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The ultra-fast, thin-cut computerised tomographic angiogram is an efficient method to diagnose extracardiac lesions associated with congenital cardiac disease. For the purposes of this review, we evaluated various facets of the technique as used in 30 patients who were referred for diagnosis of congenital cardiac disease. The technique had high diagnostic accuracy, with a sensitivity of 93 percent in 15 of these patients referred for either interventional catheterisation or surgery. There were no immediate side-effects associated with the scanning procedure. The scan was also found to be more cost-effective as compared to an alternative noninvasive modality for imaging modality, namely magnetic resonance imaging. The angiographic technique, however, does expose the child to between 2 and 2.5 rems of radiation, despite the short period of scanning, of 10 plus or minus 2 seconds.

As an aid to practicing neonatologists, the many gastrointestinal anomalies and diseases found in neonates are discussed with regard to choosing the most efficient and appropriate imaging modalities in each. The discussion is organized under anatomical headings: esophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon, liver, and miscellaneous. Nine representative images are included as illustrations. There is a brief discussion of umbilical arterial and venous catheters.

Neonatal pulmonary diseases may require mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen therapy. These supportive measures can damage the immature lung or distort the normal maturation processes of the developing lung. The formation of hyaline membranes occurs acutely, often complicated by left-to-right cardiac shunts. Pulmonary edema occurs next, followed by interstitial fibrosis and finally by parenchymal emphysema. This process is termed bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Significant morbidity and mortality are associated with this developmental pulmonary dysplasia, particularly during the first two years of life. A delay in normal growth and development is often present. acute episodes of pulmonary insufficiency are seen, and multiple episodes of pulmonary infection occur. Subsequently, the radiographic appearance and the clinical symptoms improve. Therapy is mainly supportive throughout the course of the disease and the bronchopulmonary dysplasia tends to resolve slowly. Residual pulmonary dysfunction is usually mild or absent.

The A. E, Nordenskiold collection in the Helsinki University Library: annotated catalogue of maps made up to 1800. Volume 2: Atlases K-Z (Pp. 322, 1981). Volume 3: Books containing maps; loose maps; addenda to Vols. 1-2 (Pp. 253, 1984). Compiled by Ann-Mari Mickwitz, Leena Miekkavaara and Tuula Rantanen. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.Die wirkliche Reise des Odysseus: zur Rekonstruktion des Homerischen Weitbildes. By Armin and Hans-Helmut Wolf. Munich and Vienna: Langen Muller, 1983. Pp. 303. 38 DM.Land- und Seekarten im Mittelalter und in der fruhen Neuzeit. Herausgegeben von Cornelis Koeman, Wolfenbutteler Forschungen, Bd. 7. Munich: Kraus International Publications, 1980. Pp. 213.Images de la montagne: de l'artiste cartographe a l'ordinateur. Paris: Bibliotheque Nationale, 1984.Maps of the ancient sea kings. Evidence of advanced civilization in the Ice Age. By Charles H. Hapgood. London: Turnstone Books, revised edition, 1979. Pp. xii, 276. £7.95.Mapping for development: the contribution of the Directorate of Overseas Surveys. By Gerald McGrath. Cartographica volume 20, numbers 1 and 2, spring and summer 1983. Downsview, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1983. Pp. 274. $14.50 Can.Early thematic mapping in the history of cartography. By Arthur H. Robinson. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1982. Pp. xiv + 266.County atlases of the British Isles published after 1703: a bibliography Volume 1: atlases published 1704 to 1742 and their subsequent editions. Compiled by Donald Hodson. Tewin: The Tewin Press, 1984. Pp. 200. U.K. £20.00; U.S. $40.00.British county maps reference and price guide. By Yasha Beresiner. Woodbridge, Suffolk: the Antique Collectors' Club, 1983. Pp. 295. £25.Wheels on the road. Road maps of Britain 1870-1940. By T. R. Nicholson. Norwich: Geo Books, 1983. Pp. 101.Vlaanderen in oude kaarten. Drie eewen cartografie. By Jozef Bossu. Tielt-Bussum: Lannoo; Knokke: Mappamundi, 1983. Pp. 168. 1980 B.F.Die osterreichische Kartographie im 18. und zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Privatkartographie zwischen 1780 und 1820. 1. Band: Osterreichische Karten des 18. Jahrhunderts. By Johannes Dorflinger. Wien: Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1984. Pp. 351. oS 450.00.Centralny katalog zbiorow kartograficznych w Polsce. Vol. 5. Edited by Teresa Packo and Wqjciech Trzebimski. Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy Imienia Ossolinskich, 1983. Pp. 109.Z dejin geodezie a kartografu 2. Rozpravy Narodniho technickeho muzea v Praze No. 90. Prague: Narodni Technicke Muzeum, 1982. Pp. 155.Rozwoj kartografii Wybrzeza Gdanskiego do 1772 roku [The development of the cartography of the coast of Gdansk to 1772]. By Jan Szeliga. Wroclaw, Warsaw, Crakow, Gdansk, Lōdz: Zaklad Narodowy Imienia Ossolinskich. Published under the auspices of the Institute of the History of Science, Education and Technology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 1982. Pp. 312.Kochizu-shō: Nippon no Chizu no Ayumi [Essays on some old maps: a history of Japanese cartography]. By Nobuo Muroga. Tokyo: Tōkai Daigaku Shuppankai, 1983. Pp. 212.Maps of Africa. An illustrated and annotated carto-bibliography. By Oscar I. Norwich, with bibliographical descriptions by Pam Kolbe. Johannesburg and Cape Town: Ad. Donker, 1983. Pp. 444. R95.00.Railroad maps of North America, the first hundred years. Compiled by Andrew M. Modelski. Washington: Library of Congress, 1984. Pp. xxi, 186.The coast, rivers, and inlets of the Province of Georgia surveyed by Joseph Aury and others. Published by command of Government by J. F. W. Des Barres. 1st February 1780. Reproduction published by the Institute of Government, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia [1981].Map notes. By Louis De Vorsey. Athens, Georgia: Institute of Government, University of Georgia, 1981. Pp. 4.Maps of Texas and the Southwest, 1513-1900. By James C. Martin and Robert S. Martin. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press for the Amon Carter Museum, 1984. Pp. x, 174.Great Plains Quarterly. Volume 4, numbers 1, 2 and 3. Lincoln, Nebraska: Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1984.Alaskan maps: a cartobibliography of Alaska to 1900. By Marvin W. Falk. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1983. Pp. 245.Printmaking & picture printing. A bibliographical guide to artistic & industrial techniques in Britain 1750-1900. By Gavin Bridson and Geoffrey Wakeman. Oxford: The Plough Press; Williamsburg, Virginia: The Bookpress Ltd., 1984. Pp. 250. £30.00.

Six birds were trained to match-to-sample with red, green, and blue stimuli on a zero-delay procedure in which the sample stimulus is presented and then removed at the same time the choice stimuli are presented. The acquisition functions for zero-celay matching show it to be a more difficult task for pigeons than simultaneous matching where the choice response can be made with the sample present. After 42 sessions with red, green, and blue stimuli, yellow stimuli were substituted wherever the blue stimuli had appeared to test the transfer of the matching performance. The results from the transfer tests are considered in terms of a “coding hypothesis.”

A study was made of the effects of satiation on the quality of a well-established delayed matching-to-sample performance. Drive levels were manipulated by (1) allowing Ss (3 white Carneaux pigeons) to run to satiation in prolonged sessions and (2) prefeeding Ss 10% of their working weights 2 hr. before the experimental sessions. Performance at low drive levels shows no decrements compared with that under control (high drive) conditions and may even be improved at long delays.

In the experiments reported in this study, data were obtained with rats on the effects of interresponse time (IRT) contingent reinforcement of the lever press response. It was found that (1) as the width of the reinforced IRT interval decreased, recoverability following exposure to other interval widths decreased; (2) exposure to one value of the lower bound of the reinforced IRT interval did not affect the final performance under a new value of the lower bound; (3) individual differences in the form of the IRT distributions were maintained to a considerable extent across different values of the lower bound; (4) in one set of experiments, homogeneous response chains intervened between lever presses; and decreases in the width of the reinforced IRT interval resulted in increases in the pause after reinforcement and decreases in the modal IRT; however in other experiments little chaining was observed and no relation between the pause after reinforcement or the mode of the IRTs and the width of the reinforcement interval was obtained; these discrepancies were tentatively attributed to differences in the magnitude of reinforcement; (5) the peakedness of the IRT distributions was a positive function of the width of the reinforcement interval and probability of reinforcement, a negative function of the value of the lower bound of the reinforcement interval, and unaffected by upper bounds which were no smaller than twice the value of the lower bound; (6) when the IRT distributions were computed with the class interval widths proportional to the lower bounds, the distributions tended to become congruent regardless of the value of the lower bound, although there was still a slight positive relation between the lower bound and the flatness of the distribution; (7) for schedules involving the reinforcement of IRTs in either of two intervals, as the probability of reinforcement in the first interval increased, the principal mode of the IRT distribution shifted from the lower bound of the second interval to that of the first interval, while at intermadiate probabilities the mode lay between the two lower bounds; and (8) at small widths of the first interval, a mode was present near both lower bounds.

Results are reported for the effects of sodium pentobarbital on (a) zero delay matching-to-sample, (b) simultaneous oddity, and (c) variable delay matching-to-sample. In all these situations there are decrements in accuracy with increasing dose levels. The oddity performance proved to be considerably less sensitive to the drug effects than zero-delay matching. In variable delay matching there was no clear evidence for any relationship between the magnitude of the drug effect and the length of the delay interval.

The matching-to-sample experimental procedure was altered by reinforcing the selection of the non-matching comparison hue rather than the matching stimulus. Six birds were trained with red, green, and blue alternatives and a simultaneous presentation of stimuli in which the sample was present at the same time as the choice stimuli. The acquisition functions began well above the chance level but displayed a very slow improvement thereafter, which was different from that shown under matching conditions. Transfer of the oddity performance was tested by substituting a yellow light whenever a blue stimulus had previously been programmed. The results from the transfer test are considered in terms of both a “coding hypothesis” and the stimulus rules which appear to govern the performance of the “oddity” task.

Extinction of well established matching-to-sample behavior in 2 pigeons was found to produce large decrements in the strength of the key peck response but had little or no effect upon the accuracy of matching.

The article discusses the history of Kilmainham Gaol, located in Dublin, Ireland. Topics covered include the prison being known as the site of the executions of the 1916 leaders, the prison becoming overcrowded as the Great Famine led to a significant increase in imprisonment for food-related offences, and the closure of the prison in 1910.

A new method for automated chromosome analysis is presented. This makes use of both a pen reader and trained observer, and allows a more flexible approach than hitherto.

THE reviewer of our “Systematic Organic Chemistry” in NATURE of March 15 admits at the outset that the book is conceived on novel lines, and that the design is excellent, but in proceeding, he makes no attempt to bring either this design or the new text-book matter of the treatise to the notice of his readers; instead, he makes two orthographical corrections, calculates a joke through our omission of a decimal point (see yield of benzaldehyde), and includes other statements to complete what we think a very unfair review.

The incidence, course and time of onset of skeletal abnormalities caused by chronic renal failure (CRF) are not clear in rapidly growing young children. To study these features we investigated the skeletal status of 12 children under 5 years of age (mean age 2.5 yrs) who had mild to moderate degrees of CRF (serum creatinine (S.Cr) 0.9 - 5.5 mg/dl). Seven patients had low growth velocity; 4 had obvious skeletal deformities. Major osseous derangements were detected on radiographs in 7 patients, and were present in the iliac crest bone biopsy specimens in all 12 patients. Radiographic evidence of rickets appeared early (within 1.9 yrs after detection of CRF, mean S.Cr 2.4 mg/dl). Normal plasma 25-OH vitamin D levels ruled out vitamin D deficiency. In contrast, X-ray signs of secondary hyperparathyroidism appeared later (mean duration of CRF 3.2 yrs, mean S.Cr 3.5 mg/dl). Rickets responded readily to vitamin D therapy (1600-5000 IU/day) but secondary hyperparathyroid lesions were refractory to conventional dietary and medical management, including large doses of vitamin D (up to 20,000 IU/day). Progressive bone disease constituted the reason for admitting 3 of our patients to the transplant program. We conclude that renal osteodystrophy is an unexpectedly common occurrence in very young children and may represent a major complication even before CRF becomes advanced.