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Insulin is a well-characterized peptide produced by recombinant DNA technology that is widely used in maintaining blood glucose level in the diabetic patients. In this study, we have used vector pET-9a to express the human insulin in E. coliBL-21 DE3. The recombinant E. colicells were cultured by fed-batch fermentation (20.0 L) process which resulted in a dry cell mass of 20 g/L. Pro-Insulin was expressed as inclusion bodies (IBs) and it was 20% of the total protein measured by densitometry. The IBs were then solubilized and refolded to get the native biological structure. The proinsulin form has been converted into active insulin by enzymatic digestion using trypsin and carboxypeptidase-B. The active insulin was purified using ion-exchange and reverse phase HPLC. The final purified insulin has achieved a purity of 98% with Des-Insulin impurity ≤ 0.5%, when analyzed in analytical HPLC as per the United States Pharmacopiea (USP) method. This optimized process of recombinant human insulin may be used as a model for insulin analogues such as glargine, aspart, lispro etc.

The energy resources mainly petroleum and petroleum hydrocarbons are major pollutants of the environment. The oil and oil products contamination may cause severe harm and hence, the attention has been remunerated in the development of alternative technologies for elimination of these contaminants. Biosurfactants were used in the remediation of oil pollution due to advantages such as biodegradability and low toxicity. The biosurfactants are produced from low cost substrates like agro-industrial wastes which reduce the cost of production. Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers are amphiphilic compounds and are produced as extracellular or a part of the cell membrane by bacteria. The insight view, how hydrocarbons are degraded by microorganisms and thereby reduce the damage of ecosystem is highly essential to target the problem. Biofilms are the bacterial communities which protects the bacterial cells from various adverse conditions. The present review describes the biosurfactants and its synthesis from bacteria and also emphases on the role of surfactants in oil remediation.