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The linkage between leaf‐litter and macroinvertebrate shredders is pivotal for stream food webs. Global change is predicted to decrease the nutritional quality of litter inputs to streams. However, little is known about shredder's ability to develop local interpopulation adaptations to face nutrient‐depleted leaf‐litter. We hypothesized that this adaptation could be present in populations receiving low‐quality leaf‐litter. We performed feeding tests on three abundant shredders species from lowland (a snail) and mountain (two insects) streams. Two populations of each species were derived from two subregions contrasting in average quality of litter inputs. Individuals were fed on four diets of contrasting quality: two leaf‐litter species with two qualities each, and their feeding rates, survivorship, growth, and energetic storage were evaluated. Results suggest that local population adaptation to low‐quality litters is not common, being essentially a fixed species trait that varies across species, in particular among snails and insects. The ability of the snail to cope with low‐quality litters suggests that ecosystem processes in lowland streams may resist reductions in litter quality. Conversely, potential alterations of riparian vegetation linked to global changes might disrupt mountain stream ecosystem functioning.

Proteins are effector molecules that mediate the functions of genes1,2and modulate comorbidities3–10, behaviors and drug treatments11. They represent an enormous potential resource for personalized, systemic and data-driven diagnosis, prevention, monitoring and treatment. However, the concept of using plasma proteins for individualized health assessment across many health conditions simultaneously has not been tested. Here, we show that plasma protein expression patterns strongly encode for multiple different health states, future disease risks and lifestyle behaviors. We developed and validated protein-phenotype models for 11 different health indicators: liver fat, kidney filtration, percentage body fat, visceral fat mass, lean body mass, cardiopulmonary fitness, physical activity, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, diabetes risk and primary cardiovascular event risk. The analyses were prospectively planned, documented and executed at scale on archived samples and clinical data, with a total of ~85 million protein measurements in 16,894 participants. Our proof-of-concept study demonstrates that protein expression patterns reliably encode for many different health issues, and that large-scale protein scanning12–16coupled with machine learning is viable for the development and future simultaneous delivery of multiple measures of health. We anticipate that, with further validation and the addition of more protein-phenotype models, this approach could enable a single-source, individualized so-called liquid health check.

Non-abelian tensor product of Hom–Lie algebras is constructed and studied. This tensor product is used to describe universal ($$\alpha $$ α )-central extensions of Hom–Lie algebras and to establish a relation between cyclic and Milnor cyclic homologies of Hom-associative algebras satisfying certain additional condition.

Basing ourselves on the categorical notions of central extensions and commutators in the framework of semi-abelian categories relative to a Birkhoff subcategory, we study central extensions of Leibniz algebras with respect to the Birkhoff subcategory of Lie algebras, called $$\mathsf {Lie}$$ Lie -central extensions. We obtain a six-term exact homology sequence associated to a $$\mathsf {Lie}$$ Lie -central extension. This sequence, together with the relative commutators, allows us to characterize several classes of $$\mathsf {Lie}$$ Lie -central extensions, such as $$\mathsf {Lie}$$ Lie -trivial extensions, $$\mathsf {Lie}$$ Lie -stem extensions and $$\mathsf {Lie}$$ Lie -stem covers, and to introduce and characterize $$\mathsf {Lie}$$ Lie -unicentral, $$\mathsf {Lie}$$ Lie -capable, $$\mathsf {Lie}$$ Lie -solvable and $$\mathsf {Lie}$$ Lie -nilpotent Leibniz algebras.

We introduce Hom-actions, semidirect product, and establish the equivalence between split extensions and the semi-direct product extension of Hom-Leibniz algebras. We analyze the functorial properties of the universal ($$\alpha $$ α )-central extensions of ($$\alpha $$ α )-perfect Hom-Leibniz algebras. We establish under what conditions an automorphism or a derivation can be lifted in an $$\alpha $$ α -cover and we analyze the universal $$\alpha $$ α -central extension of the semi-direct product of two $$\alpha $$ α -perfect Hom-Leibniz algebras.

I review the motivations for physics beyond the Standard Model at the TeV scale and the prospects for their detection in the second Run of LHC. Then I focus in the supersymmetric case, paying special attention to the formulation and implications of the Natural SUSY scenario.

We construct a pair of adjoint functors between the categories of crossed modules of groups and associative algebras and establish an equivalence of categories between module structures over a crossed module of groups and its respective crossed module of associative algebras.

We obtain the c-nilpotent Schur Lie-multiplier of a direct sum of two Leibniz algebras by means of the c-nilpotent Schur Lie-multiplier of every summand plus and additional term. As an application, we characterize the c-Lie-capability of a direct sum of two finite dimensional non-abelian Leibniz algebras.

The study of fungi and fungus-like organisms in irrigation ponds has applied interest since waterborne phytopathogens can disperse through the irrigation system to the crop roots. We tested the hypothesis that managing irrigation ponds to maintain high levels of biodiversity could entail agronomic benefits through the control of phytopathogens. The structure of assemblages of fungi and fungus-like taxa were characterized and compared using samples taken from two strata depths (superficial and deep). This was done in four management/water source pond groups of southeastern Spain: groundwater-fed ponds with submerged aquatic vegetation stands (untreated SAV ponds); groundwater-fed ponds submitted to low and high doses of copper sulfate, and ponds fed with recycled urban wastewater bearing intermediate doses of copper sulfate. Higher density and diversity of fungi, besides a singular assemblage composition, were found in untreated SAV ponds compared to treated ponds, particularly for samples taken in the deep stratum. Phytopathogenicity of the main phytopathogens detected (Pythium isolates) was generally low and rather unaffected by the type of pond management. However, much evidence from potential unsuitable hosts (submerged macrophyte species) and fungal composition (related to the presence of potential pathogen antagonists) suggests that managing ponds to preserve submerged vegetation might prove useful for controlling root rot diseases.

Rhenium has been cemented on Zn sheet in aqueous sulphuric acid solutions. The cementation took place concurrently with hydrogen evolution from the Zn substrate. The Re source was NH4ReO4. At the highest tested temperature (40°C), hydrogen evolution was intense, and the Re deposit was powdery and detached easily from the Zn surface. The higher the sulphuric acid concentration, the higher the rate of hydrogen evolution, which ranged between 15 and 200 cm3h−1; this phenomenon enhanced the powdery character of the deposit. Continuous deposits, with high Re content (up to ∼96·5%) and a metallic shine, were obtained at low acid concentration (0·025–0·050M) and low temperatures (25°C). Perrhenate concentration variations did not affect the deposit quality in the studied conditions.

An algebra with bracket is an associative algebra Aequipped with a bilinear operation [−,−] satisfying [a· b, c] = [a, c]·b+a· [b, c]. Our main result claims that the operad corresponding to algebras with bracket is Koszul.An algebra with bracket is an associative algebra Aequipped with a bilinear operation [−,−] satisfying [a· b, c] = [a, c]·b+a· [b, c]. Our main result claims that the operad corresponding to algebras with bracket is Koszul.

Reaction of 1‐phenyl‐4‐phenylacetyl‐2‐thiosemicarbazide (H2L) with diphenyllead(IV) dichloride and acetate afforded the complexes [PbPh2Cl2(H2L)2] and [PbPh2L]. The ligand and the complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. In the asymmetric unit of crystals of the ligand there are four independent molecules of H2L and four molecules of water, which associate in the lattice as two independent sheets. The complex [PbPh2Cl2(H2L)2]·4MeOH has slightly distorted all‐transoctahedral geometry around the lead atom, and the fact that the ligand is S‐bound rather than O‐bound suggests that PbPh2Cl2behaves as a “soft” Lewis acid. Hydrogen bonds involving NH groups, Cl atoms and MeOH molecules form a three‐dimensional supramolecular structure. In [PbPh2L]·Me2CO, the L2−anion bridges between two metal centres, binding to one strongly viathe N and S atoms and weakly viathe O atom, and to the other viathe O atom, thus creating polymeric chains along the baxis. The double deprotonation and metallation of H2L induce significant changes in its configuration and lengthen the C‐S and C‐O bonds, suggesting an evolution of the dianion towards a thiol‐enol form.

Two different activated carbons were treated with nitric acid and were used as supports to prepare 0.5 wt % Pd/C catalysts. The supports were characterized by N2 adsorption, elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) in order to study the modifications in the porous structure and in the surface chemistry composition. Both XPS and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to study the dispersion of Pd on the catalysts. Oxidation of the activated carbon led to a substantial increase in oxygen surface groups, whereas the porous structure was not modified significantly. All the catalysts were tested in the hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol in aqueous phase at mild conditions. It was observed that an increase in the CO2/(CO + CO2) ratio obtained from TPD of the carbon supports is accompanied by a better dispersion of Pd and an increase in the catalyst activity and the selectivity toward cyclohexanol, which is less toxic than the other products, cyclohexanone and phenol.

This work involves chemical modeling of concentrated aqueous sulfate solutions during an industrial process:  pressure acid leaching of laterites at high temperature of interest to the metals and minerals industries. Equilibrium constants of Al and Mg complexes were estimated or extrapolated. Three activity coefficient models were used:  the B-dot equation, the Pitzer model, and the Bromley−Zemaitis model. The B-dot and Pitzer models were implemented with EQ3/6 software (version 7.0), and the Bromley−Zemaitis model was implemented through OLI-Systems software (version 6.2). Original databases in all cases were modified in order to include the equilibrium constants of Al and Mg species. Calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental solubility data for MgSO4−H2SO4−H2O and Al2(SO4)−H2SO4−H2O ternary systems with all three models. However, significant differences were found in the predicted speciation and pH in both ternary and quaternary systems because of the different correlations and assumptions employed in the models. A self-consistent model and new thermodynamic data for high-temperature aqueous processes are highly recommended to handle concentrated solutions of interest to the process industry.

This paper summarises some of the main modelling and interface developments made recently in the AIMSUN microscopic traffic simulator to provide a better response to the requirements for the assessment of ITS systems, advanced transport analysis and ATMS. The description addresses two main areas: improvements on the dynamic assignment capabilities, and the embedding of the simulator in the AIMSUN/ISM (Intermodal Strategy Manager) a versatile graphic environment for model manipulation and simulation based traffic analysis and evaluation of advanced traffic management strategies. AIMSUN/ISM includes two specific tools, the Scenario Analysis Module to generate and simulate the traffic management strategies, and the (ODTool) to generate and manipulate the Origin-Destination matrices describing the mobility patterns required by the dynamic analysis of traffic conditions. The matrix calculation procedures have been implemented on basis to a flexible interface with the EMME/2 transport planning software.

This paper describes the application of a nonlinear model-based control strategy in a real challenging process. A predictive controller based on a non linear model derived from physical relationships, mainly heat and mass balances, has been developed and commissioned in the Inner Triplet Heat Exchanger Unit (IT -HXTU) prototype of the LHC particle accelerator being built at CERN, operating at a temperature of about 1.9 K. The development includes a state estimator with a receding horizon estimation procedure to improve the regulator predictions.

Physicochemical data for arsenic speciation calculations, and the development and application of an equilibrium model were determined numerically and experimentally to simulate the speciation of arsenic and copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solutions. Results show that concentrations of dissolved species depended highly on temperature, acidity, and solution concentration. A range of species can be formed, depending on pH and temperature. In acidic solutions, the principal ones are: HSO4−, H+, Cu2+, CuSO4(aq), H3AsO3(aq), and H3AsO4(aq); arsenic ions are present in low concentrations. Association degrees increase with temperature and concentration, the solutes being partially dissociated. Calculations of metal solubilities, pH, and ionic conductivity showed good agreement with experimental data. The model can be applied to study the aqueous speciation in industrial copper hydrometallurgical solutions, as well as to define and to evaluate purification strategies for the treatment of industrial effluents.

Background:Growth factors seem to play a major role in corneal wound healing and TGF‐β seems to be associated with abnormal healing after corneal surgical procedures. Few studies have analysed the role of NGF and TGF‐β on corneal wound healing during pregnancy. The aim of the present study was to create an animal model to evaluate the expression of NGF and TGF‐βs during corneal wound healing in two groups: control and pregnant rats.

Background:Growth factors seem to play a major role in corneal wound healing and TGF‐β seems to be associated with abnormal healing after corneal surgical procedures. Few studies have analysed the role of NGF and TGF‐β on corneal wound healing during pregnancy. The aim of the present study was to create an animal model to evaluate the expression of NGF and TGF‐βs during corneal wound healing in two groups: control and pregnant rats.Methods:Corneal mRNA for NGF and the three isoforms of TGF‐β were analysed by RT‐PCR, in a time‐course experiment on different days after epithelial wounding (2, 7, 14 days) in pregnant and control groupsResults:The results show high corneal mRNA expression for NGF and TGF‐β1 without any variation throughout the healing process or pregnancy evolution. However, we detected a different expression of corneal mRNAs for TGF‐β2 and TGF‐β3 in the control group. This data was not detected in the pregnant group.Discussion:Our results suggested that pregnancy could have a relevant role on TGF‐β2 and TGF‐β3 mRNA expression during the corneal wound healing process. Additional research should be performed to corroborate these findings.

The highly reactive acetone imine can be synthesized, from acetone and ammonia, and stabilized in situ by coordination to a silver atom in a very selective process which involves the presence of an (azaindolato)(pentafluorophenyl)platinum(II) complex. The stability of the dinuclear complex allows full characterization of the acetone imine molecule and provides a route to stabilize new, reactive imines.

A new bifunctional catalytic system based on a monometallic aluminum complex is used for the efficient enantioselective cyanation of aldehydes. The ligand (S)- or (R)-2,2‘-bis(diethylaminomethyl)-substituted binaphthol (BINOLAM) used is recovered for recycling. This methodology is used for the synthesis of a precursor of epothilone A.

The synthesis of the trinuclear phosphido complexes [NBu4]2[(C6F5)2M(μ-PPh2)2M‘(μ-PPh2)2M‘ ‘(C6F5)2] (M, M‘, M‘ ‘ = Pd(II), Pt(II), 1−5) is described. A study of the electrochemical behavior of these complexes is reported. The chemical oxidation of the homonuclear platinum derivative involving two electrons yields the complex [(C6F5)2Pt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(C6F5)2] (6), which contains Pt in average formal oxidation state 2.67. The structure of the complexes has been established by spectroscopic means, and X-ray diffraction studies have been carried out on 1 and 6. Quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP level of theory, using the LANL2DZ basis set, provide a satisfactory description of the structural, bonding, energetic, and electronic properties of these phosphido-bridged trinuclear M3(II) compounds modeled as [(CF3)2M(μ-PH2)2M‘(μ-PH2)2M‘ ‘(CF3)2]^2- (M, M‘, M‘ ‘ = Pd(II), Pt(II), 1M−5M) and the oxidation product [Pt3(μ-PH2)4(CF3)4] (6M).

In holometabolous insects reproductive success is strongly determined by the nutritional resources available to the females. In addition to nutrients derived from adult feeding, resources for egg production may come from the limited reserves accumulated during the larval stages. The pattern of allocation of these larval reserves to egg production is expected to be strongly linked to the nutritional ecology of the adult. We investigate the temporal pattern of allocation of larval reserves to reproduction in a host–feeding parasitoid wasp. As predicted by the dynamics of allocation of an adult meal, larval reserves are the main source of nutrients for four or five days after emergence. However, despite the high frequency of host–feeding and the high nutrient content of a haemolymph meal, which we predicted would lead to larval reserves being conserved in the event of host deprivation, larval reserves contribute to egg production throughout the lifetime of the female. We propose several mechanistic and adaptive explanations for our results, including the possible existence of a limiting or key nutrient for egg production of exclusively larval origin. We make further predictions concerning the pattern of allocation of larval resources in parasitoids with different adult nutritional requirements.

The compounds [SnR2X2(Hmimt)] (R = Et, Bu; X = Cl, Br; Hmimt = 1‐methyl‐2(3H)‐imidazolinethione) and [SnEt2X2(Hmimt)2] (X = Cl, Br) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and IR, Raman, Mössbauer and NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn) spectroscopy. An X‐ray study of the crystal structure of [SnEt2Cl2(Hmimt)2] shows all‐transoctahedral stereochemistry with the tin atom coordinated to two ethyl carbon atoms, two chlorine atoms and the sulfur atoms of the two Hmimt ligands. Hmimt exhibits antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis(MIC = 6.25 μg ml−1), and all the complexes inhibit the growth of Escherichia coliand Staphylococcus aureusas well as B. subtilis, with MIC values of 12.5 μg ml−1, 6.25 μg ml−1and 3.12 μg ml−1respectively, for the most active complex, [SnBu2Cl2(Hmimt)]. Only [SnEt2Cl2(Hmimt)] shows activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa(MIC = 50 μg ml−1). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The compounds [SnR2X2(Hmimt)] (R = Et, Bu; X = Cl, Br; Hmimt = 1-methyl-2(3H)-imidazolinethione) and [SnEt2X2(Hmimt)2] (X = Cl, Br) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and IR, Raman, Mössbauer and NMR (¹H, ¹³C and ¹¹⁹Sn) spectroscopy. An X-ray study of the crystal structure of [SnEt2Cl2(Hmimt)2] shows all-trans octahedral stereochemistry with the tin atom coordinated to two ethyl carbon atoms, two chlorine atoms and the sulfur atoms of the two Hmimt ligands. Hmimt exhibits antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (MIC = 6.25 μg ml⁻¹), and all the complexes inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as well as B. subtilis, with MIC values of 12.5 μg ml⁻¹, 6.25 μg ml⁻¹ and 3.12 μg ml⁻¹ respectively, for the most active complex, [SnBu2Cl2(Hmimt)]. Only [SnEt2Cl2(Hmimt)] shows activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 50 μg ml⁻¹). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Reaction of mepirizole (M) with diorganotin(IV) dihalides yielded compounds of type [SnR2X2(M)] (R, X = Et, Cl; Et, Br; Bu, Cl; Bu, Br; Ph, Cl). The structure of dichlorodiphenyl­(mepirizole)tin(IV) was determined by X-ray diffractometry. The crystal consists of discrete [SnPh2Cl2(M)] units in which an N,N'-bidentate mepirizole, the trans phenyl rings and the cis chlorine atoms define a pseudo-octahedral coordination polyhedron around the tin atom. Mössbauer and vibrational spectroscopic data suggest similar structures for the other compounds prepared. The ¹H NMR spectra show that the mepirizole ligand is largely dissociated in CDCl3. The most active compounds against the human carcinoma cell line KB were the butyl derivatives.

Reaction of mepirizole (M) with diorganotin(IV) dihalides yielded compounds of type [SnR2X2(M)] (R, X = Et, Cl; Et, Br; Bu, Cl; Bu, Br; Ph, Cl). The structure of dichlorodiphenyl­(mepirizole)tin(IV) was determined by X‐ray diffractometry. The crystal consists of discrete [SnPh2Cl2(M)] units in which an N,N′‐bidentate mepirizole, the transphenyl rings and the cischlorine atoms define a pseudo‐octahedral coordination polyhedron around the tin atom. Mössbauer and vibrational spectroscopic data suggest similar structures for the other compounds prepared. The 1H NMR spectra show that the mepirizole ligand is largely dissociated in CDCl3. The most active compounds against the human carcinoma cell line KB were the butyl derivatives.

The viscosity of diluted guar gum solutions and the viscosity of xanthan and guar gum mixture solutions have been studied. Guar gum solutions showed pseudoplastic behaviour. Apparent viscosity increased with gum concentration and decreased with the temperature at which viscosity was measured. A maximum in the plot of viscosity versus increasing dissolution temperature was observed at 60 °C. This behaviour was related to differences in molecular structure of the polymers solved at different temperatures. Mixtures of xanthan and guar gum showed a higher combined viscosity than that occurring in each separate gum. This synergistic interaction was affected by the gum ratio in the mixture and dissolution temperature of both gums. The effect of polysaccharide concentration (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg m⁻³), xanthan/guar gum ratio (1/5, 4/2, 3/3, 4/2 and 5/1) and dissolution temperature (25, 40, 60 and 80 °C for both gums) on the viscosity of solutions of mixtures were studied. The highest viscosities were observed when 2.0 kg m⁻³ gum concentration was used together with a ratio of xanthan/guar gum of 3/3 (w/w) and dissolution temperature of 40 and 80 °C for xanthan and guar gum, respectively. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry

In this paper a left adjoint is constructed for the restriction (or pullback) functor associated to a morphism of Lie algebras. Colimits in the category of crossed modules in Lie algebras and a new result on crossed modules induced by a morphism of Lie algebras ι: P→ Qin the case where ιis the inclusion of an ideal, are obtained.

The participants in Santa Barbara County's Multiagency Integrated System of Care (MISC) have serious emotional or behavioral disorders that require collaboration among family members, health and safety-net agencies, education, and community-based organizations. This investigation compares the characteristics of students referred to school-administered special education services due to emotional or behavioral disorders (E/BD) prior to initial opening into the system of care and those identified as having E/BD after the initial opening into MISC. At the time this study was conducted, serious emotional disturbance (SED) was the term use in California; however, to reflect current terminology the term E/BD is used throughout this article. The purpose of this study was to (a) investigate the influences of cross-agency coordinated service delivery on the frequency of special education eligibility both locally and statewide (California); (b) examine the psychosocial histories, presenting problems, and diagnostic information of E/BD-identified students in the MISC program; and (c) examine issues related to concerns that the implementation of collaborative systems of care will increase E/BD identification rates. During the implementation of a cross-agency, colocated service delivery system, the number of county youths who were eligible for public mental health services in Santa Barbara County increased from 956 to 1,826. At the same time, the number of youths residing in the county who were eligible for special education E/BD services increased from 101 to 204. Whether these youths with E/BD, who were identified by the schools after the system of care was in place, represent a distinct group is explored. Issues related to the interpretation of findings and for improving understanding of identification patterns for students with E/BD are offered.