capital ratio. Particularly, the key results are as follows: (i) the higher association of minority active shareholding in stability issues is positive; (ii) the higher contribution of active share holding promotes banks’ capital ratio; (iii) the lower ownership concentration prevents credit risk; (iv) private commercial banks are more risk averse and stable than state-owned banks and other type of banks; and (v) notably, Islamic banks show their superiority through overall performance despite their lower capital stability than conventional banks. Besides, no models show significant non-linear relationship between capital regulation and risk-taking except models of stability show a U-shaped relation in capital equation, indicating that when regulatory pressure works in a country then bank lose solvency at the initial stage. Finally, it also provides some imperative policy implications which will be very useful for a wide range of stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the bank-level and country-level factors determining nonperforming loans (NPL) in the commercial banking industry of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Specifically; it examines the impact of the sectoral distribution financing growth and Islamic finance methods growth on NPL. To do so, we apply generalized method of moments (GMM) techniques, over the 2005–2011 period. Our findings indicate that the sectoral distribution of Islamic financing has an adverse impact on NPL, which suggest that the sectoral financing growth of Islamic banks increases the credit risk exposure more than conventional banks. The findings of the Islamic finance methods growth show that the impact of fixed-income debt contracts could increase NPL more than profit-and-loss-sharing contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper took the thirteen listed commercial banks in China as the research objects, and used the financial risk measurement method CoVaR to study the risk spillover effect of commercial banks. Firstly, we employed an indicator-method to study the systemic importance changes of the listed banks in the normal and risk periods. It is found that the systemic importance is always closely related to the size of bank’s assets. The application of Cluster Analysis on the indicator score showed that they were divided into two part: four state-owned banks and nine joint-stock banks groups. From the perspective of financial market risk spillover effect caused by relevance, the risk contributions of each bank to the bank groups were calculated by using the quantile regression and CoVaR approaches in two time periods. The results showed that not only the systemically important banks with big asset scale had great risk spillover effect, in the risk period, some of the smaller scale banks had a significant increase in the risk contribution, which would also become an important source of risk. From the normal period to risk period, the risk spillover effects of each bank were obviously enhanced, and the risk contagion between banks rose generally. Therefore, regulators should not only focus on large-scale banks, but also pay attention to those banks with high risk contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Term Auction Facility (TAF) was designed by the Federal Reserve during the financial crisis to inject emergency short-term funds into banks, as a supplement to the lender of last resort discount window offerings. We describe how the Federal Reserve altered the design of the Term Auction Facility (TAF) over the course of the financial crisis and examine the utilization of this stand-alone facility. Most specifically we detail the impact of the greatly increased offering amounts in all auctions after October 2008, which resulted in the facility no longer auctioning scarcely available funds. We also document significantly different usage of the facility by FDIC-insured community and non-community banks, consistent with the notion of a two-tiered banking system in the U.S. Community banks were far less likely to use the facility than larger, non-community banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We investigate the effect of bank FinTech on corporate innovation in China. • We find that bank FinTech positively affects corporate innovation. • Bank FinTech enhances corporate innovation by mitigating the inhibitory effects of financing constraints and management costs. • The effect is more pronounced in firms with poorer financial endowments and private firms. This study investigates the effects of bank FinTech on corporate innovation. Building a large sample of Chinese commercial banks and listed firms over 2010–2020, we find that bank FinTech promotes corporate innovation and the results are consistent. We also find that bank FinTech enhances corporate innovation by mitigating the inhibitory effects of financing constraints and management costs. In addition, the positive effect is more pronounced in firms with poorer financial endowments and private firms. Overall, we provide a timely study of the value of bank FinTech in emerging countries like China from the brand-new perspective of corporate innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central bank digital currency (CBDC) has increasingly received attention among policymakers and academics. From a theoretical perspective, the introduction of a CBDC arouses long-standing questions, foreseeing the possibility for the private (non-financial) sector to access the central bank reserves. The aim of this paper is to strengthen the understanding of the CBDC through the Endogenous Money Theory (EMT). The paper examines the balance sheets of the central bank, commercial banks, and the non-financial private system, tracking all the assets and liabilities of the macro-agents involved in the introduction of a CBDC. It explains the logical chain of relationships starting with the creation of bank loans from commercial banks, transformed into deposits, and ultimately converted into CBDC. Such a chain of relationships is also explained by amending the four quadrants model proposed by many post-Keynesian scholars. [Display omitted] • Analysis of money in view of CBDC. • Potential risks and benefits of CBDC. • CBDC would not change the Endogenous Money framework. • CBDC could change the composition and shrink the balance sheets of Commercial Banks. • CBDC could change the composition and increase the balance sheets of Central Banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firm’s credit rating and optimal capital structure are directly related. Firms with high crediting rating tend to finance more by debts. However, there is no appropriate figure available for optimal capital structure in literature. Firms mostly decide mix of debt and equity based on its operating environment. Knowing fact of high credibility among locals and lower costs associated with debts, managers prefer debts to equity. This paper used factors like profitability, liquidity, firm’s size and leverage, to determine crediting rating of firms. This paper has used data from balance sheets of top twenty banks in Pakistan for last seven years. It was found that profitability and liquidity have negative impacts on credit rating of banks in Pakistan, while size and leverage being more significant have positive correlation with credit rating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays there are new challenges faced by anti-money laundering system of Russian Federation. Representatives of the national financial intelligence unit and the banking system underline the need to upgrade information cooperation within the system. Information about suspicious transactions is transferred by commercial banks to Rosfinmonitoring with delays. As a result, the significance of such information for illegal activity prosecution goes down. The article is devoted to it-solutions which may contribute to solve the above-mentioned problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper we seek an explanation of disparities in the required minimum levels of the capital adequacy ratio. Attention is given to 40 European countries mainly in the pre-crisis period. Cluster analysis results justify a need for a discretionary approach of the national prudential authorities when adopting the supranational prudential recommendations, to be more precise, Basel Committee conclusions. In such a manner, lower regulatory burden, i.e. lower minimum level of capital adequacy ratio in this case, is and should remain a privilege of the more transparent, ethical and accountable economic systems with better country credit rating, higher GDP per capita and lower inflation rate. Despite insignificance of the banking sector variables in the cluster analysis, when linear regression method is adopted, variables such as bank concentration indicator and asset quality have the highest explanatory power. A conclusion can be made that the set-up of the minimum capital adequacy ratio should be carefully planned due to threats of loss in the economic output if the banking sector is over-regulated or on the other hand increased financial instability in case of being under-regulated.23 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, the Chinese government has conducted the joint-stock reform of state-owned commercial banks. The joint-stock reform improves the marketization level of the ownership structure of commercial banks and consequently leads to impacts on the effectiveness of monetary policy. This paper first presents the impacting mechanisms of the joint-stock reform of commercial banks on the effectiveness of monetary policy and then constructs an empirical model to test those impacts. The empirical results show that the increasing degree of joint-stock reform of commercial banks enhances the effectiveness of expansionary monetary policy but weakens the effectiveness of contractionary monetary policy in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to analyze the effectiveness of the actions of BNB for the period after 2010 - the beginning of recovery of the economy after the crisis of 2009. The criteria for assessing the effectiveness of a central banking institution is complex and besides purely economic dimensions, there are political, social and international aspects. Low inflation in the country is one of the factors that contributes to the stability of the national currency. Another key factor is the prudent issuing practice of BNB. An important part of the functions performed by the central bank is to supervise the financial system, or only commercial banks - as it is in Bulgaria. The central bank should be an institution, independent of the executive power - the BNB has a high degree of independence from the executive. A comparative analysis to other countries who rank similarly to Bulgaria when it comes to the competitiveness of the institutions, is also used to evaluate the effectiveness of the central bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper we have investigated the key factors which make it easier for non-financial firms to arrange financing from commercial banks. We have collected the data from the year 2001 to 2011 from 220 non-financial firms in Pakistan. We have used two measures of firm-bank relationship. First, if a non-financial firm has a board of director who is at the same time board of director of a commercial bank. Second, if a commercial bank has an equity stake in a nonfinancial firm. After using Fixed Effect model we have found that firm-bank relationships always matter for arranging bank loan for non-financial firms in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to find out determinants which affect the commercial banks' decision to lend on the interbank market in the Visegrad countries. The data cover the period from 2000 to 2011. The net interbank position of individual banking sectors significantly differs. Results of the probit model showed that banks' decision to lend in interbank market is determined both by bank-specific and macroeconomic factors. Bank liquidity, capital adequacy and quality of the loan portfolio are important bank-specific factors. Growth rate of the gross domestic products, unemployment rate, financial crisis and level of interest rates matter among macroeconomic factors. Although the Visegrad countries have a lot in common, different factors determined the banks' decision in individual countries. Moreover, the direction of influence of some factors may also differ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]