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The hydrothermal performance of a hybrid nanofluid made of graphene, gold/polydimethylsiloxane between two squeezing plates is discussed in this study. In the investigation of thermal transport of the flow, both linear and nonlinear thermal radiation's effects are taken into account. Bejan numbers are used to determine the system's energy efficiency. Viscous and thermal radiation effects on Maxwell hybrid nanofluid flow in a squeezing channel are incorporated to explore the outcomes. By applying similarity transformations, the set of ordinary differential equations in this case is transformed into the governing equations. With the use of the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg technique converted system is solved numerically. Skin friction and heat transfer rates under the influence of certain oriented parameters are numerically analysed and presented in tabular form. The impacts of different factors on the temperature and velocity profiles are illustrated graphically and briefly described. Important findings include that the Bejan number raises as the radiation parameter Rd rises, but that it falls with respect to the Eckert number effect. Additionally, the skin friction values and Nusselt number in the hybrid nanofluid case are larger than in the nanofluid case. Furthermore, it has been found that the Deborah number-described stress relaxation phenomenon causes the flow field and thermal energy transfer to be less efficient when fluids are moving. There is surprisingly little research on the hybrid fluid integrated into their issues.

ABSTRACTHybrid fluids retain excellent energy transportation properties similar to mono-fluids. Like materials they have appliances in obvious fields such as solar collectors and military equipment. This analysis intends to analyse the important thermal radiation effects on Joule heating by wall jet blood flow in the presence of a hybrid nanofluid over the moving surface. At present, they hold blood by the base fluid into nanoparticles such as silver and zinc oxide. The governing PDEs were converted by non-linear ODEs into applying approximate transformations. These transformed nonlinear equations were determined mathematically using the finite element method. The contributory results of the current research enhanced injection and nanoparticle concentration parameters that add to the fluid motion although the magnetic field strength controls the motion. Also, this analysis displayed that the hybrid fluid has a much fair effect on the mechanical properties of the cylinder to be cooled with strength, ductility, hardness and stiffness. Here applying hybrid nanoparticles inside of the base fluid-(water) increased its cooling efficiency by 15–25% subject to the applied per cent of nanoparticles and utilising (ZnO-plasma)+Ag was the good cooling medium to the (Ag-water)+ZnO to bring great strength, hardness and stiffness.

The effect of Stefan blowing on bioconvection of microorganisms mixed on non-Newtonian fluid with water-based nanofluids to an accretion/ablation of the leading edge was investigated in this current analysis. The effects of convective heat boundary conditions are one more important physical parameter in the flow investigation and have been studied for that analysis. Furthermore, the influence of nonlinear thermal radiation and irregular heat source or sink was more integrated. Even systems of conservative governing PDEs were transformed within the dimensionless structure of equations by utilising the appropriate conversion. The recent systems of equations including comparable transformed boundary conditions were again defined numerically for the use of the finite element method. It is notable about the accuracy and validity of the current numerical solution was an attractive understanding of the actual definite results in the literature. It is observed that velocity decreases by increasing Casson fluid parameter.

The viscoelastic characteristics of an incompressible, axisymmetric Casson–Maxwell nanoliquid flow between two stationary discs were examined in this paper. Two porous discs are constrained for uniform injection. The Christov model is used in conjunction with the Buongiorno model. In an energy equation with a nonlinear form, thermal radiation characteristics are used. In the current continuation, the impact of chemical reactions is taken into account, making the work more adaptable. Using appropriate transformations, the constructed model was transformed into a dimensionless form. The solution is obtained by employing the FEM technique. The related parameters are described using physical results. The radial velocity distribution at the center line was reduced using a magnetic parameter and a Casson parameter. When the Brownian motion constant and radiation parameter are increased, the temperature distribution of nanoparticles enhances. Furthermore, the rate of the reaction increases in the presence of a chemical reaction. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to discover a relationship between the Sherwood and Nusslet numbers. To determine the linear relationship between variables, the t-test method is used.

In this paper, the mechanism of radiative Walter's B nanofluid on a rotational cone under magnetic regime is examined. Time-dependent fluid flow caused by cone rotation includes implication theoretically and practically in engineering and applied sciences. Additionally, interesting characteristics of thermophoresis, Brownian motion, and chemical reactions are examined. Self-similar solutions are obtained by treating angular velocity as an inverse linear function of period toward too far from the cone. The Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg fourth–fifth procedure was used to replicate the performance of the course visually and obtain the numerical result of a reduced nonlinear system. Comparing the acquired result to previously published material is another significant aspect of the current investigation that serves to verify the outcome. The Brownian motion parameter is found to have conflicting influences on heat and mass transfer rates, along with temperature and concentration fields. The existence of chemical reactions, according to the research, may be more beneficial in developing reaction processes.

The present analysis considered the condition of unsteady stagnation point flow on ternary nanofluid (Cu-CuO-Al2O3/H2O)through the regularly affecting and convective heated stretchable cylinder by the effect on inclining Lorentz force. This influence on thermal radiation, velocity slip, viscous dissipation, and Joule dissipation were again integrated by the analysis. The suitable thermo-physical relationship in the hybrid nanofluid is cultivated into followed Xue form. With the help of appropriate comparison alterations, the controlling dimensional numerical equations were transformed by the dimensionless models. The governing equations are transformed through comparison transformation and mathematically tackled in MATLAB with a boundary value problem algorithm. These mathematical solutions were validated with the presented material. Tabular and graphical descriptions of mathematical information were utilized to analyze the physical effect on different relevant parameters in the ternary nanofluid temperature and velocity. This thermal buoyancy force hikes the fluid flow although the opposite direction was noted in magnetic parameters and velocity slips. This heat transport rate in the surface was enhanced by an improvement in thermal radiation, Biot number, and solid fraction of nanoparticles. Moreover, a 44.9754% enhanced decreased skin friction is observed by triple nanoparticle nanofluid it signifies its best behavior as related to both other nanofluids.

The brain is a complicated system that experiences energy and energy exchange problems. While silver nanoparticles are essential in cancer treatment, entropy analysis can be used to study the brain and its illness. In addition to the nature of the blood's thermophysical properties and the utility of silver nanoparticles over curved stretched surfaces, nothing is known about the dynamics of transient blood carrying silver nanoparticles when entropy generation and Lorentz force are important. So, a transitory irreversibility analysis problem (entropy generation/s law analysis) is studied in this work. As a counter example to Casson fluid, blood is used as the base fluid, which has a suspension of silver nanoparticles on a curved, stretched surface. Convective boundary conditions and thermal radiation are considered. By using the necessary similarity transformations, the governing equations for the current flow are converted into a nonlinear system. The finite element method is employed to obtain multiple results for the condensed system. The significance of various emerging parameters related to current study is stimulated and analyzed thoroughly trough the graphs of profiles of temperature and velocity, moreover, temperature gradient and drag force are also taken into account. The outcomes indicating that radiation and dissipation effects increase entropy As a result, entropy can play a crucial role in the artificial process used to analyze brain activity. Due to the presence of silver nanoparticles in blood flow, the velocity and temperature also increase.

In this article, von Kárman MHD viscoelastic fluid flow with second-grade model through a heated permeable disk on electric field is examined thoroughly. The effects of viscous dissipation and elasticity on fluid motion around the disk, temperature and space-dependent heat source/sink are also examined. Governing partial differential equations are transmitted into ordinary differential equations with similarity functions. Later, nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations was solved with the help of Galerkin finite element method. Accuracy and validity of the method were noticed by comparing our results with the previous literature. Simulations are performed in order to capture the dynamics of the physical situations against the variation of the pertinent parameters. Nature of heat flux and stresses of the physical parameters are discussed. Physical influence of heat flux, heat transfer is exhibited graphically at the surface of disk and increases when the values of Prandtl number are increased, whereas there is a decreasing trend in the rate of heat transfer when the value of Eckert number is increased.

The time-dependent stream of rheological Carreau nanoliquid carrying microbes through a rotating lodge through porous media in addition to irregular heat source or sink characteristics is the subject of this article. Due to the fact that the Carreau liquid can reveal the rheology of liquids with short-chain suspended particles, liquid crystals, surfactants, and human and animal blood, it is helpful to depict a range of physical problems. The influence of infinite shear rate thickness is combined to provide the mathematical formulation. Both the static and moving physical features are covered in great depth. Prior to using the finite element technique to solve revised equations numerically, pertinent similarity transformations are used to get equations in their dimensionless form. According to the findings of our study, the temperature and the thickness of the thermal boundary layer that corresponds to that temperature both improves the function that the thermal radiation factor plays in shear thickening and thinning liquids. Additionally, a moving wedge has a greater velocity than a static wedge. The thermophoresis factor's rising function is the concentration field. Furthermore, by increasing the Piclet number's magnitudes, the profile of microbes is diminished.

The silver and gold nanoparticles show noteworthy outcomes on anticancer therapies and antimicrobials. The silver was the noticeable anti-swelling and gold nanoparticles efficiently helped to convert these photons by heat into demolished cancer cells. So, the purpose of this work is devoted to studying the effect of linear radiation on the hybrid nanoparticles (gold and silver with hemoglobin) in a microchannel. This dimensionless numerical expression was determined mathematically into the finite element method. The second law study was required to predict these sources by irreversibility approximate into that thermal system. Although the comprehensive parametric analysis was well-known in the production of entropy may be enhanced into viscous dissipation and radiation form. That was established in the hybrid nanoparticles shows the greater Bejan number related to both hemoglobin and nanofluid.

In current challenge, the entropy generation approach is painted particularly as a powerful tool for the analysis of the brain function, in accordance with the theoretical and philosophical approach of Saint Thomas Aquinas. The present assessment is considered to look at the entropy minimization in MHD flow of a Williamson nanofluid flow past a stretchable surface under the effects of Thomson and Troian boundary condition. The flow is induced in the system because of the linear movement of stretched surface which is porous. Heat and mass transportations are the modern aspects in the flow, for this, theories of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux is used in this study. Moreover, viscous dissipation and thermal radiation impacts are taken place in the energy equation with linear expression. Additionally, the impact of heat generation or absorption with nonlinear expressions is also considered in the existing continuation which makes the study quite versatile. The finite difference strategy, for example bvp4c from Mat Lab is applied to solve the reduced ordinary differential equations. The proposed technique is more appropriate to solve the considered problem in the present analysis when compared to other previous works. From all these lines, observations are noted as due to the slip factor the velocity profile is declined and temperature distribution is improved. Because of utility of nanoparticles, Bejan number distribution is increased with the Weissenberg number and thermophoresis constant increments. From the analysis, present study is applicable in the fields of manufacturing processes and improvement in energy and heat resources.

The principle aim is to investigate the micro-inertia for vertex viscosity effects that were utilized about design to act on heat energy. Heat transfer was imposed out that unsteady distributed stagnation point flow by micro-polar fluid. That define the energy equation, Cattaneo-Christov heat flux figure was used for formal Fourier's law. Effects on exponential space-dependent heat source and linear thermal radiation were more comprise on the interpreted model. Numerical technique finite element method was occupied about the results to ordinary differential equations that were acquired against governing partial differential equations below the convenient equal transformations. This flow reach toward the departure domain displayed the absorbed flow aspect and opposite flow aspect susceptible on that physical parameters elaborate into the analysis. In view of acquired results, we observed that thermal profile downturn about extra sizably higher values of relaxation time, during increase into increasing radiation factor. An increase in vertex viscosity increases angular motion. Moreover, space-dependent heat digestion is extra applicable about cooling process. That more, the acceptance of current results was entire as growing analogy into actual circulated work.