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In order to carry out its activity in optimum conditions and achieve its goal, either to develop a product, to do a job or perform a service, any entity must maintain a balanced level of stocks of raw materials and materials. However, very careful attention should be paid to the stocks' level, since this level should not record values too high, or too low. These values lead to overstocking or stockouts situations, which should be avoided. The blockage of liquidity and the deterioration of raw materials and materials stored over a long period of time are the main consequences of overstocking, and, among the consequences of the stockout we can list: discontinuation of business, which may mean diminishing profits but also loss of customers' confidence through termination of contracts. In order to achieve the optimal stock level, we recommend an efficient administration of this activity, which implies the implementation of a well-designed information system that provides information at all times to the management and the supply department and, at the same time, effective management, since it has consequences on the company's profitability and requires good communication with both the internal and external environment. We aim to focus in this study on the factors influencing the achievement and preservation of an optimal stock level, the importance of safety stock, the role of stock administration and inventory management within an entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of any firm is to make enough profit to properly capitalize its capital, maintain its technical and economic potential, and ensure rational expansion taking into account market developments and short-term trends. Two categories of indicators are used to measure profitability: profitability and profitability rates. the absolute value of profitability is reflected by profit, and the extent to which capital or use of company resources generates profit is reflected by the rate of return. as indicators of absolute profitability can be taken into account: the result of the turnover, the result of the exploitation, the financial result, the current result, the extraordinary result, the gross result of the year, the net result of the year. The following rates are typically used for expressing relative profitability: the rate of return on trade, the rate of return on consumed resources, the rate of economic profitability and the rate of financial return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic crisis is expected to bring a slow down, stagnation or decrease of the economic activity. The socio-economic crisis in Romania started in 1990 and it continues at present, being emphasized by the financial and economic crisis on the international market. From now on, the crisis exit door for Romania is possible only by operating the morals to all the domains, by unlocking the functional procedures of the financial- economic processes and by showing a performant management at all levels. The economic-political crisis in Romanian is a label crisis with no responsibilities, only with consequences. After 1989, society could no longer advance because Communists and Securitate people were still present and controlled structures and decision-taking systems through their connections and therefore turned the state into a dummy and they turned into a dummy even the president, elected and self-proclaimed a symbol of anti-Communist fighting. In Romania, the state started to be called the worst manager. Blamed and pointed at by everybody, the state initiated quick economic privatization and land retrocession and assets sales. Instead of increasing the responsibility of the management to ensure economic efficacy and efficiency of the all joint assets through mixed forms of ownership, the state initiated accelerated and reckless privatization. Instead of assuming social, political, economic and legal responsibility for the management of the national assets, our original liberalism caused generalized corruption and unjustifiably made rich a political minority well connected to the relevant people, and made poor the most of the population. After twenty years of reform, the national economy looks like a sick person that has undergone twenty years of therapy and is now dying. Doctors and relatives can see the patient is much worse than twenty years ago and instead of accusing the medical staff that prescribed the treatment, simply say: "It is God's will". Since the ordinary man cannot fight the Divine will, he continues living in this everybody's vanity fair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an analysis of the creative accounting connection with the managing factor which administers informational resources in a company activity. Creative accounting, as it is defined in scientific literature, takes different shapes, "existential complexity" which makes it become the suitable environment of strategic and tactical steps, initiated and performed from the major objective point of view represented by the performance of the company. The manager is the one who connects the internal information, upon which he has control, with external information, in order to manage properly economic circumstances, the way of reporting financial results with influences on the perceptive of the company. An efficient management will follow the increase of financial indicators of the company and implicit of its performance, through financial insurance turnover necessary to the continuity and development of the activity of the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Accurate prediction of stock market is very important to obtain high profits from stock market. As the operational parameters of support vector regression are usually determined by user, which leads to bad prediction results. In the paper, genetic algorithm and support vector regression (GA-SVR) model is developed to predict stock market, and genetic algorithm selects the best parameters of support vector regression. The comparison of the prediction error between GA-SVR and BP neural network to show the excellence of GA-SVR compared with BP neural network in the experimental analysis. It can be seen from the comparison results of the prediction error between GA-SVR and BP neural network that GA-SVR can gain the lower prediction error than BP neural network in the stock market prediction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an approach to minimizing economic and environmental harm caused by pests, and Integrated Vector Management (IVM) uses similar methods to minimize pathogen transmission by vectors. The risk of acquiring a vector‐borne infection is often quantified using the density of infected vectors. The relationship between vector numbers and risk of human infection is more or less linear when both vector numbers and pathogen prevalence in vectors are low, but the relationship is nonlinear when vector density and/or infection prevalence are high. Therefore, the density of infected vectors often does not accurately predict risk of human exposure to pathogens, and traditional estimates of the percent control often overestimate the level of protection from infection resulting from management programs. We suggest a modified estimator, percent protection, which more accurately quantifies protection against human infection resulting from a management intervention. Cost‐effectiveness of a management program is critical to protection of both public health and the environment, because the more efficiently available resources and funding are used, the fewer people get sick, and well‐targeted efficient management programs minimize the need for poorly targeted, expensive environmental interventions (e.g., broadscale pesticide applications) that tend to damage nontarget organisms and natural systems. Design of an efficient, cost‐effective IVM program requires knowledge of the cost‐effectiveness functions (the effectiveness of control methods at lowering vector bites and/or infection prevalence with different levels of application) of the various control methods to be applied. Alternative programs can be designed that optimize percent protection by integrating different control methods at different levels of investment, and environmental effects of these alternatives can be compared, allowing environmental considerations to be included explicitly in the decision process. IPM, IVM, and Adaptive Management share the characteristic that management decisions must be made with incomplete knowledge of the functioning of natural systems or the efficacies of interventions. IVM surveillance programs that assess the effects of individual control methods and of combinations of control methods on the numbers of vector bites and on infection prevalence in vectors can increase knowledge of pathogen transmission dynamics and provide information to improve program effectiveness in subsequent applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]