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Background Molecular subtype in invasive breast cancer guides systemic therapy. It is unknown whether molecular subtype should also be considered to tailor surgical therapy. The present investigation was designed to evaluate whether breast cancer subtype impacted surgical margins in patients with invasive breast cancer stage I through III undergoing breast-conserving therapy.Methods Data from 2 randomized trials evaluating cavity shave margins (CSM) on margin status in patients undergoing partial mastectomy (PM) were used for this analysis. Patients were included if invasive carcinoma was present in the PM specimen and data for all 3 receptors (ER, PR, and HER2) were known. Patients were classified as luminal if they were ER and/or PR positive; HER2 enriched if they were ER and PR negative but HER2 positive; and TN if they were negative for all 3 receptors. The impact of subtype on the margin status was evaluated at completion of standard PM, prior to randomization to CSM versus no CSM. Non-parametric statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Version 26.Results Molecular subtype was significantly correlated with race (P= .011), palpability (P= .007), and grade (P< .001). Subtype did not correlate with Hispanic ethnicity (P= .760) or lymphovascular invasion (P= .756). In this cohort, the overall positive margin rate was 33.7%. This did not vary based on molecular subtype (positive margin rate 33.7% for patients with luminal tumors vs 36.4% for those with TN tumors, P= .425).Discussion Molecular subtype does not predict margin status. Therefore, molecular subtype should not, independent of other factors, influence surgical decision-making.

Background We sought to determine factors affecting time to surgery (TTS) to identify potential modifiable factors to improve timeliness of care.Methods Patients with clinical stage 0-3 breast cancer undergoing partial mastectomy in 2 clinical trials, conducted in ten centers across the US, were analyzed. No preoperative workup was mandated by the study; those receiving neoadjuvant therapy were excluded.Results The median TTS among the 583 patients in this cohort was 34 days (range: 1-289). Patient age, race, tumor palpability, and genomic subtype did not influence timeliness of care defined as TTS ≤30 days. Hispanic patients less likely to have a TTS ≤30 days (P= .001). There was significant variation in TTS by surgeon (P< .001); those practicing in an academic center more likely to have TTS ≤30 days than those in a community setting (55.1% vs 19.3%, P< .001). Patients who had a preoperative ultrasound had a similar TTS to those who did not (TTS ≤30 days 41.9% vs 51.9%, respectively, P= .109), but those who had a preoperative MRI had a significantly increased TTS (TTS ≤30 days 25.0% vs 50.9%, P< .001). On multivariate analysis, patient ethnicity was no longer significantly associated with TTS ≤30 (P= .150). Rather, use of MRI (OR: .438; 95% CI: .287-.668, P< .001) and community practice type (OR: .324; 95% CI: .194-.541, P< .001) remained independent predictors of lower likelihood of TTS ≤30 days.Conclusions Preoperative MRI significantly increases time to surgery; surgeons should consider this in deciding on its use.

Modern breast cancer treatment is multidisciplinary. Comprehensive breast centers are uniquely positioned to treat patients in a multidisciplinary fashion, providing timely diagnoses, state-of-the-art treatment options, and survivorship care. Important ancillary services can improve patients' emotional, financial, physical, and sexual distress. Patient navigators are the link between these provided services and the patient.

The advent of fully autonomous vehicles (AVs) raises many questions. While some appear purely technical, others engage matters of public policy, sometimes with a prominent ethical component. Our expertise lies in law and applied ethics, and so our inquiry will focus heavily on legal or ethical issues arising from a widespread adoption of AVs and their response in emergency situations involving animals. By “animals” we do not mean all other animals than humans. We will concentrate on interest-bearing animals. These are animals who possess a welfare or wellbeing, animals whose lives can fare well or badly from their perspective.

Microbiology is at a turning point in its 120-year history. Widespread next-generation sequencing has revealed genetic complexity among bacteria that could hardly have been imagined by pioneers such as Pasteur, Escherich and Koch. This data cascade brings enormous potential to improve our understanding of individual bacterial cells and the genetic basis of phenotype variation. However, this revolution in data science cannot replace established microbiology practices, presenting the challenge of how to integrate these new techniques. Contrasting comparative and functional genomic approaches, we evoke molecular microbiology theory and established practice to present a conceptual framework and practical roadmap for next-generation microbiology.

Using empirically derived relationships between temperature and development rate, deterministic and stochastic simulation models were constructed to predict the seasonal pattern of abundance of the sheep blowfly,Lucilia sericata. The number of day degrees accumulated each day by a cohort was calculated from the daily temperature pattern and the base temperature threshold for that stage. The diurnal temperature pattern was described by a simple sine curve relationship, based on the maximum and minimum temperatures. The stochastic model uses a Monte-Carlo simulation technique to assign random development rates to each life cycle stage generated from a Weibull distribution fitted to observed variation in development rate for each stage.The deterministic model typically predicts four discrete waves of emergence ofL. sericataadults each season, with the fifth generation limited by the inset of dispause. The stochastic model resulted in a similar predicted population but with less discrete generations than the deterministic model and it more closely resembled the pattern of blowfly abundance observed in the field. Sensitivity analysis showed that both a reduction in the base temperatures and the number of day degrees required for life cycle development increased the daily rate of development at a given temperature and resulted in higher mean numbers of flies present each generation. However, the pattern of blowfly abundance observed was more sensitive to variations in base temperatures than day degree requirements.

The article reports on the net surplus experienced by the organization the Fruitgrowers Charitable Trust in New Zealand for the year ending March 31, 2016.

In this article, the author focuses on the importance of change in business and discusses the challenges faced by him in the governance of the Horticulture New Zealand (HortNZ), an organisation for the fruit growing industry. He informs that the HortNZ has been formed by merging the fruit grower organisation VegFed and the Fruitgrower's Federation and the HortNZ has started the Future Focus Project in 2012. He also mentions that there is a need for succession planning at the HortNZ.

The article offers information on Trans-Tasman rivalry between Australia and New Zealand. It informs that Australia owns most of the trading banks on both sides of the Tasman and also generates the largest net profit in the world through its airlines. It further informs that New Zealand is largely focused as an exporter of horticultural produce and Australia has a large domestic market to support its industry.

In this article, the author discusses the need to close the gap and increase the level of understanding between city folk and farmers and discusses the contribution of horticulture industry towards the society with the growth of essential fruits and vegetables. He states that fruits and vegetables are essential parts of a good and balanced healthy diet and is important for health wellbeing.

In this article, the author discusses various aspects related to horticulture in New Zealand concerning the dry weather conditions, supply of water, and ways to conserve and protect the natural resources. He explores the impact of drought on horticulture across New Zealand. He further highlights the aims and objectives of the Land and Water Forum that is working on drafting strategies for the supply and use of water commercially, domestically and recreationally throughout New Zealand.

The article focuses on the tips shared by Ron Gall at his farewell dinner who recently retired from Potatoes NZ Inc. and the organization Horticulture New Zealand after serving 22 years. According to Ron, many growers of vegetable lines in New Zealand are production driven. It mentions that Ron focuses on following 10/2020 Horticulture Industry Strategy which states that growers should co-operate with each other for generating critical mass and efficient profitable marketing.

In this article, the author focuses on the benefits and eating experience offresh fruits and vegetables. He adds that that most children and their parents with low socio-economic standing prefer junk food over fresh produce. It also mentions of a quality index prepared by Yale University, Connecticut based on the nutritional quality of various food items including broccoli, soda and milk.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including one related to horticulture industry in New Zealand, the other on Fruitgrowers Federation and the third on high value crop in Central Otago.

The article presents the author's insights on the 2012 HortNZ conference. The author says that David Carter, Minster for Primary Industries, has addressed the HortNZ conference led a crusade with inaccurate information on the biosecurity system in New Zealand. He mentions that Carter's attitude has infuriated growers, in which the organization makes no apologies for Carter's comments. He adds that they are carrying out a role to support plant growers.

The article offers the author's insights on the supply chain in Australia and New Zealand. The author states that retail and supermarket chains in Australia are rapidly growing making an oversupplied produce. He adds that farm produce in New Zealand has long been gone in New Zeeland and growers are ensuring a true market return.

The author comments on the plan of the government in New Zealand. The author believes that despite the good intentions of the government to protect the fishing, horticulture, agriculture and floral and fauna of the country with biosecurity profiling, it affects the livelihood of growers. He states that the government should focus on cutting the expenses of unproductive activities instead of restructuring the Ministry of Primary Industries and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

The article offers the author's insights on the condition of export industry in horticulture in New Zealand. He mentions that horticulture is the sixth largest export industry in the country with more than 3.5 billion U.S. dollars export annually. He states that the value of exports is benefitting everyone particularly exporters who are driven by volume and commission. He considers the solid returns issue in export products as the problem evolving in the country.

The article presents the author's views and experiences on issues concerning biosecurity in New Zealand. The author states that he can fully understand why growers are upset about the arrival of Psa, as they have called an inquiry and compensation as well. According to him, HortNZ (Horticulture New Zealand) remains a leader in the united industry approach to biosecurity.

The article presents the author's insights on the works done by the Horticulture New Zealand (HortNZ) for growers in the media to raise the profile of the industry. The author reveals that the growers are supported by the HortNZ from every sector and region to enable them to represent the industry on Resource Management Act (RMA) issues. However, he adds that the work accomplished by the HortNZ is only appreciated by those growers who are directly affected by the RMA.

The article debates on U.S. First Lady Michelle Obama's remarks who wants that all households in the U.S. should have a vegetable and fruit garden for their own consumption. It discusses how far her remarks are right and what impacts it will have on the industry including what steps industry needs to take to enhance the freshness of produce in supply chain that would make commercial growers' offering at par to home-grown produce.

The article focuses on the challenges facing the horticulture industry in New Zealand. The global economic crisis and financial turmoil in the U.S. and Europe have affected the market appetite for export products in New Zealand while strong competition and price pressure from retail continues to dominate domestic fruit and vegetable production. The Horticulture New Zealand was also challenged as levy that funds growers in the country expires and requires a referendum for the funding to continue.

The author discusses the Resource Management Act (RMA) in New Zealand. He says that in spite that the legislation have good intentions, it comprises some provisions that send growers mad. He emphasizes that the RMA serves as the new growth industry of the country's local government. He stresses that the key ingredients for the RMA which include water, air, and soil are also the key elements for horticulture which cause tension and cost to growers.

The article offers the author's insights on the relationship between Australia and New Zealand in terms of exportation and importation of agricultural products such as apples. The author mentions that apple growers in New Zealand are protesting their inability to face competition, along with the policy of Australia to buy Australian-made products. Furthermore, the clamor of New Zealanders to boycott Australian-made products is discussed.

In this article the author discusses the Government Industry Agreements (GIA) in New Zealand to streamline and improve its borders while protecting horticultural industry from biosecurity risks. He says that GSA is critical to the country and horticulture, but, the sector has been violated with the arrival of pests and diseases. He emphasizes that growers serve as the victims of such crime. He questions on where is the justice for growers as they will pay with their livelihood and life's work.

The article offers information on Horticulture New Zealand, an organization that manages industry wide issues confronting horticulturists and growers in New Zealand. The organization supports growers on the government policy issues such as the RSE labour scheme, RMA risk management, and the grower's use of water, education, and biosecurity. Moreover, HortNZ foresees that its biggest challenge is to communicate the role and the benefits of grower funded and owned industry organisation.

In this article the author discusses positive attitude farmers of New Zealand should maintain inspite facing problems. He states that inspite issues faced by growers they should remain hopeful for the future as the country's quality export has global demand. He mentions that spring is about to arrive and due to its warmth new crop begins. He highlights that the country local produce is the best tasting in the world which is envied by other countries.

The article presents the author's views on the developments in the horticulture industry in New Zealand in 2011. He remarks that as the economy tightens significantly, New Zealand market will lose an enormous amount of liquidity. He comments that each grower and horticulture businesses will be affected by the successes and failures in horticulture, human cost and the scale of destruction.

ABSTRACTBacterial cell division requires the formation of a mature divisome complex positioned at the midcell. The localization of the divisome complex is determined by the correct positioning, assembly, and constriction of the FtsZ ring (Z-ring). Z-ring constriction control remains poorly understood and (to some extent) controversial, probably due to the fact that this phenomenon is transient and controlled by numerous factors. Here, we characterize ZapE, a novel ATPase found in Gram-negative bacteria, which is required for growth under conditions of low oxygen, while loss of zapEresults in temperature-dependent elongation of cell shape. We found that ZapE is recruited to the Z-ring during late stages of the cell division process and correlates with constriction of the Z-ring. Overexpression or inactivation of zapEleads to elongation of Escherichia coliand affects the dynamics of the Z-ring during division. In vitro, ZapE destabilizes FtsZ polymers in an ATP-dependent manner.IMPORTANCEBacterial cell division has mainly been characterized in vitro. In this report, we could identify ZapE as a novel cell division protein which is not essential in vitrobut is required during an infectious process. The bacterial cell division process relies on the assembly, positioning, and constriction of FtsZ ring (the so-called Z-ring). Among nonessential cell division proteins recently identified, ZapE is the first in which detection at the Z-ring correlates with its constriction. We demonstrate that ZapE abundance has to be tightly regulated to allow cell division to occur; absence or overexpression of ZapE leads to bacterial filamentation. As zapEis not essential, we speculate that additional Z-ring destabilizing proteins transiently recruited during late cell division process might be identified in the future.

The author discusses the reshuffling of the cabinet of the New Zealand by the Prime Minister John Key and states that Nathan Guy was elevated to be the Minister of Primary Industry and to manage the horticulture industry of the country. He also discusses issues related to industry strategy for produce and export and biosecurity threats to the industry. He also discusses policies of the former Minister of Primary Industry David Carter related to water and irrigation infrastructure.

The article offers information on the Momentum conference hosted by Zespri in New Zealand related to kiwifruit industry of the country and current crisis related to plant diseases. The topics included the reduction of production by 30 percent due to crisis and the established capability of growers' market team and brand value in addition to the industry structure which will help in passing through the crisis.

In this article, the author discusses voting in support of the organization Horticulture New Zealand (HortNZ) levy referendum and thanks all the growers of New Zealand who voted in support of the levy referendum. It mentions that 85 percent of the growers voted in favor for the endorsement of HortNZ. It informs that HortNZ was established in 2005 and has gained the support of the horticulture industry including growers and product groups.

A recent argument in the neuroethics literature has suggested that brain-mental-state identities (one popular expression of what is commonly known as neuroreductionism) promise to settle epistemological uncertainties about nonhuman animal minds. What's more, these brain-mental-state identities offer the further promise of dismantling the deadlock over the moral status of nonhuman animals, to positive affect in such areas as agriculture and laboratory animal science. I will argue that neuroscientific claims assuming brain-mental-state identities do not so much resolve the problem of other animal minds as mark its resolution. In the meantime, we must rely on the tools available to us, including those provided by such behavioral sciences as cognitive ethology, comparative psychology, and ethology as well as the neurosciences. Focusing on captive animal research, I will also argue that humane experimentalists do not doubt that many of their research subjects have minds (in some substantive sense of that term). In that light, to suggest that the resolution of the problem of other animal minds would change the scientific use of animals misses the point at issue. Instead, what is required is a ‘sea change’ in the perceived grounds for human moral obligations to nonhumans. It is difficult to see how brain-mental-state identities could be the deciding factor in this continuing issue in applied ethics.

The article presents quotes from Andrew Fenton, president of Horticulture New Zealand, regarding the idea of competition that Australian growers and their politician will get used to, phytosanitary requirements for New Zealand growers and exporters, and their rise to such challenge.

The article focuses on the views of Andrew Fenton, president of Horticulture New Zealand (HortNZ) at the annual conference of HortNZ in 2011. It notes that Fenton statesthat the horticultural industry is made up of various types of growers who grow different crops. Fenton points out that corporate growers play a significant role in the horticulture industry.

The author expresses his thoughts for growers who were victims of the earthquake on February 22, 2011 in Christchurch, New Zealand.

The author discusses the importance for growers to manage product volume to match demand in New Zealand. The author says that growers have suffered the effects of rising costs both imposed by central government in the form of business compliance and higher minimum wages. However, he notes that the scenario can be changed by innovating and thinking of more value in order to ease their struggle for profitability.

The article focuses on the opportunities faced by the farm growers in New Zealand for 2011. It notes that export growers are preparing for the autumn harvest while some growers are in active harvest mode during the holiday period of fresh produce. Also, it mentions the Horticulture Industry Strategy to 2020 which presents the change that growers must act to improve the economics of horticulture.

In this article, the author discusses the response of the kiwifruit industry to the outbreak of Pseudomonas Syringae pv Actinidiae (Psa) bacteria in vines in Te Puke, New Zealand. He explores the significant role of Zespri Group Ltd., the Kiwifruit Growers Inc. (KGI), the Ministry of Agriculture's Biosecurity team, and other government agencies in managing the crisis. He further argues that such cooperation provides benefits and lessons to the entire horticulture industry in the country.

The author compares the condition of agriculture in Europe and New Zealand and the challenges faced by people engaged in agricultural activities in Europe and New Zealand. It is stated that, unlike the conditions in New Zealand, farmers in Europe, through their village markets, are surviving, despite the power of supermarkets. It is stated that, the one great advantage which farmers in Europe have compared to farmers in New Zealand is the size and geography of agriculture market in Europe.

The article presents the author's comments on horticulture and the 2010 HortNZ conference that was held in Auckland, New Zealand recently. It is stated that the theme of the conference was "hortitude," which is defined as a state of mind of people working in the horticulture industry. The author says that plant growers should try their best to stop government from imposing costs that make horticulture exporters uncompetitive.

In this article, the author discusses the issue for horticultural producers, grower groups and industry organizations regarding the problem of not being informed about horticulture in New Zealand. He gives two reasons over this matter, the total information overload and the growers' focus on issues that make money and are related to the product. The author also notes the importance of biosecurity that ensures the industry to have border protection system in place that growers can afford.