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In this study, the performance of an indoor Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) which is installed by using traditional methods and cellular design of a WLAN that is to be installed are tested. To implement the test and design, artificial intelligence methods are used. For the WLAN test, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used. Access Points (APs) and receiver coordinates are determined as ANN input parameters and optimum Receive Signal Strength (RSS) have been sought. For WLAN design, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) method is used. Wall structures and AP properties are taken into account to obtain optimum Receive Signal Strengths (RSSs). For the analytic solution of the optimum RSS, the indoor setting is divided into cellular areas. Thus, the most suitable locations for APs and the number of APs are determined. As a result, we have tested the performance of a WLAN, which is installed by means of traditional methods. According the experimental results, the indoor WLAN designed with the GA method has provided better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo Experiência e objetivos Cetamina e propofol são os anestésicos gerais que também exibem efei- tos antimicrobianos e promotores do crescimento microbiano, respectivamente. Embora esses agentes sejam frequentemente aplicados em combinação durante o uso clínico, não há dados sobre seu efeito total no crescimento microbiano na administração combinada. Nesse estudo, investigamos o crescimento de alguns microrganismos em uma mistura de cetamina e propofol. Método Nesse estudo, utilizamos cepas padronizadas: Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Candida albicans . Realizamos uma análise de tempo-crescimento para avaliar as taxas de crescimento microbiano em propofol 1%. A atividade antimicrobiana de cetamina, isoladamente e em propofol, foi estudada pelo método de microdiluição. Resultados Em propofol, as cepas estudadas cresceram de concentrações de 10 3 -10 4 ufc/mL para = 10 5 ufc/mL, dentro de 8-16 horas, dependendo do tipo de microrganismo. Foram determinadas a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) (para Candida, concentração fungicida mínima) de cetamina, como se segue (CIM, CBM): E. coli 312,5, 312,5 µg/mL; S.aureus 19,5, 156 µg/mL; P. aeruginosa 312,5, 625 µg/mL; e C. albicans 156, 156 µg/mL. Na mistura cetamina + propofol, cetamina exibiu atividade antimicrobiana para E. coli , P. aeruginosa e C. albicans em CBMs a 1250, 625 e 625 µg/mL, respectivamente. O crescimento de S. aureus não foi inibido nessa mistura (concentração de cetamina = 1250 µg/mL). Conclusão Cetamina preservou sua atividade antimicrobiana de maneira dose-dependente con- tra alguns microrganismos em propofol, que é robusta solução promotora de crescimento micro- biano. O uso combinado de cetamina e propofol na aplicação clínica de rotina pode diminuir o risco de infecção causada por contaminação acidental. Entretanto, deve-se ter em mente que cetamina não pode reduzir todas as ameaças patogênicas na mistura com propofol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of bolus and the combination of bolus and infusion of ephedrine on maternal hypotermia which are used for treating maternal hypotension under spinal anaesthesia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 110 ASA I-II patients who developed maternal hypotension were included into the study. Spinal anaesthesia was performed with 12.5 mg heavy bupivacaine + 15 µg fentanyl. Group I: Ephedrine bolus 5 mg plus ephedrine infusion, Group B: Ephedrine bolus 5 mg plus normal saline infusion. The systolic blood pressure was allowed to range between 20% from baseline values. Ephedrine solution infusion started after hypotension occurred (0.5 mg/minute). The body temperature under 35.5°C was accepted as hypothermia. The newborns' rectal temperature was measured. Moreover, the Apgar scores, umbilical vein-arterial blood gas and acid-base status were evaluated. RESULTS: In Group I, the body core temperatures which were measured at 9, 18, 33, and 39th minutes were significantly higher than Group B (p < 0.05). The prevalence of maternal hypothermia in Group I was significantly lower than the Group B, which were as 65.5% (36/55) and 85.5% (47/55), respectively (p < 0.05). In Group I, the newborn rectal temperatures and the total dose of ephedrine were significantly higher than Group B (p < 0.05). In Group I, the systolic and mean blood pressures were higher than Group B (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As a result, we found that combined bolus and infusion of ephedrine for treating maternal hypotension prevents maternal and neonatal hypothermia during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia compared to bolus administrations alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare the effect of remifentanil without muscle relaxant with succinylcholine for intubation in microlaryngoscopy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group R (n=40) and S (n=40) received remifentanil 4 µg/kg intravenously or 1 µg/kg respectively. Anesthesia was induced with 2 mg/kg propofol in both groups. Intubation was performed after bolus administration of 10 ml saline as a placebo or 1 mg/kg of succinylcholine in Group R and S respectively. Remifentanil infusion was initiated at 0.025 µg/kg in each groups. RESULTS: Intubation conditions were similar in both groups. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) values at post-induction period were significantly lower in the Group S than in the Group R (p = 0.001). The requirement for ephedrine in Group R was found to be significantly lower than Group S (p = 0.023). Recovery times were significantly shorter (p = 0.001) and recovery scores were significantly higher (p = 0.021) in Group R. Time to patient could respond to commands was significantly longer in the Group S (p = 0.001). The surgeon's satisfaction score was significantly higher in Group R (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that remifentanil without muscle relaxants provides similar intubating conditions as that provided by succinyl-choline, and remifentanil is superior to succinyl-choline with regard to haemodynamic stability and recovery duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neuroaxial blockade for ambulatory transurethral resection of the prostate is a well established technique. Patients in this group are often at high risk for perioperative complications from concurrent diseases. The purpose of this study was to compare the elderly patients who received intrathecal fentanyl alone or intrathecal fentanyl plus bupivacaine or epidural anesthesia for transurethral resection of prostate surgery. Material and Methods: Ninety-nine patients were prospectively randomized to receive fentanyl 25 µg (Group F), fentanyl 25 µg plus hyperbaric bupivacaine 2.5 mg (Group BF), or epidural anesthesia adding fentanyl 50 µg (Group E) by combined spinal epidural anesthesia technique. Results: The amount of local anesthetics used until when the sensorial block reached the level of T10 was significantly lower in the Group BF than in the Group E and the Group F (p < 0.001). Maximum level of sensory block was significantly lower in the Group BF than in the Group E and the Group F (p = 0.01). The time elapsed until the sensory block reached T10, the regression of sensory block to L5 level were significantly lower in the Group BF than in the Group E and the Group F (p = 0.005, p < 0.001, respectively). Compared to the basal values, mean arterial pressures were significantly lower in the Group BF than in the Group E and the Group F (p < 0.05). The occurrence of hypotension was significantly lower in the Group BF (9.4%) than in the Group E (18.2%) and the Group F (24.2%). Conclusions: Intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine 2.5 mg plus fentanyl 25 µg administration provides shorter motor block onset time, less local anesthetic usage and adequate hemodynamic stability in elderly patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose: The present study was conducted to evaluate the obstetric admissions to the intensive care unit (ICU) in the setting of a tertiary referral hospital in an attempt to identify the risk factors influencing maternal outcome. Materials and Methods: All of the obstetric patients who seeked care for delivery at the emergency department and who were admitted to the ICU between January 2006 to July 2009 were retrospectively identified. The Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) was calculated and the maternal mortality rate was estimated for each patient. The mean SAPS II scores and the mean estimated maternal mortality rates for the surviving patients and the nonsurviving patients were compared. Results: Seventy-three obstetric patients were admitted to the ICU. There were 9 maternal deaths and 24 fetal deaths. For the surviving group of patients, the mean SAPS II score was 34 and estimated maternal mortality rate was 20%, whereas for the nonsurviving group of patients, the SAPS II score was 64 and estimated maternal mortality rate was 73%. The difference between the surviving group of patients and the nonsurviving group of patients was statistically significant regarding both the mean SAPS II scores and the mean estimated maternal mortality rates. Conclusions: Pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders and hemorrhage appear as the major risk factors influencing maternal outcome in obstetric patients. Considering that the use of the SAPS II scores have enabled the reliable estimation of the mortality rates in the present study, the attempts at defining the focus of care for the obstetric patients who bear the major risk factors and who are admitted to the ICU should be carried out under the guidance of the ICU scoring systems such as the SAPS II. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study on the characteristics of Lactococcus isolated from White Pickled and Kashar cheese in Bursa, Turkey. For the study, researchers examined 37 strains Lactococcus lactis subsp., lactis and 5 strains of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris from 64 White Pickled and Kashar. They conducted acidification, proteolysis and autolysis of the strains. They found that the acidification of White Pickled cheese strains was higher compared to Kashar cheese strains. They found 56 samples with lactococcal profile.

Background and objective: Pain on injection is still a major problem with propofol. In this study, we compared the efficacy of single-dose premedication of dexmedetomidine for pain on injection of propofol and its effect on the incidence and the severity of the pain after propofol injection. Methods: We conducted a prospective, randomized and double-blind study of 100 patients scheduled to undergo surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups, either receiving dexmedetomidine (Group D) or saline (Group C) before the injection of propofol. Patients in Group D (n = 50) were given dexmedetomidine infusion 0.6 μg/kg for 10 min. Patients in Group C (n = 50) were given saline infusion in an identical manner. Pain perception was assessed during injection of propofol in all patients. Results: The median pain score on injection of propofol was significantly lower in Group D than in Group C (median pain score 2 [1–3] vs 1 [0–2]; P < 0.006). The number of patients with pain in Group D decreased (48/50 [96%] in Group C vs 42/50 [84%] in Group D; P = 0.046). Conclusions: Intravenous administration of a single dose of dexmedetomidine as a premedication reduced the incidence and severity of pain on propofol injection without significant adverse haemodynamic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study objective: To determine the effects of intra-operative low-dose dexmedetomidine infusion on postoperative morphine consumption, pain, sedation and patient satisfaction in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty. Method: Fifty adult patients were randomised to receive either dexmedetomidine (a loading dose of 1 μg kg-1 for the first ten minutes and a maintenance dose of 0.2 μg kg-1 h-1 afterwards, Group D) or 0.9% saline in the same manner (Group C) after induction of anaesthesia. At the end of the operation, the infusions were discontinued. After extubation, patient controlled analgesia was started intravenously. Results: Patients in Group D consumed 47% less morphine than patients in Group C during the first 24 h and had a lower cumulative morphine consumption at all times after starting patient controlled analgesia (7.08 mg vs. 8.56 mg at 2 h (p < 0.05), 10.84 mg vs. 14.0 mg at 4 h (p < 0.05), 13.56 mg vs. 18.28 mg at 6 h (p < 0.05) and 17.96 mg vs. 33.72 mg at 24 h (p < 0.05), respectively in Group D and Group C). Visual analogue scale scores for pain were higher at all times in Group C than in Group D (p < 0.05). Sedation scores were higher in Group D than in Group C at 30 min after starting patient controlled analgesia (p < 0.05). Patient satisfaction scores were higher at all times in Group D than in Group C (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Intra-operative low-dose dexmedetomidine infusion during septorhinoplasty decreases postoperative morphine consumption, provides effective postoperative pain relief and achieves better patient satisfaction without increased adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the hemodynamic, hepatorenal, and postoperative effects of desflurane-fentanyl and midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia during coronary artery bypass surgery. Design: Prospective study. Setting: University hospital. Participants: Sixty patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting surgery with ejection fraction more than 45%. Interventions: Anesthesia was induced with etomidate, 0.2 mg/kg, and fentanyl, 5 μg/kg, in group D (n = 30) and with midazolam, 0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg, and fentanyl, 5 μg/kg, in group M (n = 30). Anesthesia was maintained with desflurane, 2% to 6%, and fentanyl, 15 to 25 μg/kg, in group D and midazolam infusion, 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg/h, and fentanyl, 15 to 25 μg/kg, in group M. Measurements and Main Results: Hemodynamic monitoring included a 5-lead electrocardiogram, a radial artery catheter, and a pulmonary artery catheter. Data were obtained before induction of anesthesia (t0), after induction of anesthesia (t1), after intubation (t2), after surgical incision (t3), after sternotomy (t4), before cardiopulmonary bypass (t5), after protamine infusion (t6), and at the end of the surgery (t7). Blood samples were obtained to measure total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen just before induction of anesthesia and at the first, fourth, and 14th days postoperatively. Conclusions: Intraoperative hemodynamic responses were similar in both groups, and transient hepatic and renal dysfunctions were observed in the postoperative period in both groups. The extubation and intensive care unit discharge times were found to be shorter in the desflurane-fentanyl group. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The study investigated the polymerization shrinkage o restorative materials and microleakage in the proximal box of Class II restorations. Twenty caries free extracted human molars were prepared on the mesial and distal, making 40 slot cavities. Groups (n=10) were classified as: Group 1: Sinlg bond/Filtek Z-250; Group 2: Single Bond/Filtek Flow/ Filtek Z-250; Group 3: Admira Bond/Admira; Group 4: Ariston Liner/Ariston. Dentin bonding systems and resin composites were applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were stored in distilled water for one week at 37 °C, thermocycled (5 °-55 °C x 2000), stained with 50% aqueous silver nitrate, immersed in a diluted developer solution (24 hours), rinsed and sectioned in two pieces with a low speed saw (Isomet). Dye penetration (Score 0-4) was determined separately at the occlusal enamel margin and cementoenamel junction. The volumetric polymerization shrinkage of materials was determined with he apparatus of Watts and Cash (Watts and Cash, 1991) for 300 seconds. Polymerization shrinkage results were as follows: Filtek Flow (3.5% ±0.1) > Filtek Z-250 (1.8% ±.01) (One-way Anova, post hoc Bonferroni test at p=0.05 level). No statistical difference was found at he enamel margins for any of the materials (Score 0-1). At the cemento-enamel junction, all test groups showed significantly higher microleakage when compared to the enamel margins (Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U). Dye penetration results at dentin were as follows: Filtek Flow + Filtek Z-250= Admira < Ariston At=Filtek Z-250. It was concluded that enamel showed no high dye penetration scores and microleakage was not influenced by the material. Microleakage at dentin could not be eliminated with any adhesive restoration. The ormocer and bonding-flowable-hybrid composite restorations showed less microleakage than the ion-releasing and hybrid composites lined only with bonding agent at the cementoenamel junction in Class II cavities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study determined the three-body abrasive wear resistance of two packable composites (P-60; Solitaire 2), an ion-releasing composite (Ariston AT), a hybrid composite (Tetric Ceram) and an ormocer (Admira). The study also looked at the correlation between wear resistance and hardness of the composites. Three-body wear testing was performed using an ACTA wear machine with 15 N contact force using millet seed as the third body. Wear depth (μm) was measured by profilotmetry after 200,000 cycles. The hardness test was performed using a digital microhardness tester (load: 500 g; dwell time: 15 seconds). The data were analyzed by using Kruskal Wallis (p<0.05). There were statistically significant differences among the three body abrasive wear of the composites. The ranking from least to most were as follows: Filtek P-60< Solitaire 2 < Ariston AT < Tetric Ceram < Admira. Filtek P-60 showed the highest microhardness value. No other significant differences in hardness were observed among the different resin composites (P-60>AristonAT=Tetric Ceram= Solitaire 2= Admira). The results of this study indicate that there are significant differences in the wear resistance of the resin composites. The correlation between hardness and wear was significant with a correlation coefficient of r:-0.91. A significant negative correlation exists between hardness and three-body wear of resin composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with congenital anomalies such as Goldenhar syndrome affecting the airway can be a problem for the anaesthesiologist. We present the case of an 18 month-old child with Goldenhar syndrome, in whom the ProSeal™ Laryngeal Mask Airway was successfully used for inguinal hernia surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]