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In this letter, a novel 1-bit transmit- and reflect-array (TRA) antenna is presented for B5G beam scanning applications. Each unit includes a patch-ground-patch layered structure with two embedded PIN diodes and delay lines to serve as binary phase shifters. By properly loading the positions of the two PIN diodes, the sandwiched structure can not only operate in receive-transmit mode, but also work in receive-reflect mode, which greatly increases the beam scanning coverage. All possible four states of the two diodes are fully utilized to allow for 1-bit reflection phase shifter and 1-bit transmission phase shifter. A 12 × 12-elements TRA is fabricated. A ±50° beam scanning range is obtained in reflection and transmission modes. The measured broadside gain of reflection and transmission modes is 19.3 and 19.5 dBi, corresponding to an aperture efficiency of 19.6% and 20.5%.

In this communication, a 1-bit reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA) providing high aperture efficiency is presented for beam scanning applications. Each element is configured as an aperture-coupled patch antenna composed of a radiating patch, a slotted ground for feed of the patch, a microstrip delay line, and a p-i-n diode switch. Unlike conventional methods, the p-i-n diode switch is not placed on the microstrip line but instead is inserted strategically at the center of the coupling slot on the ground layer. In this novel configuration, the elements of the RRA do not endure the loss through the p-i-n diode switches. The loss associated with the p-i-n diode in the proposed configuration is very small since only a small part of the RF currents flows through the diode in the ON state. Two phase states with a phase difference of 180°±20° are realized from 4.9 to 5.7 GHz. The reflection loss of each element is limited to less than 0.1 dB in both the ON and OFF states. To demonstrate the feasibility and performances of the proposed approach, a $14\times14$ -elements RRA is fabricated and measured. The measured aperture efficiency is above 18.8% in the entire band of 4.9–5.7 GHz, with a peak value of 36.5%. Furthermore, the efficiency stays almost unchanged, even when the equivalent resistor of the p-i-n diode varies from 0.9 to $9 \Omega $ . This is used to lower the bias forward currents of the p-i-n diodes to lower the power consumption to merely 1.9 mW for the 196-elements RRA.

In this article, a dual-polarized 2-bit electronically reconfigurable reflectarray (RRA) is proposed for 5G beam scanning applications. By introducing two parallel transmission lines and a T-junction, only two p-i-n diodes are used to generate 2-bit phase quantization is analyzed and verified. Based on this concept, a novel 2-bit dual-polarized RRA element is presented that makes use of an aperture-coupled patch and microstrip delay lines behind its ground plane. Only two p-i-n diodes are loaded on each delay line to realize the 2-bit phase quantization. Two orthogonal linear polarizations are independently controlled by deploying two perpendicular coupling slots and two delay lines. A $16\times16$ RRA prototype is fabricated and tested at 3.6 GHz. The measurement and simulation results show good agreement. Both polarizations can provide a ±60° 2-D beam scanning range with a maximum scanning gain drop of 2.75 dB. The maximum measured gain is 23.11 dBi, which corresponds to an aperture efficiency of 40.56%. A 1-dB measured gain bandwidth of 8.06% is also achieved.

Multiplexed detection of Parkinson’s disease (PD) biomarkers is of great significance for early diagnosis and personalized treatment. In this study, we fabricated a robust surface-enhanced Raman scattering-enabled lab-on-a-chip (LoC-SERS) platform for simultaneous quantification of α-synuclein, phosphorylated tau protein 181, osteopontin, and osteocalcin. Herein, the antibody–DNA conjugate was designed to introduce the catalytic hairpin self-assembly (CHA) amplification into the protein detection. Au nano-stars (AuNSs) modified with Raman reporter molecules and hairpin-structure DNA 1 were applied as the SERS nanotags. Au-coated silicon nanocone array (Au/SiNCA) fabricated based on the maskless plasma etching-prepared high-density Si nanocone array (SiNCA) and surface ion sputtering was used as the capture substrate after the modification of hairpin-structure DNA 2. Benefitting from the antibody–DNA conjugate-induced CHA amplification, numerous AuNSs can be connected to the Au/SiNCA surface, which significantly amplify the plasmonic coupling effect for ultrasensitive SERS detection, and the limit of detection was less than the pg/mL level. The application of highly uniform Au/SiNCA and antibody–DNA conjugate endows the LoC-SERS platform excellent analytical performance, including superior reproducibility, satisfactory universality, and high sensitivity. In addition, a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice model was established, and satisfactory results were obtained in real sample analysis with the LoC-SERS platform, which may be enlightening for exploiting protein biomarkers in PD monitoring.

In this letter, a compact dual-band multiple-input–multiple-output antenna, consisting of four antenna pairs, is presented for fifth-generation mobile terminal applications. Each pair includes two tightly arranged monopoles. By folding the L-shaped monopoles into U-shaped structures, both the 3.5 GHz band and 4.9 GHz band can share the same decoupling inductor. By adding stop-band filter on the monopole, dual-band operation can be provided by a single branch. The size of the dual-band antenna pair is merely 19 × 4 mm2. The measured −6 dB bandwidth can cover 3.4–3.6 GHz and 4.8–5.0 GHz, with port isolation higher than 12 dB. The measured radiation efficiency varies from 41% to 59% in the lower band, and varies from 38% to 62% in the upper band.

ABSTRACTMagnesium transporter subtype 1 (MAGT1) is known to participate in animal development and cell differentiation. Thus far, MAGT1 studies have mainly focused on its role in cardiomyocyte regulation and differentiation; only a few studies have demonstrated its role in cell proliferation. To investigate the underlying mechanism of MAGT1 in cell proliferation, HeLa and SiHa cells were transiently knocked down with different siRNAs. We showed that cell proliferation was substantially restricted by S-phase arrest and apoptosis in the MAGT1-knocked down cells, which was further confirmed by the increased expression of p21, cyclin-A1, and cyclin-B1, as well as the decreased expression of MYC, cyclin-D1, cyclin-E1, and CDK2. MAGT1 knockdown also resulted in significant changes in the transcriptional expression of 1,598 genes that were analyzed by RNA sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis showed that MAGT1 was related to the MAPK signaling pathway. Western blot analysis confirmed that the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 was remarkably reduced in MAGT1 down-regulated groups. Additionally, MAGT1 was required for the function of viral proteins E6/E7 during cell proliferation and G1/S cell-cycle progression. Therefore, MAGT1 plays a crucial role in the proliferation of HPV-positive cervical cancer cells, S-phase progression, and the ERK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. These results indicate the potential of MAGT1 as a novel target for anticancer research.Abbreviations: MAGT1: Magnesium transporter subtype 1; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; XMEN: X-linked immunodeficiency with Magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus infection and Neoplasia; BMMSCs: Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Dpp: Decapentaplegic; CDKIs: CDK inhibitors; GPCR: G-protein coupled receptor; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; RTK: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; PTK: Protein Tyrosine Kinase; FGFR: Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor; BMP: Bone Morphogenetic Protein; HPV18 E6/E7: Human Papillomavirus 18 Early protein 6/ early protein 7; FACS: Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting; PI: Propidium Iodide

ABSTRACTSpectral albedo and light transmittance through snow, ice, and water were measured in Lake Wuliangsuhai (40°36′–41°30′N, 108°43′–108°70′E), Inner Mongolia, China, during winter 2016. Data on the weather, structure of lake ice, and geochemistry of water were also collected during the 60-day field program. The study lake is shallow (mean depth 1.0–1.5 m) with a large wetland area. Compared with polar lakes, solar elevation is higher, snow accumulation is much lower, and the ice has more sediment. The ice was all congelation ice with a mean thickness of 36.6 cm, corresponding to a mean air temperature of −9.6 °C. The mean daily broadband albedo and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) band transmittance were 0.54 and 0.08 (bare ice), 0.74 and 0.04 (new snow), and 0.30 and 0.12 (melting period), respectively. The level of light allowed photosynthesis to occur to the bottom of the lake. The ice acted as a grey filter for the sunlight with a mean attenuation coefficient of 2.1 m−1. These results expand our knowledge of the evolution of light transfer through ice and snow cover and its role in the ecology of lakes in temperate and arid areas.

Cytochrome c (Cyt c) is a biomarker of early apoptosis that plays a critical role in the diagnosis and therapy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this work, we proposed a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based biosensor to implement the ultrasensitive detection of Cyt c in the serum of NSCLC patients. The SERS-supporting substrates based on hydrophobic filter paper were composed of gold nanourchins (GNUs) surface-functionalized with the Cyt c aptamer and the cyanine 5-labeled complementary DNA. In the existence of Cyt c, it could specifically bind to its aptamer, which leads to the detachment of complementary strands modified with Cy5 and the great weakness of SERS signal. The finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulation showed that the excellent SERS performance of GNUs aggregation was strongly dependent on a large number of “hot spots” at the tips and between the nanogaps of aggregated GNUs. Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) was used to make the filter paper modify its property from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, which consequently increased the density of GNUs and extended the retention time of the analyte. SERS biosensors based on hydrophobic paper exhibited prominent reproducibility and selectivity. The detection limit of Cyt c in PBS was 1.148 pg/mL, while the detection limit in human serum was 1.79 pg/mL. Moreover, the analysis of the serum samples of healthy subjects and NSCLC patients confirmed the feasibility of its clinical application. The results were consistent with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results. This method can be a powerful strategy for quantitative detection of extracellular Cyt c, and it is expected that the SERS-based biosensors could be applied in the practical clinical diagnoses of NSCLC.

At intersections in which the left-turn bay does not have sufficient length or the left-turn volume is relatively high, left-turn vehicles may spill back and block the adjacent through traffic. This paper aims to develop quantitative measures of the left-turn spillback, and by using the results on spillback probability, develop a suitable signal control strategy. We first develop an improved queue length estimation method for vehicles in the left-turn bay based on Comert and Cetin’s general queue length estimation method with connected vehicles, after which we propose a probabilistic model to measure the left-turn spillback probability at an intersection in a connected environment. The model accuracy is validated with results from microscopic traffic simulation. The effect of bay length is also studied. In the end, a signal control demonstration is presented to show the efficiency of the proposed method in signal control.

In this study, a highly specific, sensitive and reliable immunosensor has been developed for the quantitative detection of the squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) in cervical cancer, based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The gold nanoparticle-coated polydopamine resin microspheres (PDR@GNPs) were fabricated and conjugated with the SCCA monoclonal antibody as capturing substrates. Then, the hollow gold nanocages (GNCs) were adsorbed by 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) and further modified by the SCCA polyclonal antibody as SERS tags. Based on this sandwich immunoassay strategy, SCCA polyclonal antibody-conjugated HGNs SERS tags and SCCA monoclonal antibody-conjugated capturing substrates were used to detect SCCA antigen solutions of different concentrations. The calibration curves were established in the range from 1 × 10−5to 1 × 10−10M. The detection limit of phosphate buffer (PBS) was 7.16 pg mL−1and that of human peripheral blood was 8.03 pg mL−1. Finally, this novel SERS immunosensor was applied in the quantitative detection of SCCA in peripheral blood obtained from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia I (CINI), CINII, cervical cancer and healthy subjects, according to the calibration curve. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was consistent with the SERS results. The results demonstrated that the SERS immunoassay technique had potential application prospects in the early screening and diagnosis of cervical cancer.

Under the background of the rapid development of urban rail transit in China, the development demand of urban underground space has also greatly increased especially in the rail transit station areas. In this paper, taking the high-speed railway station area of Xuzhou Metro Line 1 as an example, the underground space development demand evaluation is conducted by considering the principle of urban underground space stock planning, the local underground space development conditions, as well as the special planning of the local urban constructions. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a specific weight indicator scale is employed after the rationality of different weight indicator scales being compared. And then the weight indicator of different function types, i.e., commercial, parking, road, etc., are calculated and laterly utilized to forecast the recent development demand of underground space in the station area. Moreover, the steps to forecast the underground space development demand in rail transit station area are proposed, which can provide a reference for the forecasting of underground space development demand in the urban rail transit station areas.

The comproportionation reaction of Cu(II) + Cu(0) - 2Cu(I) in ethaline-water mixed solvents has been studied by means of different electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry and chronopotentiometry. The cyclic voltammograms of Cu(II) show two couples of redox peaks in all mixtures, which demonstrate that the comproportionation reaction is thermodynamically favorable. In order to clarify the reaction kinetics of this heterogeneous reaction, the diffusion coefficient of Cu(II) and the rate constant of the reaction were estimated. Results show that the apparent reaction rate constant mainly depends on the diffusion of the Cu(II) species in all the mixtures. Thus, adding water into ethaline can enhance the mass transfer of Cu(II) species and increase the reaction rate.

The single component (SC) white-light emitting (WLE) metal-organic frameworks based on europium (Eu-MOFs), which could be applied in lighting and display, have drawn great attention but have rarely been exploited. In this work, we dedicated to design and synthesize SC-WLE Eu-MOFs via a dichromatic strategy on the balance of simultaneous ligand-based and Eu-based emissions. The Eu-MOF {[Eu4(obb)6(H2O)9]·(H2O)}∞(IAM16–3) generated via the self-assembly of the flexible ligand 4,4′-oxybisbenzoic acid (H2obb) and europium ions displays fascinating excitation-wavelength-dependent photoluminescence (EWDP) property. Upon different excitation wavelengths, tunable WLE through manipulating the intensity ratio of characteristic emissions of Eu3+ions and ligand-based emissions was performed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example for Eu-MOFs to yield SC-WLE stemming from EWDP property. Three isomorphic lanthanide-based MOFs (LnMOFs), that is, {[Ln4(obb)6(H2O)9]·(H2O)}∞(Eu3+: IAM16–3; Tb3+: IAM16–4; Dy3+: IAM16–5) based on the flexible bridging linker, that is, 4,4′-oxybisbenzoic acid (H2obb), were obtained. The Eu-MOF, showing with EWDP property, is the first example of SC WLE Eu-MOFs via a dichromatic strategy on the balance of the simultaneous ligand-based and Eu(III)-based emissions at different excitation wavelengths.

The excitation-wavelength-dependent photoluminescence (EWDP) property of flexible organic ligand 1,4-bis(2-methyl-imidazol-1-yl)butane (Bmib) was observed. Herein, Bmib was chosen as a bridge linker to react with AgX (X = Br and I) to synthesize novel coordination network compounds (CNCs) with interesting EWDP properties. As anticipated, under the same hydrothermal synthesis conditions, two new isomorphic CNCs, i.e. [Ag2(Bmib)Br2]∞(IAM16-1) and [Ag2(Bmib)I2]∞(IAM16-2), as the first examples of CNCs showing EWDP properties, have been obtained. The EWDP properties may be attributed to the stretch and rotation of the long -(CH2)4- chains of Bmib and the spatial orientation adjustment of the methyl group of each imidazole ring at different excitation wavelengths. It is a great challenge to point out the emission mechanisms of CNCs merely from the experimental results due to their multiple charge transfer routes. To address this issue, we adopt DFT calculations to pursue in-depth investigation of the emission mechanisms for IAM16-1and IAM16-2, respectively.

In this article, a novel electrochemical seed-mediated method has been proposed for the fabrication of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) active gold nanoparticle films deposited on indium tin oxide electrodes. First, due to the fact that a high overpotential and a short time of potentiostatic transient are applied in the nucleation stage, the high controllability with the density and the size of gold nanoparticles on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode are realized. Second, due to the fact that AuCl4–ions will be preferentially reduced and deposited on the previously formed Au seeds in a subsequent cyclic voltammetrical process, we achieve the size-controlled gold nanoparticles which are enriched in Au(111) facet orientation (ca. 80.7%). With the growth of the nanoparticles, the gap between the adjacent nanoparticles gradually decreases, and thus plenty of “hot spots” are formed on the substrate for SERS applications. Third, by using 4-mercaptobenzoic acid as a probe molecule, the enhancement factor of the as-prepared substrate is estimated as ∼1.3 × 106, and its reproducibility and stability for SERS measurements are also evaluated. These works reveal its great potential in routine SERS applications for microanalysis. The protocol for the fabrication of such a SERS substrate is facile and cost-effective, without introducing any template or surfactant.

Digging for gold: Ratio‐Au—the first ratiometric fluorescent probe for Au3+based on fluorescence (or Förster) resonance energy transfer—has been judiciously designed and synthesized on the basis of the newly discovered Au3+‐mediated transformation of thioamide‐phenyl‐substituted alkynes to 5‐ketothiazoles (see scheme).

Double up: We have developed the first fluorescence turn‐on probe for thioureas by the double functional group transformation strategy (see graphic). The probe is highly selective for thioureas over other structurally and chemically related species, which demonstrates the advantage of the double functional group transformation approach. Furthermore, we have shown that the probe could be employed to monitor thiourea in both water and soil samples.

Coumarin pyridyl ketone 1was designed and synthesized as a new chromogenic sensor for transitionmetal ions. Remarkably, the chemosensor showed ion discrimination by exhibiting different extents of bathochromic shifts: 118 nm for Cu2+, 80 nm for Ni2+, and 55 nm for Cd2+. This iondependent redshift in the visible region allows the selective detection of these three transitionmetal ions by the naked eye. Studies of reference compounds and IR and NMR spectroscopy revealed that the pyridyl ketone moiety was the metalbinding site, whereas the carbonyl group on the coumarin moiety did not participate in the metalbinding process.© WileyVCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008

Bis(coumarinyl) Schiff base 1 was designed and synthesized as a fluorescence turn-on chemodosimeter for Fe3+. The chemodosimeter was readily synthesized in four steps from 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. The addition of Fe3+to chemodosimeter 1induced about a 140-fold enhancement influorescence. Furthermore, chemodosimeter1was also highly selective to Fe3+over other metal ions, and most of the related metals ions exhibited negligible detection interference.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)

Multi-channel confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize silica-supported PdCl2 powder (PdCl2/SiO2) and Pd–B amorphous alloy catalyst (Pd–B/SiO2) which is formed by reducing PdCl2/SiO2 with KBH4. The results show that PdCl2/SiO2 gives mainly a complicated broad ν(PdCl) bands in the 150–650 cm⁻¹ region arising from surface palladium complex species such as [PdCl4]²⁻ and/or its various hydrolysis products. The Raman spectrum of Pd–B/SiO2 amorphous alloy shows broad bands in the 300–500 cm⁻¹ and ca 800 cm⁻¹ regions. They may be assigned to Pd–B vibration overlapping that of the amorphous SiO2 support compared with the Raman spectra of unsupported Pd–B amorphous alloy and SiO2 support calcined at 873 K. Pd–B/SiO2 would be gradually converted to metallic Pd and elemental boron containing a certain amount of positive boron ions upon heating in N2 from 673 to 873 K. The effects of laser power and irradiation time on Pd–B and Pd–B/SiO2 show that Pd–B/SiO2 has better thermal stability than the unsupported material. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The successful design and operation of large–scale processes in the biotechnological industries requires effective methods for the prediction of process performance. Such predictive methods should be based on a knowledge of the physicochemical properties of the materials being processed. A major challenge for prediction in biological process engineering is to make use of the sophisticated three-dimensional structural information that is now available for many biological materials. The present paper develops such an approach for an important type of separation: the membrane ultrafiltration of a recombinant protein, in this case human lactoferrin. The protein is treated as a biocolloid. From the available amino acid sequence and structural data for the protein, together with the experimentally measured zeta potential, a charge–regulation model for the lactoferrin–solution interface is developed that takes into account chloride–ion binding. This surface model is then incorporated into a predictive process model for the rate of membrane ultrafiltration of proteins, which takes into account, in a sophisticated manner, the protein–protein interactions (electrostatic, London-van der Waals and entropic) that take place close to the membrane surface and which control the rate of the process. By comparison of the experimentally obtained process data with model predictions it is found that a further attractive interaction between lactoferrin molecules is present, which can be quantified through an exponential decay term. Incorporation of such an interaction in the process model allows successful prediction of the rate of ultrafiltration over a wide range of solution conditions. The existence of the further attractive interaction has been quantitatively verified by osmotic pressure measurements. Hence, the paper shows how detailed structural information may be successfully used for process prediction. It also shows how analysis of process data may itself provide quantitative information on the interactions of biocolloids. This type of approach is likely to become increasingly important as biological process engineers incorporate the latest findings in the biosciences into the development of successful industrial processes.

Detecting microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers expression is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has achieved microRNA sensing for the diagnosis of primary liver cancers. In this work, we developed a SERS technology for the rapid detection of lung cancers-related miRNA (miR-196a) using bimetallic Au-Ag nanowire (AgNW@AuNPs) substrates coupled with the target hairpin DNA. The finite-difference time-domain simulation proved that a large number of “hot spots” were generated between the AgNW and AuNPs, which resulted in a huge enhancement of the signal of Raman reporters. Filter paper treated by hexadecenyl succinic anhydride hydrophobic and modified with AgNWs@AuNPs was used as capturing substrate. The detection limits of miR-196a in PBS and serum were as low as 96.58 aM and 130 aM, respectively. Studies on nonspecific sequence and single-base mismatch of miRNA demonstrated that SERS-based platform was highly selective, excellent uniform, and reproducible. Finally, the platform was used to show that the miR-196a expression in the serum of lung cancer patients was much higher than that in healthy people. The detection results indicated that the SERS platform had potential applications in cancer diagnosis and might be a viable alternative to the conventional miRNA detection method, the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a good candidate for the development of fast and easy-to-use diagnostic tools, possibly used on serum in screening tests. In this study, a potential label-free serum test based on SERS spectroscopy was developed to analyze human serum for the diagnosis of the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We firstly synthesized novel highly branched gold nanoparticles (HGNPs) at high yield through a one-step reduction of HAuCl4 with dopamine hydrochloride at 60°C. Then, HGNP substrates with good reproducibility, uniformity, and high SERS effect were fabricated by the electrostatically assisted (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane-(APTES-) functionalized silicon wafer surface-sedimentary self-assembly method. Using as-prepared HGNP substrates as a high-performance sensing platform, SERS spectral data of serum obtained from healthy subjects, lung adenocarcinoma patients, lung squamous carcinoma patients, and large cell lung cancer patients were collected. The difference spectra among different types of NSCLC were compared, and analysis result revealed their intrinsic difference in types and contents of nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids. SERS spectra were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), which was able to distinguish different types of NSCLC. Considering its time efficiency, being label-free, and sensitivity, SERS based on HGNP substrates is very promising for mass screening NSCLC and plays an important role in the detection and prevention of other diseases.

The comproportionation reaction of Cu(II) + Cu(0) → 2Cu(I) in ethaline-water mixed solvents has been studied by means of different electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry and chronopotentiometry. The cyclic voltammograms of Cu(II) show two couples of redox peaks in all mixtures, which demonstrate that the comproportionation reaction is thermodynamically favorable. In order to clarify the reaction kinetics of this heterogeneous reaction, the diffusion coefficient of Cu(II) and the rate constant of the reaction were estimated. Results show that the apparent reaction rate constant mainly depends on the diffusion of the Cu(II) species in all the mixtures. Thus, adding water into ethaline can enhance the mass transfer of Cu(II) species and increase the reaction rate.

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