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The previously unindexed laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data of mosapride dihydrogen citrate dihydrate, an API used to stimulate gastrointestinal motility, has been recorded at room temperature. Using these data, the crystal structure of this API has been refined in space group P21/c(No. 14) with a= 18.707(4) Å, b= 9.6187(1) Å, c= 18.2176(4) Å, β= 114.164(1)°, V= 2990.74(8) Å3, and Z= 4. The structure of this material corresponds to the phase associated with CSD Refcode LUWPOL determined at 93 K. The Rietveld refinement, carried out with TOPAS-Academic, proved the single nature of the sample and the quality of the data recorded.

The previously unreported crystal structure of (S)-Dapoxetine hydrochloride (DAPHCl), the only active pharmaceutical ingredient specially developed for the treatment of premature ejaculation in men, has been determined from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data with DASH and refined by the Rietveld method with TOPAS-Academic. The structure was evaluated and optimized by dispersion-corrected DFT calculations. This compound crystallizes in an orthorhombic cell, space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a= 6.3208(3) Å, b= 10.6681(5) Å, c= 28.1754(10) Å, V= 1899.89(14) Å3, Z= 4. The refinement converged to Rp=0.0442, Rwp=0.0577, and GoF =2.440. The crystal structure is a complex 3D arrangement of DAPHCl moieties held together by hydrogen bonds, π⋯π, and C–H⋯π interactions. The chloride ions form layers parallel to the abplane and are connected by dapoxetinium moieties through N–H⋯Cl and C–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. These layers stack along the c-axis, which are connected by C–H⋯π interactions. Hirshfeld surface analysis and fingerprint plot calculations have been performed.

The reduplicated present ἵημι exhibits an alternating scansion of the reduplication syllable. The iota tends to be long in Attic but short in Homer and in other dialects. Martin Peters explained the long iota as the result of a compensatory lengthening after the loss of laryngeals, i.e. *Hi-Hi̯eh₁- > hīēmi. The short variant would have appeared by analogy with other reduplicated presents such as δίδωμι, ἵστημι, and τίθημι. This implies that the Attic long scansion is an archaism. The purpose of this paper is to show that Peters’ scenario is highly improbable and that the long iota is more likely due to levelling after the conflation of another present *ϝῑ́εμαι with ἵημι’s middle forms.

Several benzothiophene-based compounds, including 1-benzothiophene-2-carboxylic acid, exhibit a wide variety of pharmacological activities. They have been extensively used to treat various types of diseases with high therapeutic effectiveness. In this contribution, the crystal structure of a new polymorph of 1-benzothiophene-2-carboxylic acid (BTCA) was determined from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data with DASH, refined by the Rietveld method with TOPAS-Academic, and optimized using DFT-D calculations. The new form of 1-benzothiophene-2-carboxylic acid crystallizes in space group C2/c(No. 15) with a= 14.635(4), b= 5.8543(9), c= 19.347(3) Å, β= 103.95(1)°, V= 1608.8(6) Å3, and Z= 8. The structure is a complex 3D arrangement which can be described in terms of hydrogen-bonded dimers of BTCA molecules, joined by the acid–acid homosynthon, which interact through C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds to produce tapes further connected through head-to-tail π⋯π and edge-to-face C–H⋯π interactions. A comparison with a previously reported triclinic polymorph and with the related 1-benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid (BFCA) is also presented.

Crystallization of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) flunixin in acetone and in acetone–hexane produced two conformational polymorphs, as predicted by hydrogen-bond propensity analyses, which are similar to three of the polymorphs of the related NSAID clonixin. The two polymorphs of flunixin display an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the amine N–H and the carbonyl oxygen of the carboxylic group. However, the intermolecular hydrogen-bond pattern of Form I (crystallized from acetone) is characterized by the acid–pyridine heterosynthon, while Form II (from acetone-hexane) displays the acid–acid homosynthon. Form I of flunixin is similar to form I of clonixin, while form II of flunixin is related to forms III and IV of clonixin. Hirshfeld surface maps were used to show the differences in the interactions present in the two flunixin polymorphs and the similarities with the polymorphs of the related compound clonixin. Energy framework calculations corroborate the similarity between Form I of flunixin and clonixin and indicate that Form II of flunixin is more closely related to Form IV of clonixin than to Form III.

The Earth has undergone at least four great glaciations, during which the ice layers and the glaciers have expanded all over the planet, corresponding to significant drops in global temperatures that lasted millions of years. Since the Precambrian era, ice ages have occurred at intervals of several millions of years. It is considered that the impact on the biosphere was large, because life was on the brink of disappearing completely from the planet. During these glaciation periods, carbon was reassigned, with the subsequent formation of carbonates called cap carbonates, which present stromatolite-like activity. These findings prove that life was conserved even during the glacial period. Knowledge on life conservation during the glacial period through stromatolites that have endured until the present day, is of special relevance. In recent investigations, in vitrostructures have been synthesized; these crystalline aggregates have been named biomorphs because they mirror the morphologies of primitive organisms called Precambrian cherts. These biomorphs have been synthesized at different temperatures (from room temperature to lower ones). The aim of the present work was to synthesize CaCO3, BaCO3, and SrCO3silica–carbonate biomorphs at three low temperatures (4 °C, −20 °C, and −70 °C). CaCO3biomorphs present almost the same morphology at all temperatures with a calcite crystalline structure, whereas BaCO3and SrCO3biomorphs present remarkably different morphologies depending on temperature with witherite and strontianite crystalline structure, respectively.

One hundred years ago X-ray powder diffraction, one of the premier techniques used in the characterization of materials, was invented. Its origins can be traced to two landmark contributions presented to the scientific community in 1916. They are the better known and celebrated work carried out by Paul Scherrer under the guidance of Peter W. Debye, at the University of Göttingen, Germany, and the lesser known work of Albert W. Hull performed at the Research Laboratory of the General Electric Company, Schenectady, NY, USA. The great contributions of Scherrer and Debye have been prominently recognized. They are presented in many textbooks and in technical and scientific articles published in the area of characterization of materials using powder diffraction techniques. The camera designed by them, later called “the Debye–Scherrer camera”, was used extensively for many years and the experimental setup (“the Debye–Scherrer geometry”) is still used today. On the other hand, the work performed by Hull has not been adequately appreciated and remembered. In this communication, an account of his contributions to X-ray powder diffraction and to crystallography is presented at 100 years of his landmark publication, which appeared in the first issue of Physical Review of 1917.

Ambroperuvin is a new pseudoguaianolide isolated from Ambrosia peruvianaWilld., a plant used in traditional medicine in Venezuela. The analysis of the X-ray powder pattern being reported led to an orthorhombic unit cell with space group P212121and cell parameters a= 15.999(6) Å, b= 11.263(2) Å, c= 9.112(2) Å. No detectable impurities were observed.

This is the second article of a series devoted to European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) site characterization. In this article we present the main properties of the parameters involved in high angular resolution observations from the data collected in the site testing campaign of the E-ELT during the design study (DS) phase. Observations were made in 2008 and 2009, in the four sites selected to shelter the future E-ELT (characterized under the ELT-DS contract): Aklim mountain in Morocco, Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos (ORM) in Spain, Macón range in Argentina, and Cerro Ventarrones in Chile. The same techniques, instruments, and acquisition procedures were taken on each site. A multiple aperture scintillation sensor (MASS) and a differential image motion monitor (DIMM) were installed at each site. Global statistics of the integrated seeing, the free atmosphere seeing, the boundary layer seeing, and the isoplanatic angle were studied for each site, and the results are presented here. In order to estimate other important parameters, such as the coherence time of the wavefront and the overall parameter "coherence étendue," additional information of vertical profiles of the wind speed was needed. Data were retrieved from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) archive. Ground wind speed was measured by automatic weather stations (AWS). More aspects of the turbulence parameters, such as their seasonal trend, their nightly evolution, and their temporal stability, were also obtained and analyzed.

Abstract1. PY Eb 297 y PY Ep 704.5–6 representan uno de los ejemplos de construcción sintáctica más elaborada de los textos escritos en Lineal B. Son, además, el único testimonio de un pleito por la tenencia de tierras en el mundo micénico que nos ha llegado. Este pleito, en el que participan una sacerdotisa, los ko-to-no-o-koτι?(h)χι (literalmente “tenentes de parcelas”) y el da-moδα˜μ institución encargada de conceder la tenencia de las parcelas ke-ke-me-na, se recoge en PY Eb 297, una tablilla-hoja, y PY Ep 704, una tablillapágina:PY Eb 297 i-je-re-ja e-ke-qe e-u-ke-to-qe e-to-ni-jo e-ke-e te-oko-to-no-o-ko-de ko-to-na-o ke-ke-me-na-o o-na-ta e-ke-eGRA 3 T 9 V 3?h?yα (h) ?χι w ?χτ w e-to-ni-jov (h)?χ(h)ν (h)?ι, τι(h)χ? δ? τιhω ιμhω ?ατ? (h)?χ(h) GRA 3 T 9 V 3“La sacerdotisa tiene y declara solemnemente que tiene un etonijoen favor de la divinidad y que son los tenentes de parcelas los que tienen usufructos de parcelas establecidas: GRA 3 T 9 V 3.”PY Ep 704.5–6 e-ri-ta i-je-re-ja e-ke e-u-ke-to-qe e-to-ni-jo e-ke-e te-o da-mo-de-mi pa-si ko-to-na-o | ke-ke-me-na-o o-na-to e-ke-e to-so pe-moGRA 3 T 9?E-ri-ta ?h?yα (h) ?χι ?χτ w e-to-ni-jov (h)?χ(h)ν (h)?ι, δα˜μ δ? μι ασ?ιτhω ιμh ?ατ? (h) ?χ(h), τσσ sπ?μ GRA 3 T 9“Erita, la sacerdotisa, tiene y declara solemnemente que tiene un etonijoen favor de la divinidad, pero el demoafi rma que tiene un usufructo de las parcelas establecidas; tanto grano: GRA 3 T 9.”

[Sr(C4H2O4)(OH2)3]·H2O is monoclinic, P21/n, witha=11.476(2),b=7.027(1),c=12.344(2) Å, ß=115.74(3)°,V=896.67 Å3,Z=4. The Sr atom is surrounded by nine oxygen atoms which come from four different maleate anions and three water molecules. The Sr-O distances range from 2.546(2) to 2.808(2) Å. The C-O distances are equal within the standard deviation 1.263(3) to 1.258(3) Å). In the maleate anion, the planes that contain the carboxylate groups form an angle of 74.44(9)°. Both carboxylate groups deviate significantly from planarity. The different coordination modes of the carboxylate group and the extensive hydrogen bonding present are responsible for the polymeric nature of the structure.