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Background: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is commonly associated with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Case Presentation: We present three cases of patients previously presenting to dentists with TN like pain at a very young age that were later correctly diagnosed with having MS after thorough clinical examination with emphasis on detailed assessment of their cranial nerves. The corneal reflex was found absent in all three of the cases along with neurological deficit in the oral and maxillofacial region. Their MRI revealed signs of MS. Conclusion: TN is commonly associated with MS and oral and facial manifestations in MS patients are high, it is extremely important to educate and inform general dentist about oral & maxillofacial manifestation of MS to prevent unnecessary treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zusammenfassung Die neurophysiologische Hirnstammdiagnostik hat durch den qualitativen Zuwachs in der bildgebenden Diagnostik an Wichtigkeit verloren. Dennoch kann die Bildgebung auch in der besten Auflösung keine funktionsspezifische Aussage machen (Ausnahme funktionelle Bildgebung). Im Vergleich: Ein Automotor kann in all seinen Einzelheiten bildgebend dargestellt werden, aber ob dieser Motor auch anspringt und ordnungsgemäß läuft wird nur auf funktioneller Ebene geklärt. Summary Neurophysiological brainstem diagnostics has lost importance due to the qualitative growth in imaging diagnostics. Nevertheless, the imaging cannot make a function-specific statement, also in the best resolution (except functional imaging). In comparison, a car engine can be represented in all its details, but whether this engine is also starting and running properly is only clarified at the functional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In order to ameliorate deficiencies existing in eye tracking devices, a new method of eye tracking technology using the five near-infrared light as the source of corneal reflex is put forward and it overcomes the shortcoming of existing devices, such as complex, having too many restriction on the position and needing to wear special equipment, and so on. This method does not need any wearing equipment and can adapt to the natural head movement, the algorithm designed calculates the position of sight in high accuracy. A new method of pupil edge fitting is put forward to fit circularly and remove false points to get accurate position of pupil center in order to improve mapping accuracy. The grayscale of image is used to initialize eye position quickly and accurately. The theory of cross-ratio invariance is used to make coordinate mapping and calculate the attention coordinate accurately. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]