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Purification of biogas is the pre-requisite of the commercial application of anaerobic digestion in the renewable energy sector. In this study, Aspen Plus V11.1 was used to determine the optimum process conditions for biogas purification using high-pressure water scrubbing. The non-random two-liquid model (NRTL) coupled with Henry's law was used as the fluid package in this study. According to henry's law solubility of CO2 is higher than CH4 and thus water was used as an adsorbent. The ideal parameter values for the scrubber were as follows: water pressure: 8 atm, biogas temperature: 37 °C or 55 °C, scrubber stages: 15, water to biogas mass flowrate ratio: 50. The composition of the biogas i.e., CH4 and CO2 mole fractions can vary in a wide range without effecting the efficiency of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiotherapy escalating dose rates above 50 Gy s−1, might offer a great potential in treating tumours while further sparing healthy tissue. However, these ultra-high intensities of FLASH-RT lead to new challenges with regard to dosimetry and beam monitoring. FLASH experiments at HIT (Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center) and at GSI (GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research) have shown a significant loss of signal in the beam monitoring system due to recombination effects. To enable accurate beam monitoring, this work investigates the recombination loss of different fill gases in the plane parallel ionisation chambers (ICs). Therefore, saturation curves at high intensities were measured for the currently used fill gases Ar/CO 2 (80/20) and pure He and also for He/CO 2 mixtures as alternative fill gases. Furthermore, breakdown voltages and ion mobilities were measured in ICs filled with He/CO 2 mixtures. A numerical model for volume recombination in plane parallel ionisation chambers was developed and implemented in Python. This includes a novel simulation method of the space charge effect from the charge carriers in the detector volume and predicts a significant effect on the electric field for high intensity beams. Even at high intensities the He/CO 2 mixtures allow operation of the ICs at an electric field strength of 2 kV cm−1 or more which reduces recombination to negligible levels at intensities larger than 3 × 1010 12 C-ions per second. Our measurements show that added fractions of CO 2 to He decrease the ion mobility in the fill gas but significantly increase the breakdown voltage in the ICs compared to pure He. • High Voltage (resistant up to 2 kV) Parallel-Plate Ionisation Chambers. • Special optimised gas mixtures, for minimising recombination and maximising the possible voltage. • A new time-step simulation model (Python implemented) for simulation of recombination. • Consideration of the space charge effect in the Ionisation chamber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ultra High dose- per -pulse regimes (UHDP) still pose serious challenges to dosimetry • A theory has been developed for designing a new chamber (ALLS), using a noble gas at variable pressure • ALLS protype has been designed for measuring dose- per -pulse up to 40 Gy within 1 % accuracy Ultra-High dose- per -pulse regimens (UHDP), necessary to trigger the "FLASH" effect, still pose serious challenges to dosimetry. Dosimetry plays a crucial role, both to significantly improve the accuracy of the radiobiological experiments necessary to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the effect and its dependencies on the beam parameters, and to be able to translate such effect into clinical practice. The standard ionization chamber in UHDP region is significantly affected by the effects of the electric field generated by the enormous density of charges produced by the dose pulse. This work describes the theory and the conceptual design of a gas chamber (the ALLS chamber ) which overcomes the above-mentioned problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the introduction of computed tomography for planning purposes in the 1970s, we have been observing a continuous development of different imaging methods in radiotherapy. The current achievements of imaging technologies in radiotherapy enable more than just improvement of accuracy on the planning stage. Through integrating imaging with treatment machines, they allow advanced control methods of dose delivery during the treatment. This article reviews how the integration of existing and novel forms of imaging changes radiotherapy and how these advances can allow a more individualised approach to cancer therapy. We believe that the significant challenge for the next decade is the continued integration of a range of different imaging devices into linear accelerators. These imaging modalities should show intra-fraction changes in body morphology and inter-fraction metabolic changes. As the use of these more advanced, integrated machines grows, radiotherapy delivery will become more accurate, thus resulting in better clinical outcomes: higher cure rates with fewer side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial breast irradiation for the treatment of early-stage breast cancer patients can be performed by means of Intra Operative electron Radiation Therapy (IOeRT). One of the main limitations of this technique is the absence of a treatment planning system (TPS) that could greatly help in ensuring a proper coverage of the target volume during irradiation. An IOeRT TPS has been developed using a fast Monte Carlo (MC) and an ultrasound imaging system to provide the best irradiation strategy (electron beam energy, applicator position and bevel angle) and to facilitate the optimisation of dose prescription and delivery to the target volume while maximising the organs at risk sparing. The study has been performed in silico, exploiting MC simulations of a breast cancer treatment. Ultrasound-based input has been used to compute the absorbed dose maps in different irradiation strategies and a quantitative comparison between the different options was carried out using Dose Volume Histograms. The system was capable of exploring different beam energies and applicator positions in few minutes, identifying the best strategy with an overall computation time that was found to be completely compatible with clinical implementation. The systematic uncertainty related to tissue deformation during treatment delivery with respect to imaging acquisition was taken into account. The potential and feasibility of a GPU based full MC TPS implementation of IOeRT breast cancer treatments has been demonstrated in-silico. This long awaited tool will greatly improve the treatment safety and efficacy, overcoming the limits identified within the clinical trials carried out so far. • A fast GPU based MC has been developed for IOeRT breast treatment planning. • The input is an ultrasound image with defined PTV and OARs. • Different applicator positions, dimensions and angles and beam energies are tested. • Plan is optimised using absorbed dose maps and related DVHs. • Results in the context of conventional and FLASH irradiations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Kilovoltage x-ray beam therapy is cost effective but challenging. • Novel x-ray beam sources are discussed. • Novel techniques to deliver dose at depth are summarized. • Kilovoltage x-ray therapy with radiosensitizers shows promise clinically. Kilovoltage (kV) x-rays are most commonly used for diagnostic imaging due to their sensitivity to tissue composition. In radiation therapy (RT), due to their fast attenuation, kV x-rays are typically only used for superficial irradiation of skin cancer and for intra-operative RT (IORT). Recently, however, a number of kV RT techniques have emerged. In this review article, we provide a brief overview of the use of kV x-rays for RT. Various kV x-ray source technologies suitable for RT, such as conventional x-ray tubes as well as novel x-ray sources, are first described. This x-ray source section is then followed by a section on their implementation in terms of clinical, veterinary and preclinical applications. Specifically, IORT, superficial RT and dose enhancement with iodine and gold nanoparticles, as well as microbeam RT and FLASH RT are discussed in this context. Then, a number of kV x-ray RT applications in modeling and proof-of-principle stages, such as breast external beam RT with rotational sources, kilovoltage arc therapy and the BriXS Compton pulsed x-ray sources, are reviewed. Finally, some clinical and economic considerations for the development of kV RT techniques are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• FLASH proton therapy provides a novel route for sparing healthy tissue in radiotherapy. • Delivering spot scanning FLASH proton therapy is extremely challenging. • Advances in accelerator, magnet and dosimetry technology will be necessary. • Each accelerator technology has specific challenges that must be addressed. • Combinations of 3D-printed ridge/pin filters and scanned beams show promise. There is growing interest in the radiotherapy community in the application of FLASH radiotherapy, wherein the dose is delivered to the entire treatment volume in less than a second. Early pre-clinical evidence suggests that these extremely high dose rates provide significant sparing of healthy tissue compared to conventional radiotherapy without reducing the damage to cancerous cells. This interest has been reflected in the proton therapy community, with early tests indicating that the FLASH effect is also present with high dose rate proton irradiation. In order to deliver clinically relevant doses at FLASH dose rates significant technical hurdles must be overcome in the accelerator technology before FLASH proton therapy can be realised. Of these challenges, increasing the average current from the present clinical range of 1–10 nA to in excess of 100 nA is at least feasible with existing technology, while the necessity for rapid energy adjustment on the order of a few milliseconds is much more challenging, particularly for synchrotron-based systems. However, the greatest challenge is to implement full pencil beam scanning, where scanning speeds 2 orders of magnitude faster than the existing state-of-the-art will be necessary, along with similar improvements in the speed and accuracy of associated dosimetry. Hybrid systems utilising 3D-printed patient specific range modulators present the most likely route to clinical delivery. However, to correctly adapt and develop existing technology to meet the challenges of FLASH, more pre-clinical studies are needed to properly establish the beam parameters that are necessary to produce the FLASH effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We report ultrafast recrystallization of perovskite (methylammonium lead tribromide, MAPbBr 3) by flash light annealing (FLA) for light-emitting diode (LED) application. Intense near-infrared (NIR) peak spectrum (830 and 900 nm) of flash light could rapidly heat MAPbBr 3 based LED structures over ∼320 °C without radiative damage. Cuboidal morphology of the perovskite active layer was evolved into the dense recrystallized structure with a noticeably small grain size (∼38 nm) by FLA, which significantly promoted the radiative recombination. Surface roughness (root mean square (RMS)) of the perovskite layer was decreased by 62% (from 8.47 to 3.22 nm) via FLA, while inhibiting the leakage current that limit current efficiency (CE) of perovskite LED (PeLED). Three dimensional temperature simulation was investigated for the mechanism of flash-induced MAPbBr 3 recrystallization. Finally, FLA was successfully exploited for the flexible PeLEDs on polyethylene naphthalate substrates, which exhibited 252% larger CE compared to thermally annealed counterpart. Image 1 • Ultrafast recrystallization of perovskite is demonstrated by flash light annealing (FLA). • Cuboidal MAPbBr3 was transformed into dense film with small grain size down to ~38 nm and smooth surface by FLA. • Current efficiency of MAPbBr3 light emitting diode was enhanced by 263% via FLA compared with thermally annealed counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Monte-Carlo simulation of a prototype electron LINAC. • Dose distributions in solid water were measured and compared with simulations. • Realistic electron irradiation conditions simulated in voxelised mice CT images. • 3D dose distributions and dose-volume histograms in lungs of mice were analyzed. Measurements and Monte-Carlo simulations were carried out to model the dose distribution of a prototype electron beam linear accelerator (Kinetron LINAC) to determine the dose to organs in small animal irradiations experiments. Dose distributions were simulated using the GATE8.0/Geant4.10.3 Monte-Carlo platform, and measured in air and solid water phantoms using a commercial scintillating screen detector and new EBT-XD Gafchromic films. The LINAC is able to produce 4.5 MeV electron beams at dose-rates ranging from Gy/min to thousands of Gy/s, and is used to study the radiobiological effects of very-high dose-rates that have been shown to protect normal tissues from radiation toxicity. Numerical simulations and experimental dosimetric characterisation of this electron accelerator were performed with the Monte-Carlo toolkit and various detectors. Absolute dose distributions in solid water were measured and compared with simulations. Realistic electron irradiation conditions were simulated in voxelised mice CT images. 3D dose distributions and dose-volume histograms in lungs of mice were simulated and analyzed. Measured and calculated depth-dose profiles for several beam configurations (energy and dose-rate) were compared. Beam emittance was validated by comparing measured and calculated beam sizes along the central axis in air: the deviation for all conditions was less than 1 mm. A good agreement was obtained between experimental dose distributions and the results obtained with simulations (<2% dose differences for lateral and depth-dose profiles). The method presented here, relying on few free parameters, can be adapted to very-high dose-rate electron irradiation to support the analysis of preclinical research experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animation demonstration is an important manifestation of multimedia technology. In the past, low flexibility and long research and development cycle are typical problems of animation demonstration system and video conversion technology. Through introducing an advanced teaching method (understanding approach) and multimedia technology (video conversion system based on SOPC) for theoretical construction, this study designed a video conversion system based on SOPC, finally constructed a multifunctional video conversion-based multimedia teaching system from the aspect of module design and functional design, and used a randomized controlled experiment to test students' learning outcomes in the course of college basketball. The results show that students' offensive understanding ability and defensive understanding ability improved greatly after the system was used in teaching. It plays an important role in improving the usability and effectiveness of multimedia teaching system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-high dose rate (UHDR, > 40 Gy/s), spatially-fractionated minibeam GRID (mini-GRID) therapy using very-high-energy electrons (VHEE) was investigated using Monte Carlo simulations. Multi-directional VHEE treatments with and without mini-GRID-fractionation were compared to a clinical 6 MV volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plan for a pediatric glioblastoma patient using dose-volume histograms, volume-averaged dose rates in critical patient structures, and planning target volume D98s. Peak-to-valley dose ratios (PVDRs) and dose rates in organs at risk (OARs) were evaluated due to their relevance for normal-tissue sparing in FLASH and spatially-fractionated techniques. Depths of convergence, defined where the PVDR is first ≤ 1.1, and depths at which dose rates fall below the UHDR threshold were also evaluated. In a water phantom, the VHEE mini-GRID treatments presented a surface (5 mm depth) PVDR of (51 ± 2) and a depth of convergence of 42 mm at 150 MeV and a surface PVDR of (33 ± 1) with a depth of convergence of 57 mm at 250 MeV. For a pediatric GBM case, VHEE treatments without mini-GRID-fractionation produced 25% and 22% lower volume-averaged doses to OARs compared to the 6 MV VMAT plan and 8/9 and 9/9 of the patient structures were exposed to volume-averaged dose rates > 40 Gy/s for the 150 MeV and 250 MeV plans, respectively. The 150 MeV and 250 MeV mini-GRID treatments produced 17% and 38% higher volume-averaged doses to OARs and 3/9 patient structures had volume-averaged dose rates above 40 Gy/s. VHEE mini-GRID plans produced many comparable dose metrics to the clinical VMAT plan, encouraging further optimization. • Very-high-energy electron treatments were simulated w/wo mini-GRID collimation. • Mini-GRID peak-to-valley dose ratios > 30 and dose rates > 40 Gy/s were achieved. • Pediatric glioblastoma plans were compared with 6 MV volumetric modulated arc therapy. • Mini-GRID plan metrics were comparable to 6 MV VMAT, encouraging further optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• VHEE beams have the potential of taking a place in novel FLASH radiation therapy. • The PBS delivery mode has been widely used in proton therapy and has the potential to be applied in electron. • Treatment plan consideration for VHEE FLASH radiation therapy. • A quantitative comparison for FLASH-related parameters between different energies was performed. Very high-energy electron (VHEE) can make up the insufficient treatment depth of the low-energy electron while offering an intermediate dosimetric advantage between photon and proton. Combining FLASH with VHEE, a quantitative comparison between different energies was made, with regard to plan quality, dose rate distribution (both in PTV and OAR), and total duration of treatment (beam-on time). In two patient cases (head and lung), we created the treatment plans utilizing the scanning pencil beam via the Monte Carlo simulation and a PTV-based optimization algorithm. Geant4 was used to simulate VHEE pencil beams and sizes of 0.3–5 mm defined by the full width at half maximum (FWHM). Monoenergetic beams with Gaussian distribution in x and y directions (ISOURC = 19) were used as the source of electrons. A large-scale non-linear solver (IPOPT) was used to calculate the optimal spot weights. After optimization, a quantitative comparison between different energies was made regarding treatment plan quality, dose rate distribution (both in PTV and OAR), and total beam duration. For head (80 MeV, 100 MeV, and 120 MeV) and lung cases (100 MeV, 120 MeV, and 140 MeV), the minimum beam intensity needs to be ∼2.5 × 1011 electrons/s and ∼9.375 × 1011 electrons/s to allow > 90 % volume of PTV reaching the average dose rate (DADR) higher than 40 Gy/s. At this beam intensity (fraction dose: 10 Gy), the overall irradiation time for the head case is 5258.75 ms (80 MeV), 5149.75 ms (100 MeV), and 4976.75 ms (120 MeV), including scanning time 872.75 ms. For lung cases, this number is 1034.25 ms (100 MeV), 981.55 ms (120 MeV), and 928.15 ms (140 MeV), including scanning time 298.75 ms. The plan of higher energy always performs with a higher dose rate (both in PTV and OAR) and thereby costs less delivery time (beam-on time). The study systematically investigated the currently known FLASH parameters for VHEE radiotherapy and successfully established a benchmark reference for its FLASH dose rate performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Characterization of set-up capable of proton FLASH irradiations. • Mean dose rates of up to 385 Gy/s and instantaneous dose rates of 1000 Gy/s were obtained. • Evaluation of ion collection efficiency of several ionization chambers in very-high dose rates. • Comparison of methods employed in the calculation of ion recombination coefficients. • Reduction in collection efficiency for very-high dose rates cannot be ignored in PBS FLASH experiments. Accurate dosimetry is paramount to study the FLASH biological effect since dose and dose rate are critical dosimetric parameters governing its underlying mechanisms. With the goal of assessing the suitability of standard clinical dosimeters in a very-high dose rate (VHDR) experimental setup, we evaluated the ion collection efficiency of several commercially available air-vented ionization chambers (IC) in conventional and VHDR proton irradiation conditions. A cyclotron at the Orsay Proton Therapy Center was used to deliver VHDR pencil beam scanning irradiation. Ion recombination correction factors (k s) were determined for several detectors (Advanced Markus, PPC05, Nano Razor, CC01) at the entrance of the plateau and at the Bragg peak, using the Niatel model, the Two-voltage method and Boag's analytical formula for continuous beams. Mean dose rates ranged from 4 Gy/s to 385 Gy/s, and instantaneous dose rates up to 1000 Gy/s were obtained with the experimental set-up. Recombination correction factors below 2 % were obtained for all chambers, except for the Nano Razor, at VHDRs with variations among detectors, while k s values were significantly smaller (0.8 %) for conventional dose rates. While the collection efficiency of the probed ICs in scanned VHDR proton therapy is comparable to those in the conventional regime with recombination coefficiens smaller than 1 % for mean dose rates up to 177 Gy/s, the reduction in collection efficiency for higher dose rates cannot be ignored when measuring the absorbed dose in pre-clinical proton scanned FLASH experiments and clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The condition for a liquid mixture not to flash is important in some cases, such as some process operation of aqueous–organic mixtures, applicability assessment of elimination of fire and explosion hazard by water in emergency response of the leakage of flammable liquids. Based on the flash point theory of binary aqueous–organic mixtures and the inerting effect on the flammability limits, a model to estimate the maximum quantity of flammable not to flash for an aqueous–organic mixture and its maximum flash point value was proposed. Validation of this model is conclusive with the experimental data for 5 miscible aqueous−organic mixtures. Overall, the model describes the experimental data of maximum flash point value and maximum quantity of flammable not to flash well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The condition for a liquid mixture not to flash is important in some cases, such as some process operation of aqueous–organic mixtures, applicability assessment of elimination of fire and explosion hazard by water in emergency response of the leakage of flammable liquids. Based on the flash point theory of binary aqueous–organic mixtures and the inerting effect on the flammability limits, a model to estimate the maximum quantity of flammable not to flash for an aqueous–organic mixture and its maximum flash point value was proposed. Validation of this model is conclusive with the experimental data for 5 miscible aqueous−organic mixtures. Overall, the model describes the experimental data of maximum flash point value and maximum quantity of flammable not to flash well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current antiretroviral treatments target multiple pathways important for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) multiplication, including viral entry, synthesis and integration of the DNA provirus, and the processing of viral polyprotein precursors. However, HIV is becoming increasingly resistant to these “combination therapies.” Recent findings show that inhibition of HIV Gag protein cleavage into its two structural proteins, matrix (MA) and capsid (CA), has a devastating effect on viral production, revealing a potential new target class for HIV treatment. Unlike the widely used HIV protease inhibitors, this new class of inhibitor would target the substrate, not the protease enzyme itself. This approach offers a distinct advantage in that inhibitors of MA/CA would only need to affect a subset of the Gag molecules to disable viral replication. To discover MA/CA-specific inhibitors, we constructed a modified MA/CA fusion peptide (MA/CAΔ) that contains the HIV protease (PR) cleavage site as well as a tetracysteine motif for fluorescent labeling. The HIV PR cleavage of MA/CAΔ can then be monitored via fluorescence polarization (FP). We have adapted this FP assay for high-throughput screening and validated it according to industry standards using a 384-well plate format. We have currently tested 24,000 compounds in this assay and here detail the screening methodology and the results of this screening campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: The Flash Center is engaged in a collaboration to simulate laser driven experiments aimed at understanding the generation and amplification of cosmological magnetic fields using the FLASH code. In these experiments a laser illuminates a solid plastic or graphite target launching an asymmetric blast wave into a chamber which contains either Helium or Argon at millibar pressures. Induction coils placed several centimeters away from the target detect large scale magnetic fields on the order of tens to hundreds of Gauss. The time dependence of the magnetic field is consistent with generation via the Biermann battery mechanism near the blast wave. Attempts to perform simulations of these experiments using the FLASH code have uncovered previously unreported numerical difficulties in modeling the Biermann battery mechanism near shock waves which can lead to the production of large non-physical magnetic fields. We report on these difficulties and offer a potential solution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We report the results of FLASH hydrodynamic simulations of the experiments conducted by the University of Oxford High Energy Density Laboratory Astrophysics group and its collaborators at the Laboratoire pour l''Utilisation de Lasers Intenses (LULI). In these experiments, a long-pulse laser illuminates a target in a chamber filled with Argon gas, producing shock waves that generate magnetic fields via the Biermann battery mechanism. The simulations show that the result of the laser illuminating the target is a series of complex hydrodynamic phenomena. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

On basis of the constitutive equation of FGH96 alloy and the relation between friction coefficient and temperature, the coupled thermo-mechanical model of inertia friction welding of FGH96 alloy is established using DEFORM software. The relation between the flash forming and material flow is investigated. The results show that the flash doesn't appear in the early stage of welding because the temperature and the velocity of material flow are both small. After the welding process reaches stable state, the material near two edges of friction edge flows towards the outside of friction surface, which results in the appearance of flash and the dimensions of flash increase with the continuance of welding time. With the increase of the initial velocity or the axial press, both the dimension and the bending extent of the flash are increased. Moreover, the method to determine the reasonable welding parameters is put forward based on the appearance of the flash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioassay based on the bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri has been successfully applied to test municipal wastewater toxicity, in fact, the ISO 11348-3 standard was especially issued to prescribe the application of this test in wastewater toxicity assessment. However, this protocol cannot take into consideration virtual toxicity caused by turbidity or color of the sample tested. On the contrary, the kinetic version of the V. fischeri assay (ISO 21338:2010: Water quality - Kinetic determination of the inhibitory effects of sediment, other solids and colored samples on the light emission of Vibrio fischeri /kinetic luminescent bacteria test/) was developed to mitigate the drawbacks of the original protocol. Municipal wastewaters are often turbid/colored. Two versions of the V. fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assays were applied for municipal wastewater samples, before and after filtering. In most cases, the traditional version of the bioassay detected higher toxicity than the kinetic version, most possibly implying that reduced light emittance caused by solid particles and/or color also contributed to toxicity readings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The use of multimedia technologies in education has enabled teachers to simulate final outcomes and assist s-tudents in applying knowledge learned from textbooks, thereby compensating for the deficiency of traditional teach- ing methods. It is important to examine how effective these technologies are in practical use. This study developed online learning-teaching resource platforms using Flash multimedia, providing interactive and integrated features in an easy-to-use user interface, in order to discuss Computer-Aided Drawing (CAD). The study utilized a teaching experiment with a non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design to test and discuss students’ professional cognition, operating skill cognition, and level of learning satisfaction during the learning process. No significant differences emerged between the groups in regards to professional cognition or operation skills cognition. However, a significant difference in learning satisfaction was noted, indicating that the coursework with multimedia Flash produced greater satisfaction than with traditional learning methods. Results are explained in detail and recommendations for further research provided. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A connectivity and realization method for the one-to-many remote network data transmission and storage was introduced in this paper. 3D LED display array needs large size data to display a stereo picture. This method was used in 3D LED display array to resolve data secure transmission problem. Combining the Intel 28FJ3A series Flash and Ethernet control chip DM9000A,it applied the Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and Verilog HDL programming technology to the system, implemented synchronic display and storage of stereograph, and reached 100 Mbps in the network transmission .Testing shows that the system is of low-cost,low-power and high-speed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: VRT was born to have the potentiality of constructing an effective learning environment due to its 3I characteristics: Interaction, Immersion and Imagination. It is now applied in education in a more profound way along with the development of VRT. Virtual Museum is one of the applications. The Virtual Museum is based on the WEB3D technology and extensibility is the most important factor. Considering the advantage and disadvantage of each WEB3D technology, VRML, CULT3D AND VIEWPOINT technologies are chosen. A web chatroom based on flash and ASP technology is also been created in order to make the Virtual Museum an interactive learning environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the increasing development and extensive application of embedded technology, the reliability of data storage for embedded systems increasingly become issues of concern for developers and users. Many methods to ensure the reliability of data storage in all aspects of the system design process based on the characteristics of embedded systems will be proposed In this paper and have certain significance on the reliability design of data storage in embedded system design. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Macromedia Flash Media Server (FMS) enables one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many communication in real time between applications created in Macromedia Flash. Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) was designed for high-performance transmission of audio, video, and data between Macromedia Flash Platform technologies. Flash software and Flash Media Server are ideally matched and is an effective method to develop marine MF/HF radio station simulator. With Flash software and Flash Media Server we can develop marine MF/HF simulator with high imitation,friendly interface and high system stability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Pulse intensities greater than 1017 Watt/cm2 were reached at the FLASH soft X-ray laser in Hamburg, Germany, using an off-axis parabolic mirror to focus 15 fs pulses of 5–70 μJ energy at 13.5 nm wavelength to a micron-sized spot. We describe the interaction of such pulses with niobium and vanadium targets and their deuterides. The beam produced craters in the solid targets, and we measured the kinetic energy of ions ejected from these craters. Ions with several keV kinetic energy were observed from craters approaching 5 μm in depth when the sample was at best focus. We also observed the onset of saturation in both ion acceleration and ablation with pulse intensities exceeding 1016 W/cm2, when the highest detected ion energies and the crater depths tend to saturate with increasing intensity. A general difficulty in working with micron and sub-micron focusing optics is finding the exact focus of the beam inside a vacuum chamber. Here we propose a direct method to measure the focal position to a resolution better than the Rayleigh length. The method is based on the correlation between the energies of ejected ions and the physical dimensions of the craters. We find that the focus position can be quickly determined from the ion time-of-flight (TOF) data as the target is scanned through the expected focal region. The method does not require external access to the sample or venting the vacuum chamber. Profile fitting employed to analyze the TOF data can extend resolution beyond the actual scanning step size. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The FLASH project was implemented from 2006 to 2010 under the EU FP6 framework. The project focused on using lightning observations to better understand and predict convective storms that result in flash floods. As part of the project 23 case studies of flash floods in the Mediterranean region were examined. For the analysis of these storms lightning data from the ZEUS network were used together with satellite derived rainfall estimates in order to understand the storm development and electrification. In addition, these case studies were simulated using mesoscale meteorological models to better understand the meteorological and synoptic conditions leading up to these intense storms. As part of this project tools for short term predictions (nowcasts) of intense convection across the Mediterranean and Europe, and long term forecasts (a few days) of the likelihood of intense convection were developed. The project also focused on educational outreach through our website http://flashproject.org supplying real time lightning observations, real time experimental nowcasts, forecasts and educational materials. While flash floods and intense thunderstorms cannot be prevented as the climate changes, long-range regional lightning networks can supply valuable data, in real time, for warning end-users and stakeholders of imminent intense rainfall and possible flash floods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study compared two programs developed as a learning tool for students to practise basic laboratory procedures. One was a Flash simulation program, the other a Second Life virtual reality program. A cohort of 93 bioscience students participated in the between trial. A control group was used to establish if using either program affected learning or confidence gains. Gains were assessed by collecting pre-demo and post-demo scores. Results showed no difference in gains between the Flash and Second Life conditions but both had significantly higher confidence gains than the control condition. However, the control group had a significantly higher pre-demo score casting some doubt on the reliability of the result. Students scored Flash significantly higher as a learning tool in an evaluation questionnaire. Furthermore, comments from the focus group demonstrated that the majority of students preferred to use Flash finding it easier to use, quicker and with less distractions than Second Life. The University of East London will now focus upon developing the Flash version of the laboratory procedures simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fractions Tutor is an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) designed to help students in grades five through eight with problem solving using fraction concepts. An ITS helps student learn higher order problem solving skills in a particular subject without teacher assistance. Through use of a Student Model, an Expert Module, and a Pedagogical Module, the Fractions Tutor observes how a student tries to solve various problems, breaking each answer into a number of steps which correlate to well defined concepts within the Student Model. Based on a student's proficiency with these concepts, the Pedagogical Module offers reinforcement of the proper problem solving techniques through use of lessons and activities, such as solving for the lowest common denominator and simplifying a fraction. The software was used by a group of 6th graders and a group of 7th graders for 25 minutes, preceded by a five-minute 20-question pretest and followed by an identical posttest used to gauge the students' level of improvement. The experiments yielded statistically significant results showing that both 6th and 7th grade classes get more answers correct on the posttest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a case study of implementing online video-based tutorials to enhance student learning. Initially, these tutorials were developed using a software product, Camtasia, to mitigate learning differences between traditional-based classrooms versus online classes. Because online students often did not receive the same hands-on and visual learning modality that was available to students on traditional classroom settings, tutorials were assumed to level the playing field between these two groups. However, after two years of developing and integrating these tutorials into online classes, it was found that only a small minority of students were using them. Other issues were that tutorials took a long time to develop, and many lecturers felt they were ineffective. This case describes the reasons the tutorials were developed, the integration process, issues raised, and implications for future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rich Internet Applications are the new trend in software development today. Adobe AIR offers the possibility to create cross-platform desktop applications using popular Web technologies like HTML, JavaScript, Flash and Flex. This article is focused on presenting the advantages that this new environment has to offer for the web development community and how quickly you can develop a desktop application using Adobe AIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explains the way in which, with the help of Action Script 3 in combination with Flash, a method of solving Sudoku game was implemented, through searching for the certain numbers and after that trying to guess for the squares where there are two possible numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the results of the study on the introduction of tetracys motifs at two different sites leading in a functional dopamine transporter. It states that the different positions of the dopamine transporter (DAT) is introduced for particular FlAsH labeling. It mentions the DAT is a presynaptic membrane protein in dopaminergic neurons that securely determines dopamine neurotransmission by the rapid uptake of released dopamine back into the presynaptic nerve terminal.

Summary: A simple and inexpensive method is described for creating short interactive pathology video tutorials requiring only basic computer skills. These tutorials provide a supplement to conventional instructional methods in pathology, engaging the attention and interest of medical students and pathology trainees and facilitating learning. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In pressure die casting, the thermal loads, injection pressure and clamping forces cause the individual blocks of a die to deform. This deformation results in gaps between the interface surfaces which, if big enough and in the vicinity of the cavity, permit material to seep into the gaps, causing flash. This paper describes a thermoelastic model to predict the deformation of the die so that it can be machined to prevent flash. The model is based on the boundary element method and allows the use of linear isoparametric or quadratic subparametric elements. Each die block is analysed as a separate problem. To avoid the occurrence of flash, the model suggests the amounts that should be machined from each die block. The predicted deformation has been experimentally verified by measuring the profile of a test die using displacement transducers and die impressions. It is shown that there is good agreement between the predicted and experimental results for different operating conditions. By machining the amounts suggested by the model, the test die was run without flash at operating conditions that had previously resulted in flash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lightning events could cause ionospheric disturbance on performance of radio signals which could lead to errors. The objective of the study is to investigate the response of vertical total electron content (VTEC) during lightning activity over the Antarctic Peninsula for the year 2017. The lightning data were obtained from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) while the lightning flash data were obtained from the Lightning Detector (LD350) which can detect positive and negative cloud-to-ground (+CG and -CG) flashes. The VTEC data were analyzed from the GPS's ground based station for Carlini (CARL), O'Higgins (OHI2) and Palmer (PALV). The yearly lightning distribution was 117 strikes during low geomagnetic storms. The average ΔVTEC obtained was less than 1 TECU because very low number of lightning activity was detected which contributed to a very low increment of VTEC. The lightning flash per hour was in the range of 1200–1700 in February until April which indicates a very active lightning flash activity. From May until December, less than 200 flashes per hour were detected due to change in season. The lightning distribution for -CG was above 45% and for +CG, it was below 45%. The correlation between lighting flash and VTEC during low geomagnetic activity shows that 19% of the total events was a weak negative and weak positive correlation each as a result of VTEC complexity and thundercloud variation. VTEC enhancement could be contributed by halo film which was involved in ionization and strong sprite that penetrates through the ionosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]