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ABSTRACTIt is well established that individuals with poor mental health are less physically active than individuals with good mental health, in part due to symptoms like fatigue and cognitive difficulties. Despite the role of theory in intervention development, limited work has investigated the application of theoretical models of physical activity (PA) to individuals with poor mental health. This study tests a hypothesised model based on the Multi-Process Action Control (M-PAC) framework in individuals with perceived good vs. poor mental health. A secondary data analysis was performed on a cross-sectional sample of 13,881 Canadian adults. Participants completed a survey with items examining mental health, reflective processes (e.g., attitudes), intention, regulatory processes, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Three quarters (74.8%) of participants self-rated their mental health as good, and one quarter (25.2%) rated it as poor. A moderation model was performed using multigroup path analysis. There were no between-group differences for most direct pathways. The model was partially moderated by mental health. The effects of affective attitudes on intentions (B = 0.28, p < .001) and intentions on regulations (B = 0.36, p < .001) were significantly stronger among those with poor mental health. The strongest total effect on MVPA for the poor mental health group was perceived capability (β = .17, p < .001). The M-PAC framework may be helpful for predicting PA levels among adults with poor perceived mental health. Future research should prospectively test the full M-PAC model to better inform PA intervention research among adults with poor mental health.

Purpose: Framed by nostalgia marketing, this research draws upon lessons from ParticipACTION, a Canadian non-profit health promotion organization, to examine one of their most well-known campaigns, Body Break with ParticipACTION, in order to assess the potential role for nostalgia-based marketing campaigns in sport participation across generational cohorts. Design/methodology/approach: Exploratory sequential mixed methods involving two studies were completed on behalf of ParticipACTION, with the authors developing the research instruments and the collection of the data undertaken by research agencies. Study 1 was the secondary analysis of qualitative data from five focus groups with different demographic compositions that followed a common question guide. Study 2 was a secondary data analysis of a pan-Canadian online survey with a sample (n= 1,475) representative of the overall adult population that assessed awareness of, and attitudes toward, ParticipACTION, Body Break, physical activity and sport participation. Path analysis tested a proposed model that was based on previous research on attitudes, brand and loyalty. Further, multi-group path analyses were conducted to compare younger generations with older ones. Findings: The results provide direction and understanding of the importance of nostalgia in marketing sport participation programs across generational cohorts. For instance, in the four parent-adult focus groups, unaided references as well as frequent and detailed comments regarding Body Break were observed. Similarly, Millennials reported that Body Break was memorable, Canadian and nostalgic, with a mix of positive and negative comments. The importance of nostalgia was supported sequentially via results from the national survey. For example, while 54.1% of the 40–54 age-group associated ParticipACTION positively with Body Break, so did 49.8% of the 25–39-year age group, most of whom were not born when the promotion ran. Further, brand resonance was found to explain 4% more variance in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), the proxy for sport participation, for younger people compared to older people. Practical implications: Results provide direction to brands, properties and agencies around the use of nostalgia in sport marketing campaigns and sponsorship efforts. For brands seeking to sponsor sport properties to alter their image with potential consumers in a new market, associating with a sport property that many view as nostalgic could improve the impact of the campaign. On the sport property side, event managers and marketers should both identify existing assets that members or fans are nostalgic about, as well as consider building nostalgia into current and new properties they develop. Originality/value: This research is valuable to the sport marketing and sponsorship literature through several contributions. First, the use of nostalgia marketing, and nostalgia in general, is novel in the sport marketing and sponsorship literature, with future research in nostalgia and sponsorship recommended. Second, the potential to adopt or adapt Body Break to other sport participation and physical activity properties is empirically supported. Finally, the finding that very effective promotions can have a long-lasting effect, both on those who experienced the campaigns as well as younger populations who only heard about it, is notable.

Background: Children from families speaking a non-official language at home may be particularly at risk for low physical activity (PA), underscoring a need to investigate correlates of PA in this subpopulation. Methods: We recruited 478 children in 37 schools stratified by area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and type of urbanization within three regions of Canada. Steps/day were measured using SC-StepRx pedometers. We assessed potential social-ecological correlates with child and parent surveys. We used gender-stratified linear mixed models to examine the correlates of steps/day. Results: Outdoor time was the strongest correlate of boys’ and girls’ PA. Lower area-level SES was associated with less PA among boys, but outdoor time attenuated this difference. The strength of association between outdoor time and PA decreased with age in boys and increased with age in girls. Discussion: Outdoor time was the most consistent correlate of PA. Future interventions should promote outdoor time and address socioeconomic disparities.

ABSTRACTOver a 30-year period, we have authored five versions of the textbook Psychology of Physical Activity. This provides us with more than three decades of experience to reflect on the field of the psychology of physical activity. Typically, the book has been structured around the three themes of determinants/correlates and theory, mental health outcomes, and behaviour change interventions. In the current paper, we delimit our reflections to physical activity correlates and barriers, and the use of theory. Overall, the field has expanded greatly. Physical activity is central to most national preventive health policy initiatives and is now highly visible. Over the 30 years of our book writing, we have seen trends in the correlates and barriers for physical activity that reflect an increasing recognition of the different types and intensities of physical activity, some reflecting in a “systems thinking” approach that recognises the natural complexity of the behaviour and its settings. But further work is recommended in gaining clarity on the frequently stated barrier of “lack of time” and assumed physical activity correlate of enjoyment. Moreover, the move to a dual-process approach to theory is one that will continue to develop but may need more work in its application to behaviour change. A reflection across recent editions of the book suggest that some good progress has been made, but not universally so.

• The influence of biopsychosocial-ecological correlates on motor competence (MC) varied based on gender and the specific fundamental movement skill (FMS) categories.

This study examined the impact of COVID-19-related restrictions on the active transportation (AT) of Canadian adults and associated motivational determinants of such behaviour. Design and methods: A survey was conducted with 2,868 Canadian adults recruited as part of the Canadian National Active Transportation Survey, 2021 in November and December of 2021. Along with demographic information, questions assessed current physical activity (PA), changes in transportation modalities (i.e., AT, private vehicle, public transport, ride hailing) related to the pandemic, and beliefs about AT according to the capability, opportunity, motivation, behaviour (COM-B) model. A series of multinomial regressions were constructed to examine associations between shifts in AT and the COM-B components.

Objectives: Public health restrictions varied by region during the COVID-19 pandemic and reduced opportunities for children to be physically active. The purpose of this study was to assess regional differences in movement behaviours of Canadian children and youth during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A national sample of Canadian parents (n=1568; 58% women) of children and youth (5–17 years of age) completed an online survey. Participants were classified based on region of residence (British Columbia, Prairies, Ontario, Quebec, or Atlantic Canada). Differences in movement and play behaviours (physical activity, outdoor play, sleep, screen time) between children and youth living in different regions were examined. Results: Compared to children and youth in Quebec (the region with the highest COVID-19 prevalence), children and youth in the Prairies (F(1,1563)=9.0, p=0.01) and Atlantic Canada (F(1,1563)=17.1, p&lt;0.001) participated in more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Compared to Quebec, living in Atlantic Canada increased the odds of meeting the MVPA guideline (odds ratio (OR)=2.1, p=0.02), living in Ontario decreased the odds of meeting the sleep guideline (OR=0.6, p=0.01), and living in Ontario (OR=0.7, p=0.04) or Atlantic Canada (OR=0.6, p=0.049) decreased the odds of meeting the screen time guideline. Children and youth in Atlantic Canada demonstrated smaller declines in outdoor play than their counterparts in Quebec. Conclusion: Movement and play behaviours varied between regions of Canada where the highest COVID-19 prevalence corresponded to lower odds of meeting the physical activity guidelines. Low compliance with 24-hour movement guidelines suggests that regional pandemic recovery plans need to prioritize opportunities for healthy movement.

Children and youth with impairments in social skills and/or cognition face many barriers to community participation specifically physical activity (PA) (e.g., limited staff training). Inclusive PA settings may provide opportunities for children and youth with and without impairments to engage together and promote physical and social skill development. The purpose of this scoping review was to critically evaluate the literature on out-of-school PA programs (i.e., non-curriculum programming) that included children and/or youth with impairments in social skills and/or cognition. A keyword search of seven databases followed by eligibility screening led to ten articles for this scoping review. For each included study, two research team members independently extracted and synthesized the data, and appraised the study reporting quality using the published quality assessment tool (QATSDD). Experts' evaluation of the research literature was obtained. Ten studies, which varied from low to high reporting quality, collectively addressed the following outcomes, with all showing mixed impacts: anthropometrics and fitness; motor and sport skills; psychological well-being; and socialization. Experts suggested routes forward for research and practice including longitudinal designs and programming variety to meet individual needs. Out-of-school PA programs that include children and/or youth with impairments in social skills and/or cognition provide an opportunity to improve multiple areas of health and wellness. However, limited high-quality research has been conducted to-date. Further evaluation of program effectiveness is warranted.

To reduce the spread of COVID-19, public health authorities across the country have recommended that Canadians keep their distance, wash their hands, and stay home. To enforce these measures, restrictions on outdoor behaviour have been implemented, limiting access to parks and recreational outdoor spaces. New evidence shows that COVID-19 restrictions are associated with an overall lower amount of time spent in outdoor play among Canadian children and youth. This is concerning, as outdoor play is important for children’s physical and mental health and helps provide them with a sense of control during times of uncertainty and stress. As policies on access to the outdoors during the COVID-19 outbreak vary by province, it is possible that policy differences have led to regional differences in changes in outdoor play among children and youth. In this commentary, we examine regional differences in outdoor play among children and youth across Canada, and the association between provincial policies related to COVID-19 and outdoor play. We argue that through the recovery process, in the event of a second wave of infections, and in preparing for future public health challenges, policy decisions should consider ways to preserve outdoor play for Canadian children and youth.

Background and Purpose:E-health interventions can provide Canadian adolescents (13–17 years old) with personalized support to help them modify their obesogenic behaviors. However, use of e-health interventions among adolescents has not been extensively examined. This study examined user characteristics and parenting practices associated with adolescents' initial use of the Aim2Be app; a health behavior modification intervention delivered through a smartphone app.Methods:A total of 371 adolescent–parent dyads completed a baseline assessment and were invited to use the Aim2Be app. Mean adolescent age was 14.9 years and 50.1% were male (n= 186). Mean adult age was 44.1 years and 34.7% were male (n= 129). Using Mplus (v.8), path analyses were completed to identify adolescent characteristics and parenting practices that were significantly associated with initial use of the app. Analyses were then stratified to explore whether these associations were confounded by parents' gender.Results:79.2% of adolescents (n= 294) initially used the Aim2Be app. Adolescent engagement in healthy behaviors was directly associated with increased odds of using the app (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–1.14), whereas autonomous motivation was indirectly associated (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.00–1.04). Structure parenting practices were indirectly associated with increased odds of using the app (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.00–1.04). When analyses were stratified by parent's gender, differences in the associations emerged.Conclusions:Both user characteristics and parenting practices were significantly associated with adolescents' initial use of Aim2Be. These findings will help inform future e-health interventions increase user engagement by identifying the characteristics of individuals who are not accessing the intervention, as well as identifying factors of the household environment that support use.

•During the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic, 2.6% of children and youth met all 3 recommendations, 18.2% met the physical activity recommendation, 11.3% met the screen time recommendation, and 71.1% met the sleep recommendation.•High parental perceived capability to restrict children's and youth's screen time best predicted adherence to all movement recommendations as well as the screen time recommendation.•Changes in children's and youth's outdoor physical activity/sport since the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic best predicted adherence to the physical activity recommendation.•Changes in children's and youth's sleep duration since the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic best predicted adherence to the sleep recommendation.

ObjectiveThe use of financial incentives to promote physical activity (PA) has grown in popularity due in part to technological advances that make it easier to track and reward PA. The purpose of this study was to update the evidence on the effects of incentives on PA in adults.Data sourcesMedline, PubMed, Embase, PsychINFO, CCTR, CINAHL and COCH.Eligibility criteriaRandomised controlled trials (RCT) published between 2012 and May 2018 examining the impact of incentives on PA.DesignA simple count of studies with positive and null effects (‘vote counting’) was conducted. Random-effects meta-analyses were also undertaken for studies reporting steps per day for intervention and post-intervention periods.Results23 studies involving 6074 participants were included (64.42% female, mean age = 41.20 years). 20 out of 22 studies reported positive intervention effects and four out of 18 reported post-intervention (after incentives withdrawn) benefits. Among the 12 of 23 studies included in the meta-analysis, incentives were associated with increased mean daily step counts during the intervention period (pooled mean difference (MD), 607.1; 95% CI: 422.1 to 792.1). Among the nine of 12 studies with post-intervention daily step count data incentives were associated with increased mean daily step counts (pooled MD, 513.8; 95% CI:312.7 to 714.9).ConclusionDemonstrating rising interest in financial incentives, 23 RCTs were identified. Modest incentives ($1.40 US/day) increased PA for interventions of short and long durations andafter incentives were removed, though post-intervention ‘vote counting’ and pooled results did not align. Nonetheless, and contrary to what has been previously reported, these findings suggest a short-term incentive ‘dose’ may promote sustained PA.

ObjectivesPhysical activity guidelines are evidence-based statements on recommended physical activity levels for good health. Guidelines, in isolation, are unlikely to increase population levels of physical activity; appropriate and effective communication is fundamental to maximising their impact. The aim of this paper is to provide a planning framework for physical activity guideline communication, including an overview of key audiences, aims and approaches.MethodsAll authors considered and agreed on the three broad issues to address by consensus. We identified key sources of evidence through scoping of the literature and our knowledge of the research area.ResultsWhether guidelines are global or national, communication of the physical activity guidelines should be informed by: (1) a situational analysis that considers the context in which the communication will take place and (2) a stakeholder analysis to determine the key target audiences for the communication and their values, needs and preferences. Audiences include policy-makers within and outside the health sector, other key stakeholders, the general public, specific population subgroups, health professionals and non-health professionals with a role in physical activity promotion. The aims and approach to communication will differ depending on the target audience.ConclusionCommunication to raise awareness and knowledge of the physical activity guidelines must be supported by policies, environments and opportunities for physical activity. Besides the intrinsic value of the physical activity guidelines, it is essential that substantial effort is put in to diligently planning, funding and implementing their communication from the outset.

The objective of this study was to identify facilitators and barriers to effective School Travel Planning (STP) implementation.

Objectives: Female sport participation is a prioritized action area in the 2018 Canadian federal budget for improving health and well-being. This study examined team sport participation prevalence and longitudinal associations with health-related behaviours among Canadian adolescent girls. Methods: We analyzed data from the COMPASS study. Participants included 1978 female secondary-school students who self-reported the following information at all measurement time-points (grades 9, 10, 11, and 12): socio-demographic, team sport participation status (consistent, intermittent and non-participator), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), dietary behaviours, smoking, cannabis use and binge drinking. Linear mixed models and generalized estimating equation models were used to examine team sport participation status in association with changes in health-related behaviours across grades. Results: The prevalence of team sport participation declined by an average of 38.4% between grades 9 and 12. Proportions of participants being categorized as consistent, intermittent and non-participators were 25.7%, 36.4% and 37.9%, respectively. Compared to non-participators, consistent participators reported significantly greater decline in MVPA (ß?=?-?2.77, 95% CI -?5.36, -?0.18), and the increase in odds of becoming more frequent cannabis users (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.00, 1.26) and binge drinkers (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04, 1.23) was significantly greater. Girls’ team sport participation had no significant longitudinal association with dietary behaviours and smoking status. Conclusion: Team sport participation outside of school settings is risky for prospective health-related behaviours in adolescent girls. Our findings highlight the need for investing in tailored participation initiatives that also consider how to prevent harmful substance use.

•Thematic analysis is used to assess unsolicited comments in activity-travel diaries.•Comments about data quality (measurement errors or context) were most common.•Affective responses, including apologies and reported frustration, were also common.•Most commenters were female, of higher education, and employed full-time.

Public health is critical to a healthy, fair, and sustainable society. Realizing this vision requires imagining a public health community that can maintain its foundational core while adapting and responding to contemporary imperatives such as entrenched inequities and ecological degradation. In this commentary, we reflect on what tomorrow’s public health might look like, from the point of view of our collective experiences as researchers in Canada who are part of an Applied Public Health Chairs program designed to support “innovative population health research that improves health equity for citizens in Canada and around the world.” We view applied public health research as sitting at the intersection of core principles for population and public health: namely sustainability, equity, and effectiveness. We further identify three attributes of a robust applied public health research community that we argue are necessary to permit contribution to those principles: researcher autonomy, sustained intersectoral research capacity, and a critical perspective on the research-practice-policy interface. Our intention is to catalyze further discussion and debate about why and how public health matters today and tomorrow, and the role of applied public health research therein.

UPnGO with ParticipACTION (UPnGO) is a 6-week workplace physical activity (PA) initiative aiming to increase habitual PA (steps) during the workday. Core intervention components included (1) self-monitoring of steps and action planning behaviours using a Web/mobile app with incentives and (2) organizational support, which included senior management’s role modeling and endorsement of the program. What is the effectiveness and levels of implementation of the UPnGO intervention? What is the relationship between effectiveness and levels of implementation? A single-arm, pre-/post-test study design was used. Participants were 660 employees from nine organizations who had valid step data and complete socio-demographic information at baseline. The primary outcome (mean daily steps) was assessed by Garmin VivoFit. Using the usage data from the UPnGO web-based system, a composite score for levels of implementation was calculated based on participant’s compliance with the self-monitoring component and senior management’s role modeling. Associations of interest were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Levels of implementation were highly variable across organizations (mean = 68.22% ± 18.75, range = 19.8 to 100%). A significant Time × Implementation (IM) status interaction effect was observed. When stratified by IM status, a significant increase in mean daily steps at week 6 was found among participants in the high (β= 540.01 ± 202.69, p= 0.011) but not low (β= − 81.54 ± 291.96, p= 0.78) implementation group. Findings suggest significant intervention effects in increasing average daily steps among participants who were exposed to optimal levels of implementation (~ 70%). UPnGO may be a scalable workplace PA intervention at a national level, although this needs further verification with more rigorous study designs. UPnGO with ParticipACTION (UPnGO) est une initiative d’activité physique (AP) en milieu de travail d’une durée de 6 semaines qui vise à augmenter l’AP habituelle (le nombre de pas) durant la journée de travail. Les éléments centraux de l’intervention étaient : 1) l’autosurveillance des pas et des comportements de planification d’actions avec une appli Web/mobile assortie d’incitations et 2) un appui organisationnel incluant l’exemple de la haute direction et son appui moral au programme. Quelle est l’efficacité et quels sont les niveaux de mise en œuvre de l’intervention UPnGO? Quelle est la relation entre l’efficacité et les niveaux de mise en œuvre? Un protocole d’étude pré- et post-test sur groupe unique a été utilisé. Les participants étaient 660 employés de neuf organismes pour lesquels il existait au départ des données validées sur le nombre de pas et un profil sociodémographique complet. Le résultat principal (les pas moyens quotidiens) a été calculé avec l’appareil VivoFit de Garmin. À l’aide des données d’utilisation du système en ligne UPnGO, une note composite pour le niveau de mise en œuvre a été calculée d’après la conformité des participants à l’élément d’autosurveillance et l’exemple de la haute direction. Les associations intéressantes ont été analysées à l’aide de modèles linéaires à effets mixtes. Les niveaux de mise en œuvre ont beaucoup varié d’un organisme à l’autre (moyenne = 68,22 % ± 18,75, intervalle = 19,8 % à 100 %). Un effet d’interaction significatif Temps x Mise en œuvre (MEO) a été observé. Après stratification selon le statut de MEO, une hausse significative des pas moyens quotidiens a été constatée la 6esemaine chez les participants du groupe de mise en œuvre élevée (β = 540,01 ± 202,69, p= 0,011), mais non dans ceux du groupe où la mise en œuvre était faible (β = −81,54 ± 291,96, p= 0,78). Ces résultats indiquent que l’intervention a eu des effets sensibles en augmentant les pas moyens quotidiens des participants exposés à des niveaux optimaux de mise en œuvre (~ 70 %). UPnGO pourrait être une intervention d’AP en milieu de travail extensible à l’échelle nationale, mais cela nécessiterait de plus amples vérifications avec des protocoles d’étude plus rigoureux.

Public service announcements (PSA) targeting physical activity are not always effective at enacting behaviour change. One factor that may impact message effectiveness is whether the message matches its intent (ie, what norm is being portrayed and received). The current study explored the effects of two PSAs on parents’ perceptions of outdoor play. Parents (N = 333) completed a pre/postexperimental online survey to examine the acute impact of a PSAon their perception of how often children play outdoors (ie, descriptive norms). Participants provided their descriptive norm perceptions and then were randomised to view one of two PSAs: (a) the Mr. Lonely PSA, which portrayed outdoor activity as not normative, and (b) a control message, which portrayed outdoor activity as the norm (VERB PSA). After viewing their PSA, descriptive norm perceptions were reported again. A two‐way mixed ANOVAindicated that participants who viewed the Mr. LonelyPSA (where outdoor play was not normative) perceived that children and youth played outdoors less frequentlyimmediately after watching the PSAcompared to before viewing it (P <0.05). No significant change occurred in the control condition. PSAs can alter individuals’ perceptions of whether they perceive outdoor play as normative among children and youth. As individuals align their behaviour with what is typical, PSAdevelopers should be wary of what message is being conveyed. In terms of activity, portraying that outdoor play is not normative may not have the intended outcome.

Over the past half-century active school travel has declined while driving children to school has increased. A greater understanding of why some children are driven to school when conditions support active school travel is needed. This study examined the relationship between parental perceptions and preferences with mode of travel to school among grade 5 and 6 students in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Environmental and distance effects were controlled for by matching children who travelled to school using different travel modes (walking or driving) while living in the same neighborhood and attending the same school. Survey data from the Built Environment and Active Transportation Research Project (BEAT) contained information on parental perceptions and preferences. A conditional logistic regression model tested the relationship between travel mode and the independent variables within the matched pairs (n = 118). Parental preferences were the most important factors related to mode choice within the matched pairs. Children were more likely to walk if the parents agreed that driving to school sets a bad example. Children were more likely to be driven if the parent perceived driving as easier and quicker than walking. Boys had higher odds of walking than girls. These findings confirm a need to address the concept of convenience in future research, practice and policy regarding active school travel.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to empirically test O’Reilly and Madill’s (2012) process model to assess social marketing elements of a multi-year partnership between Coca-Cola Canada and a physical activity microgrant program, known as Teen Challenge, managed by ParticipACTION, a Canadian not-for-profit organization that champions sport and physical activity participation. ParticipACTION’s Teen Challenge is a multi-year initiative that was developed in 2008 and involves over 5,800 community organizations (COs) and over 500,000 Canadian teens across the nation (ParticipACTION, 2016). Design/methodology/approach: A series of ten hypotheses related to the evaluation are tested using longitudinal data from event participants over a five-year period from 2009 to 2013. Findings: The study revealed that sponsor and sponsee shared objectives around sport participation, including the three found in this study. Practically, this is a positive result for sport participation properties who might now consider this as part of a sponsorship sales strategy. The research found that both Coca-Cola Canada and ParticipACTION have the following shared objectives in this particular sponsorship: motivate and support youth to get active and live a healthy life; remove barriers that youth face in getting physically active; and encourage more COs to be involved in the program. Conceptually, this finding extends the discussion of shared social marketing objectives in sponsorship proposed by Madill and O’Reilly (2010). Research limitations/implications: The findings support the sponsorship literature, in suggesting that shared objectives among sponsorship partners are important for the sponsorship to achieve successful outcomes (Cornwell et al., 2001). Shared sponsorship objectives can be utilized as a strategic tool for the sponsee to demonstrate the effectiveness of the program and to build a long-term relationship. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicate that COs which viewed partners’ collaboration as positive agreed that the Teen Challenge program made physical activity more accessible and affordable for youth. Practical implications: This study provides several important implications for non-profit organizations that aim to establish an effective social marketing campaign. One way for non-profit organizations to build a strong relationship with sponsors was through positive collaboration where the two partners work together (e.g. activation) to maximize the sponsorship’s effectiveness. First, it increased youth participation in the Teen Challenge program and made it affordable for teens to participate in other physical activity programs. Second, it enhanced Coca-Cola’s image as supporters of active lifestyle in the eyes of COs. Finally, it affected the likelihood that COs would recommend the program. Social implications: Results of the survey of COs that are registered with the program provides us with another important finding that positive partner collaboration is only one component of overall effectiveness. Another component would be to take action to communicate to COs that positive collaboration indeed took place in the sponsorship. One way to achieve this goal is to demonstrate to COs the importance of funding that the sponsor provides as well as the impact of sponsorship partners’ positive collaboration on the overall program. The authors also found that sponsorship partners’ positive collaboration in the delivery of the Teen Challenge program played an important role in whether COs recommend the program to others. Originality/value: The results of this research contribute to the evaluation of the sponsorship of a health-oriented social marketing sponsorship of a sport participation property or sponsee (ParticipACTION) and a major brand as sponsor (Coca-Cola).

The purpose of this study was to assess if adolescent sub-populations in Canada (i.e., based on race/ethnicity, sex/gender, socioeconomic status, and urbanicity groups) experienced a larger change in sleep duration and guideline adherence between 2019 and 2020 (pre-pandemic) and the 2020–2021 (mid-pandemic) school years.

Missing data is a universal research problem that can affect studies examining the relationship between physical activity measured with accelerometers and health outcomes. Statistical techniques are available to deal with missing data; however, available techniques have not been synthesized. A scoping review was conducted to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of identified methods of dealing with missing data from accelerometers. Missing data poses a threat to the validity and interpretation of trials using physical activity data from accelerometry. Imputation using multiple imputation techniques is recommended to deal with missing data and improve the validity and interpretation of studies using accelerometry.

Background:The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) conducted a revision of the 2009 guidelines by updating the evidence and recommendations. The scope of the 2016 guidelines remains the management of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults, with a target audience of psychiatrists and other mental health professionals.Methods:Using the question-answer format, we conducted a systematic literature search focusing on systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Evidence was graded using CANMAT-defined criteria for level of evidence. Recommendations for lines of treatment were based on the quality of evidence and clinical expert consensus. “Complementary and Alternative Medicine Treatments” is the fifth of six sections of the 2016 guidelines.Results:Evidence-informed responses were developed for 12 questions for 2 broad categories of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) interventions: 1) physical and meditative treatments (light therapy, sleep deprivation, exercise, yoga, and acupuncture) and 2) natural health products (St. John’s wort, omega-3 fatty acids; S-adenosyl-L-methionine [SAM-e], dehydroepiandrosterone, folate, Crocus sativus,and others). Recommendations were based on available data on efficacy, tolerability, and safety.Conclusions:For MDD of mild to moderate severity, exercise, light therapy, St. John’s wort, omega-3 fatty acids, SAM-e, and yoga are recommended as first- or second-line treatments. Adjunctive exercise and adjunctive St.John’s wort are second-line recommendations for moderate to severe MDD. Other physical treatments and natural health products have less evidence but may be considered as third-line treatments. CAM treatments are generally well tolerated. Caveats include methodological limitations of studies and paucity of data on long-term outcomes and drug interactions.(Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications, Inc., from The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry2016; 61:576–587. Copyright © 2016 by the Authors [https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716660290])

•Activity-travel analysis of school-based children’s independent mobility (CIM).•Objective measurement of traffic volume associates with reduced odds of school-based CIM.•Age, gender, and parental flexible work arrangements associate with school-based CIM.•Conceptual expansion of CIM to more broadly consider social difference is desirable.•The CIM literature should advance beyond ableism.

Active transportation (AT) and independent mobility (IM) represent promising avenues for increasing children's physical activity and minimizing car use. However, there are limited data on the psychometric properties of measures of AT and IM.

This study examined temporal variations in school travel mode and whether these variations predicted changes in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among adolescents (Grades 9 to 12).

Recent years have seen the emergence of a literature focused on physical activity outcomes among children, in relation to their transportation and bodily movement. As this literature grows, the importance of an integrated approach to understand a child's movement/ mobility behaviour is beginning to be recognized in policy and practice. Few studies examine patterns in children's daily activities and transportation together. In particular, an important research gap exists at the intersection of activity-transportation lifestyles and objective measures of physical activity. Using data gathered from 700 students attending grades 5 and 6, in 16 public elementary schools in Toronto, Canada, this research identifies patterns in activity-transportation participation among children, and their associations with various measures of physical activity. A two-step cluster analysis identified four distinct activity-transportation lifestyles, namely- Artists, Readers, Homeboundand Athletes. Athletesaccumulated the most daily physical activity. In contrast, the homeboundgroup had the highest screen time. Further analysis using logistic regression models identified that lifestyle group membership can be explained by gender, ethno-cultural diversity, neighbourhood-level income and residential location (i.e., inner-urban versus suburban). Findings from this study may inform future programming and interventions to address emerging guidelines focused on children's 24-hour movement.