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This article presents an adaptive neural network method for predicting breast cancer disease in mapped nucleotide sequences. It is based on the expansion of DNA input samples using an adaptive exponential functional link artificial neural network (AEFLANN). Exploiting the concept that the disease gene nucleotide sequence encompasses more randomness than the healthier ones, the discrimination is carried out by the magnitude of integral square error (ISE). The Least Mean Square/Fourth (LMS/F) algorithm is a potential candidate with faster convergence and reduced computational complexity that is used to predict the category of the genes taking into account the ISE as well as convergence characteristics. Comparing the performance of the proposed approach with the existing ones by using various evaluation parameters, it has been found that almost all the test genes have been segregated correctly within the first 50 iterations. Moreover, the proposed AE-FLANN-based LMS/F approach offers a classification accuracy of 96.5% for 65–35 training–testing partition and is also validated using tenfold cross-validation. Hence, the proposed approach is a suitable candidate that can be used to discriminate diseased genes from healthy ones.

The presented work brings satellite-based detection of pre-earthquake transient thermal anomaly and coseismic deformation mechanism using InSAR (SAR Interferometry) observations of the two major earthquakes that occurred recently (the Iran-Iraq border earthquake of Nov. 12, 2017 (Mw7.3) and the New Mirpur, Pakistan earthquake of 24th Sept. 2019 (Mw5.4)). Near Iran-Iraq border earthquake, a rise of 4–6 ​°C from the normal temperature in both day and night Land Surface Temperature (LST) maps along the SW part of the fault is observed. In case of the New Mirpur, Pakistan earthquake, a rise of 3–5 ​°C from normal temperature in both day and night LST maps around the SSW and NW side of the epicenter is observed. Further, Sentinel-1A microwave satellite data employing InSAR technique have been used to estimate co-seismic ground deformations and fault geometry and slip distribution of both earthquakes. The results show that both events occurred due to blind reverse fault mechanism dipping NE with shallow dip. The weightage of strike slip component and dip slip component is more or less equal to each other in total slip distribution for Iran-Iraq border earthquake. Similarly, New Mirpur, Pakistan earthquake have more strike slip components than dip slip components in the weightage in total slip distribution. Considerable number of aftershocks have also occurred in the regions as estimated by coulomb static stress along the SW side of the fault geometry of Iran-Iraq border earthquake and for New Mirpur, Pakistan earthquake, along the SSW, NW, and east side of the fault geometry. The correlation between high stress regions before and after the occurrence of earthquakes using thermal anomaly map and Coulomb static stress map has been also observed.

Integration of microgrid system with the conventional grid system is an alternative solution to fulfill the power demand in a Wide Area Measurement System. However, the microgrid connected to a grid system has many challenges like voltage sag, voltage unbalancing and power loss due the Distributed Generating (DG) sources used in the microgrid. The main objective of this paper is to model a microgrid system with Distributed Generating (DG) sources and Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) to enhance the voltage profile and power flow and to reduce the power loss of the system. In this paper, a real-valued Damodar Valley Corporation grid-connected microgrid system with STATCOM controller is formed with the help of Power System Analysis Toolbox software and the voltage profile and power loss of the system are observed.

Background: Postural instability is a common symptom of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Retropulsion is one form of postural instability. Spontaneous retropulsion involves loss of balance without external provocation. Others have reported on retropulsion in the clinical setting while testing for postural instability but rates of spontaneous retropulsion in the community have not been described. This study examines the prevalence of spontaneous retropulsion in PSP. Methods: A retrospective chart review examined 60 patients from the Saskatchewan Movement Disorders Program with clinical and pathology-confirmed diagnosis of PSP. We identified patients who endorsed spontaneous retropulsion. The data was analysed with univariate logistic regression. Results: The study included 43 males and 17 females. Spontaneous retropulsion was reported in 18 (30%) patients. Among the variables, only sex showed a statistical significance (p = 0.0184) with females more likely to report spontaneous retropulsion (OR = 4.25). Other variables (PSP onset age, onset age of balance impairment, gait impairment, and disease duration) were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Our data suggest that spontaneous retropulsion is common in PSP, with females being at a significantly higher risk than males. This is useful information when counselling patients on risk-avoidance behaviour to prevent falls.

Graphical abstract:

Rapid automatized naming (RAN) is a strong predictor of reading across languages. However, it remains unclear if the effects of RAN in first language (L1) transfer to reading in second language (L2) and if the results vary as a function of the orthographic proximity of L1–L2. To fill this gap in the literature, we examined the role of RAN in reading accuracy and fluency in eight languages representing different writing systems. Seven hundred and thirty-five university students (85 Chinese-, 84 Japanese-, 100 Kannada-, 40 Oriya-, 115 English-, 115 Arabic-, 105 Portuguese-, and 91 Spanish-speaking) participated in our study. They were assessed on RAN (Digits and Objects) and reading (accuracy and fluency) in both L1 and L2 (English). Results of hierarchical regression analyses showed significant effects of L1 RAN on L2 reading accuracy in the Chinese-, Portuguese-, and Spanish-speaking groups. In addition, L2 RAN was a significant predictor of reading fluency in L1 in the same language groups. No cross-language transfer was observed in the other languages. These findings suggest first that L1 and L2 RAN capture similar processes and controlling for one does not leave unique variance for the other to explain. Second, to the extent there is cross-language transfer of RAN skills, this appears to be independent of the orthographic proximity of the languages.

Noida is a satellite town in the National Capital Region of Delhi which shares a border with Delhi in the West, and Ghaziabad in the North, these are two major cities in India, which are bound by the river Yamuna and Hindon and extending toward Greater Noida in the east. It is known as an Industrial hub of India due to its rapid urbanization and industrialization. It lies approximately 200 and 300 km from Main Boundary Thrust and Main Central Thrust respectively, which are the two most active thrust planes of the Himalayas located on Quaternary sediments, belonging to the Indo-Gangetic alluvium. The city falls under seismic zone IV (According to IS: 1893–2002) (IS1893: Part 1. Indian standard criteria for earthquake-resistant design of structures, Part 1—General provisions and buildings. In Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 2002) which is considered the second most seismically active region in India. Thus, it is indispensable to carry out the seismic hazard assessment of this Noida city and conduct the seismic hazard assessment using both probabilistic (PSHA) and deterministic (DSHA) approaches. An earthquake catalog of the past 300 years has been used with a total number of 2409 events bounded by the latitudes 25.5°–31.5°N and longitudes 74.2°–80.5°E. To address the lack of ground motion prediction equations specific to the region, a logic tree approach is adopted that incorporates four GMPEs. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and Spectral Acceleration (SA) are computed for two different time periods (0.2 and 1.0 s) using CRISIS software. These calculations were used to create hazard maps representing the likelihood of events exceeding 2% and 10% probability within a 50-year timeframe. The mean uniform hazard spectra is prepared and compared with IS1893: Part 1 (2002) (IS1893: Part 1. Indian standard criteria for earthquake-resistant design of structures, Part 1—General provisions and buildings. In Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 2002) for zone IV which reveals overestimation of spectral acceleration at higher time periods. Additionally, disaggregation analysis for Noida City, India, illustrates how different combinations of earthquake magnitude and distance contribute to the hazard. Based on the disaggregation results the controlling seismic sources are identified to perform DSHA in the study region with the same grid spacing using OpenQuake engine with the same GMPEs. Finally, PGA and SA values obtained from PSHA and DSHA were compared to previous studies. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values obtained from PSHA and DSHA were found in close range prescribed in IS: 1893-1 (2002) (IS1893: Part 1. Indian standard criteria for earthquake-resistant design of structures, Part 1—General provisions and buildings. In Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 2002), but the wide disparity is observed for higher time periods i.e., T = 0.2 s and 1 s. The key findings of the current study are Developing PGA map and site-specific hazard spectrum for Noida City, identifying seismic and geological discontinuities in the study area, Prepares hazard maps and for different return periods. The current study makes an attempt to develop an updated PGA map and site-specific hazard spectrum for Noida City which plays a vital role in earthquake-induced disaster mitigation efforts. We anticipate that this study will make a significant contribution to the revision of regional building codes, aimed at enhancing the earthquake-resistant design and construction of structures within this highly seismic area for reducing building vulnerability and protecting lives and property.

This article highlights the dynamic analysis of a proportional valve controlled hydrostatic drive. Such drives are used widely in construction and mining applications. In the drive considered for the analysis, the speed of a bent-axis hydro-motor is controlled by varying flow supplied through a proportional direction controlled valve. A non-linear mathematical model using bond graph simulation technique is developed, where detailed model of the drive system including its loading arrangement is incorporated. From the test results of the pressure-flow characteristics of the valves, its port resistances are identified. Using them and taking into account various losses of the hydro-motor, the drive model is validated through experiments. The verified model is used to study the effects of the perturbations of some critical parameters on the transient responses of the hydrostatic drive through simulation. The proposed model may be useful for initial design of such drive and the development of control systems where these drives are used as actuators.

The role of hydraulic systems is quite evident especially in the case of heavy machineries employed in industries, where the utilisation of high forces amid large stiffness is the prerequisite. Nevertheless, there has been substantial effort put forward in the development of advanced control strategies which finally addressed the issue of the position control. Proportional–integral–derivative control strategy happens to be one among them, which is a versatile and widely renowned approach involved in the position control in this study. Although, it is quite frequently observed that the hydraulic actuation system possesses strong nonlinearities. In this article, two different actuator position control strategies, that is, swash plate control of main pump and speed control strategy of prime mover are compared. In swash plate control strategy, the proportional–integral–derivative controller adjusts the swash plate of main pump through servo mechanism, whereas in the speed control strategy, the proportional–integral–derivative controller adjusts the speed of the electric motor through variable-frequency drive. For this purpose, two MATLAB-Simulink models are developed and validated experimentally. It is found that swash plate control strategy has better dynamic and control performance than the speed control strategy catering same position demand of the linear actuator.

The priority valve is considered to be one of the critical parts of the hydraulic system used in mining equipment. This article analyzes the dynamic performance of a hydro-motor drive system using priority valve through system modeling and simulation. A typical hydraulic system of a mining equipment is considered for the analysis, where a stable source of flow is supplied to two hydro-motors through priority flow divider valve. Bondgraph simulation technique is used for the modeling of the complete system, which is validated experimentally. The influences of some key parameters on the transient response of the system have been studied through simulation. The work presented in this article forms the basis idea for the design and optimization of the priority flow control valve for a given application.

New marine industries that develop and grow in response to the changing demand for their products have the potential to exert pressure on fragile marine environments. These emerging industries can benefit local communities but equally can have negative environmental and socio-cultural impacts. The development of new and emerging industries, like deep seabed mining (DSM), requires the acceptance and involvement of local communities. Yet, the history of marine exploitation is imbued with conflicts between industries and local communities. This paper presents a DSM case study in Papua New Guinea (PNG) to stimulate debate around the potential for conflict in the pursuit of resource extraction from the deep sea and the social and environmental harm that these extractions can cause. We do so by first presenting a timeline of local and extra-local events and enabling conditions that form the development background for the DSM Solwara 1 project in PNG. We then undertake a media narrative analysis to consider the contribution of aspects of social acceptability to this highly complex and multi-scale conflict. We find that the lack of (or a decrease in) social acceptability contributed to the conflict situation and ultimately the demise of the Solwara 1 project. Extra-locally, the initial development was positively framed around solutions for decarbonisation using new technology. Over time, actions by international NGOs, financial issues related to foreign companies, and asymmetry in the power balance between the Pacific Island nation and global businesses played a role in growing negative perceptions of acceptability. Historical experiences with prior environmental mining disasters, together with sea tenure governance challenges, and a lack of community and stakeholder acceptance also contributed to the demise of the project. Untangling and debating these complex interactions provides context and reasons for the tension between the lack of societal acceptance at a local scale and the perceived need for DSM products in the global North for innovative technologies and decarbonising societies. Better understanding these interactions and tensions can help emerging industries navigate a future blue economy.

This article analyses the steady-state performance of an open-loop and a closed-loop proportional valve-controlled hydro-motor drive. The drives considered for the analysis consist of HSLT and LSHT hydro-motors. In this respect, considering the flow and torque losses of the valve and the hydro-motors, the system equations are deduced from the model. They are made non-dimensionalised, from where the expressions of the performance parameters in terms of the speed, efficiency and power transfer of the drives are determined. From the explicit design equations, the conditions for the maximum efficiency and the power transfer are obtained. The drives performances are analysed in both open-loop and closed-loop configurations and compared with the test data. Using the explicit design equations developed from the model, the effects of the losses of the hydro-motors and the control gain on the performance of the drives are studied. Using the simplified set of design equations developed in the model, the drive’s performance can be determined within its reasonable operating zone from a limited amount of test data.

The friction and end-cushioning effects in the actuator have been taken care in consideration in the modeling of the actuation method related to an electrohydraulic system. A much simpler friction model that retains all the features of the existing models has been developed for this purpose. In addition, a systematic experimental characterization procedure has been proposed that has been utilized in a supplementary manner for the development of the elaborate nonlinear system model. An artificial neural-network model has been constructed by training with experimental data keeping in mind the variation of discharge through the proportional valve with pressure and command signal. All the nonlinear subsystem models thus obtained have been incorporated simultaneously in MATLAB/SIMULINK to monitor the actuation dynamics. The variations of the theoretical and investigated (via experiments) displacements of the piston against different command signals have been found to be quite close to each other.

The Constitution of India guarantees the right to equality, non-discrimination and equal opportunity in admission and public employment through Articles 14–18, while these provisions also recognize certain vulnerable groups of people empowering the state to make special laws for their upliftment under protective discrimination. In this connection, the debatable issue in the contemporary era is: When are these provisions applied to all classes of people and when are they applied to vulnerable classes of people? Whether the doctrine of protective discrimination has any limitation and, if so, to what extent?

In bond graph approach, the prismatic joint of hydraulic cylinder is usually modelled as two interconnected links (i.e., cylinder barrel and piston rod) constrained to produce the linear sliding motion. The problem of the conventional modelling approach is that it increases the complexity due to piston-cylinder constraint motion and also requires many internal geometric dimensions. To make the model simple and reduce the input geometric parameters, a novel idea of modelling the hydraulic cylinder by considering it to be a single body of contemporary length constrained by mounting coordinates is proposed in this article. In addition to this, the model has also been validated by comparing its simulation responses with the test data archived in a complete duty cycle (rise–dwell–return–dwell). Although simple kinematic relations are used to construct the bond graph model, the model can itself calculate the Coriolis and centrifugal forces because of power conservative feature of bond graph. Another distinct feature of bond graph is that it renders concise and uniform representation of complicated interacting mechanics of different linkages into individual blocks.

The physical model of an electrohydraulic actuation system has been obtained. To arrive at the closure of the model, experimental models for actuator friction and the characteristics of the proportional valves have been constructed. The variation of discharge through the proportional valve has shown the metered ports to be nonmatched that has been taken care of by estimating two separate coefficients for the main flow path and one leakage coefficient. An algebraic friction model retaining all the features of the existing differential model has been developed. All these nonlinear subsystem models have been integrated together in MATLAB/SIMULINK frame to predict the actuation dynamics. The variations of the predicted and experimental displacements of the piston against different command signals have been found to be quite close to each other.

The effects of the decay characteristics of a hydraulic accumulator on the responses of the hydrostatic drive system used in mining vehicles are studied in this article. The system considered for the analysis basically consists of a hydraulic pump, hydro-motor, accumulator and a loading circuit. The studies have been carried out with respect to two different sizes of accumulators. The system model has been made in MATLAB/Simulink®environment. The simulation test results are obtained with respect to the hydro-motor speeds and the system pressure at different resistive loads and capacities of the accumulator and they are verified with the experimental test data. Using the validated model, the parametric studies are also made on the speed responses of the hydrostatic drive for different precharge pressures of the accumulator and inertial load on the motor shaft. The studies made in this article may be useful for the selection of proper capacity of accumulators incorporated in the hydrostatic drive system in mining vehicles.

AbstractThe basement in Upper Assam foreland basin exhibits a typical flexure pattern. An elongated continuous subsurface basement high has developed between Himalaya and Naga-Patkai ranges. A few prominent basement lows have developed adjacent to the foothill regions. It is noticed that the general topographic slope near the foothill regions is not only controlled by aggradation process, but also influenced by the flexured basement of the region. The basement lows have influenced the overlying topography significantly. Rivers flowing over those regions have shown unidirectional lateral migration. North bank tributaries like Subansiri, Jiadhal and Dikrang have been affected by the Subansiri basement low. Coseismic subsidence of sediments over Subansiri basement low had resulted subsidence of the North Lakhimpur-Ranga Nadi region in 1950 Assam earthquake. Some south bank tributaries like Disang and Dikhow have been affected by Nazira basement low. Topographic elevation along the Subansiri river is lower than that part of the Brahmaputra located south of Majuli. This typical topographic setting of the region makes the mouth of the Subansiri river and Majuli region highly susceptible to erosion.

Argon isotopic data is used to assess the potential of low-mass samples collected by sample return missions on planetary objects (e.g., Moon, Mars, asteroids), to reveal planetary surface processes. We report the first 40Ar/39Ar ages and 38Ar cosmic ray exposure (CRE) ages, determined for eleven submillimeter-sized (ranging from 0.06 to 1.2 mg) plagioclase-rich lithic fragments from Apollo 17 regolith sample 78461 collected at the base of the Sculptured Hills. Total fusion analysis was used to outgas argon from the lithic fragments. Three different approaches were used to determine 40Ar/39Ar ages and illustrate the sensitivity of age determination to the choice of trapped (40Ar/36Ar)t. 40Ar/39Ar ages range from ~4.0 to 4.4 Ga with one exception (Plag#10). Surface CRE ages, based on 38Ar, range from ~1 to 24 Ma. The relatively young CRE ages suggest recent re-working of the upper few centimeters of the regolith. The CRE ages may result from the effect of downslope movement of materials to the base of the Sculptured Hills from higher elevations. The apparent 40Ar/39Ar age for Plag#10 is >5 Ga and yielded the oldest CRE age (i.e., ~24 Ma). We interpret this data to indicate the presence of parentless 40Ar in Plag#10, originating in the lunar atmosphere and implanted in lunar regolith by solar wind. Based on a chemical mixing model, plagioclase compositions, and 40Ar/39Ar ages, we conclude that lithic fragments originated from Mg-suite of highland rocks, and none were derived from the mare region.

It is well known that simple proportional, integral, and derivative control yields poor tracking performance due to the friction- and flow-related nonlinearities in electrohydraulic servo-systems. Nonlinear effects are more significant in proportional valve having deadband and non-matched ports with potential application in systems with complex ground friction in off-road vehicles or complex inertia loads in simulators meant for pilot training. A feedforward-based controller has been designed here by performing a number of characterization experiments for achieving good tracking performance overcoming severe nonlinearities. An algebraic model of friction has been developed for including hysteresis beyond the static friction zone in a double-rod piston-cylinder arrangement. A proportional valve with non-matched ports and large deadband has been characterized in terms of command signal to flow gains for each metered port and a leakage coefficient. Also, a dynamic model for the valve with embedded control has been constructed. All these models have been integrated together to predict the piston-motion dynamics. A simple theoretical analysis with a fixed command excitation revealed that following the initial transients a sustained oscillation over a constant mean piston velocity could exist for low pump pressure and valve damping due to the flow-motion coupling. The bandwidth and damping coefficient of the valve flow have been estimated through a comparison between the predicted and experimentally measured piston displacement variation with time. Besides evaluating the feedforward using the algebraic friction model along with assuming incompressible flow and negligible valve leakage, the predictions of the complete model were used to ascertain the proportional, integral, and derivative gains to be implemented in real-time control. Up to 0.5 Hz sinusoidal excitation, the proposed control revealed excellent tracking performance. Controls with only proportional, integral, and derivative and proportional, integral, and derivative together with feedforward exhibited noticeable phase shifts, respectively, from frequencies 0.0625 Hz and 0.6 Hz. Hence, the proposed controller can be useful in low-cost, low-power, precision applications up to 0.5 Hz input excitations.

ABSTRACTDespite the fact that planning has been found to be a significant predictor of reading (particularly of reading comprehension), much less is known about its contribution to mathematics. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of two levels of planning (operation planning and action planning) in three mathematical skills (calculation fluency, math problem-solving, and math reasoning). Eighty Grade 2 children from Shanghai, China were assessed on measures of nonverbal cognitive ability (nonverbal matrices), working memory (digit span backwards and N-back), operation planning (matching numbers, planned codes, and planned search), action planning (crack the code), and mathematics (calculation fluency, math problem-solving, and math reasoning). The results of regression analyses showed that both levels of planning accounted for unique variance in mathematics over and above the effects of nonverbal cognitive ability and working memory. The effects of action planning were particularly strong in math problem-solving. These findings suggest that measures of planning could be used along with measures of working memory to detect children at-risk for mathematics disabilities and that intervention programmes targeting planning could be developed to boost children's mathematics performance.

Nanostructured alloys exhibit high strength and large elastic strain limit. Unfortunately, the plasticity of these alloys is disappointingly low at room temperature than that of the coarse grain counterparts. In this work, a series of nanoeutectic composites have been developed in Ti–Fe and Ni–Zr based alloys, which exhibit very high strength, like bulk metallic glasses and large plasticity at room temperature. Systematic investigations have been performed to reveal the effect of alloy addition on the alteration of the microstructure and the properties of nano-lamellar phases. Even though, in some cases, alloy addition stabilizes micrometer-sized proeutectic bcc/fcc solid solution phase(s) with dendritic morphology, but the residual melt solidifies into a binary nanoeutectic comprised of alternating soft bcc/fcc phase together with hard intermetallic phase. Furthermore, electron microscopic studies of differently deformed specimens and strain rate jump test have been performed to reveal the role of eutectic lamellae on the strain rate sensitivity and to explore the origin of plasticity in nanoeutectic composites.

Elastic scattering angular distributions have been measured for 7Be + 9Be system at Elab= 17, 19 and 21 MeV in the angular range θcm=26○–58°, and for 7Li + 9Be system at Elab= 15.75, 24 and 30 MeV. An optical model (OM) analysis of these data have been carried out. For the 7Li + 9Be system fusion cross sections were obtained at Elab= 15.75, 24 and 30 MeV by measuring the α-evaporation spectra from the compound nucleus at backward angles. The measured α-evaporation spectra were reproduced by the statistical model calculations and fusion cross sections were extracted therefrom. The ratios of the experimental fusion cross sections to the total reaction cross sections (obtained form OM analysis) were found to be rather small. This result suggests that break-up process has a strong influence on fusion process leading to a reduction in fusion cross section.

Response surface method involves estimating the probability of failure and precise parameter estimation. To obtain the maximum efficiency a particular combination of component parameters is pertinent for a specific operating range of a system. In this work, a power hydraulic circuit common in heavy earthmoving machinery is considered for the study. The loss coefficients are estimated from the characteristics curves obtained through experimentation on a test bench. The RSM is employed on the validated model in order to find out the best combination for running in its maximum efficiency. It has been explored that the maximum hydraulic efficiency can be attained as high as 0.97 when displacements of supply pump, loading pump and hydro-motor are set to specific values, such as 16.02 cc/rev, 11.05 cc/rev and 12.16 cc/rev, respectively.

In this paper, a new hydraulic energy-regenerative model was offered from its application through modelling to its control. The model was constructed on a closed-loop hydrostatic transmission and used a hydraulic accumulator as the energy storage system invented in a new configuration to recover the kinetic energy without any return of the fluid flow. The displacement deviation in the secondary unit was reduced, increasing the uses of several types of hydraulic motor/pumps. The proposed system was modelled based on its physical features. The energy consumption and the influences on the energy-recovery potential of the system were analyzed. Simulation and experiments were performed to evaluate the validity of the employed mathematical model and the effectiveness of the control system. Keywords: Hydraulic accumulator, Hydraulic system, Energy recovery.

Knowledge of the 3He(3He,2p)4He reaction is important for understanding stellar burning and solar neutrino production. Previous measurements have found a surprisingly large rise in the cross section at low energies that could be due to a low-energy resonance in the 3He + 3He (6Be) system or electron screening. In the 6Be nucleus, however, no excited states have been observed above the first 2+state at Ex= 1.67 MeV up to 23 MeV, even though several are expected. The 2H(7Be,3H)6Be reaction has been studied for the first time to search for resonances in the 6Be nucleus that may affect our understanding of the 3He(3He,2p)4He reaction. A 100-MeV radioactive 7Be beam from the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF) was used to bombard CD2targets, and tritons were detected by using the silicon detector array (SIDAR). A combination of reaction mechanisms appears to be necessary to explain the observed triton energy spectrum.

Abstract: The present work is aimed to develop homogeneous ultrafine eutectic composites without any micrometer size second phase dispersions. Ti70.5Fe29.5 is chosen as a model eutectic system and ingots were prepared by arc melting upon addition of different amount of Sn. The effect of Sn addition to Ti70.5Fe29.5 on the interlamellar spacing, microstructure, and elastic properties has been studied. The load dependence microhardness or indentation size effect (ISE) in ultrafine lamellar eutectic has been investigated to understand the mechanism of ISE in terms of strain gradient on the evolution of geometrically necessary dislocations. Furthermore, high-resolution transmission microscopy of deformed composites has been performed in order to reveal the role of different eutectic phases during the transfer of slip across their interface.