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The burden of pneumococcal disease is measured only through patients with invasive pneumococcal disease. The urinary antigen test (UAT) for pneumococcus has exhibited high sensitivity and specificity. We aimed to compare the pneumococcal pneumonias diagnosed as invasive disease with pneumococcal pneumonias defined by UAT results.

In the current economic context where the behaviour of firms is carefully examined by the markets, the corporate reputation which is generated by organisations among their stakeholders may facilitate their success. Since employees are actively involved in its shaping and influence the overall perception of the firm's corporate reputation, the aim of this research is to improve the management of the employee views of reputation in order to increase its global evaluation. To do this, we analyse whether the existence of a characteristic management style influences the employee views of reputation, studying the effect of control variables such as employee age, gender, level of education or job position. Using a sample of 148 employees of Spanish accounting audit firms, we develop a specific tool for measuring the reputation from the employee perspective of service SMEs, as well as confirming that a strong participative management style promotes a better perception of reputation by employees than a competitive style. Hence, this study reflects that men prefer a competitive management style. Also, a high level of education along with job position has a positive impact on the preference of a participative style with the job position being the main moderating variable of the proposed model.

In the current economic context where the behaviour of firms is carefully examined by the markets, the corporate reputation which is generated by organisations among their stakeholders may facilitate their success. Since employees are actively involved in its shaping and influence the overall perception of the firm's corporate reputation, the aim of this research is to improve the management of the employee views of reputation in order to increase its global evaluation. To do this, we analyse whether the existence of a characteristic management style influences the employee views of reputation, studying the effect of control variables such as employee age, gender, level of education or job position. Using a sample of 148 employees of Spanish accounting audit firms, we develop a specific tool for measuring the reputation from the employee perspective of service SMEs, as well as confirming that a strong participative management style promotes a better perception of reputation by employees than a competitive style. Hence, this study reflects that men prefer a competitive management style. Also, a high level of education along with job position has a positive impact on the preference of a participative style with the job position being the main moderating variable of the proposed model.

Türkische Migrantinnen unterscheiden sich in ihrem Heirats- und Fertilitätsverhalten von einheimischen Deutschen. Die hier zu beobachtenden Unterschiede insbesondere hinsichtlich des Zusammenhangs der beiden Ereignisse Heirat und Familiengründung werden in diesem Beitrag mithilfe einer Ereignisanalyse auf Grundlage von Daten der ersten Welle des Generations and Gender Surveyaus den Jahren 2005 (Hauptbefragung) und 2006 (Zusatzerhebung türkischer Staatsbürger) untersucht. Im Vordergrund steht die Frage, inwiefern sich der Zusammenhang von erster Eheschließung und Familiengründung zwischen den beiden Untersuchungsgruppen unterscheidet und ob religiöse oder eher bildungsspezifische Faktoren diese Unterschiede bedingen. Als wichtigste Ergebnisse lassen sich folgende Punkte festhalten: Deutsche heiraten häufig zwischen Schwangerschaftsbeginn und Geburt des ersten Kindes. Türkinnen hingegen werden üblicherweise erst innerhalb der Ehe schwanger. Türkische Frauen, die unehelich schwanger werden, haben anschließend deutlich verminderte Chancen auf dem Heiratsmarkt. Diese Unterschiede zwischen Deutschen und Türkinnen gehen nicht auf Bildungs- und Religiositätsunterschiede zurück. Es kann allerdings vermutet werden, dass Unterschiede zwischen Islam und Christentum hierfür ausschlaggebend sind. Turkish migrants differ in their fertility and marriage behavior from native Germans. These differences, especially those concerning the link between the two events birth of the first child and first marriage, will be examined in this article by using event history analysis with data of the Generations and Gender Survey from 2005 (main survey) and 2006 (additional survey of Turkish nationals). We address the question to what extent the link between first marriage and starting a family differs between these two groups and if the differences are accounted for by religious or educational differences. The key findings are: Germans often marry between getting pregnant and getting their first child. Turks, however, predominantly get pregnant within marriage. Turkish women who get pregnant before marriage have subsequently worse prospects on the marriage market. These differences are not accounted for by religious and educational differences. It can be assumed, however, that differences between Islam and Christianity are relevant.

To assess the effect of calcium, phosphorus, lactose, and vitamin D fortified skimmed milk on biomarkers of bone turnover in healthy postmenopausal women.