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Australian journalists suffer time poverty in under-resourced workplaces, with most indicating that they skip reporting practices to save time. This article argues that convergence of factors including the industry's biggest workforce cut in history, global technological changes, economic losses during the 2012–20 period and unforeseen COVID-19 workforce stressors have caused chronic journalist time stresses, which in turn often undermine ethical practice. Study of 288 surveys and interviews of Australian journalists contributes a small body of valuable research on the commonality of time poverty experienced by professional journalists, and the tactics used by sufferers when there is not enough time to do all ideal work-time tasks. Analysis of collected qualitative data informs critical discussion of how time poverty can undermine journalism method. In conclusion, this article finds an overworked, underpaid and insufficiently resourced labour force remains an under-recognized legacy of journalism's mass job-cuts era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines various models of academic publishing and considers their relative advantages for authors, readers, academic institutions and society. Relevant factors driving authors' choice of the journal include the journal's scope, reputation and publishing model used. Authors' choices are shaped by the expectations of academic institutions and strongly determine both access to readers and the benefits to society. From an analysis of 174 journals in the tourism and hospitality field, four publication models are identified and compared: 'subscription-only' and the 'Green', 'Gold' and 'Platinum' open-access models. The findings of a survey of 42 editors of journals in the field are then presented. These suggest that subscription-based journals (subscription-only or hybrid) tend to be owned by commercial publishing companies and have the highest reputation, as measured by their position in one or more indexing systems. They also tend to have significantly larger paper submissions than open-access journals, especially those that use the Platinum open-access model. While some commentators have suggested that editors of open-access journals with article-processing charges may be tempted to lower their scientific standards to maximize revenues, no evidence was found that such journals have higher acceptance rates than their subscription-based equivalents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: A managed alcohol program (MAP) is a harm reduction strategy that provides regularly, witnessed alcohol to individuals with a severe alcohol use disorder. Although community MAPs have positive outcomes, applicability to hospital settings is unknown. This study describes a hospital-based MAP, characterizes its participants, and evaluates outcomes. Methods: A retrospective chart review of MAP participants was conducted at an academic hospital in Vancouver, Canada, between July 2016 and October 2017. Data included demographics, alcohol/substance use, alcohol withdrawal risk, and MAP indication. Outcomes after MAP initiation included the change in mean daily alcohol consumption and liver enzymes. Results: Seventeen patients participated in 26 hospital admissions: 76% male, mean age of 54 years, daily consumption prehospitalization of a mean 14 alcohol standard drinks, 59% reported previous nonbeverage alcohol consumption, and 41% participated in a community MAP. Most participants were high risk for severe, complicated alcohol withdrawal and presented in moderate withdrawal. Continuation of community MAP was the most common indication for hospital-based MAP initiation (38%), followed by a history of leaving hospital against medical advice (35%) and hospital illicit alcohol use (15%). Hospital-based MAP resulted in a mean of 5 fewer alcohol standard drinks daily compared with preadmission (P = 0.002; 95% confidence interval, 2–8) and improvement in liver enzymes, with few adverse events. Conclusions: Participation in a hospital-based MAP may be an effective safe approach to reduce harms for some individuals with severe alcohol use disorder. Further study is needed to understand who benefits most from hospital-MAP and potential benefits/harms following hospital discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are an abundance of commercially available lateral flow assays (LFAs) that detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Whilst these are usually evaluated by the manufacturer, externally performed diagnostic accuracy studies to assess performance are essential. Herein we present an evaluation of 12 LFAs.Methods: Sera from 100 SARS-CoV-2 reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive participants were recruited through the FASTER study. A total of 105 pre-pandemic sera from participants with other infections were included as negative samples.Results: At presentation sensitivity against RT-PCR ranged from 37.4 to 79% for IgM/IgG, 30.3-74% for IgG, and 21.2-67% for IgM. Sensitivity for IgM/IgG improved ≥ 21 days post symptom onset for 10/12 tests. Specificity ranged from 74.3 to 99.1% for IgM/IgG, 82.9-100% for IgG, and 75.2-98% for IgM. Compared to the EuroImmun IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), sensitivity and specificity ranged from 44.6 to 95.4% and 85.4-100%, respectively.Conclusion: There are many LFAs available with varied sensitivity and specificity. Understanding the diagnostic accuracy of these tests will be vital as we come to rely more on the antibody status of a person moving forward, and as such manufacturer-independent evaluations are crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this reflective essay we examined the experiences of a group of students from a small liberal arts college in the United States on a study abroad program to the Marshall Islands to intern as preservice teachers in Marshallese schools. Specifically, we examined 32 students’ critical reflections written once they returned from their programs. We interrogated their understanding of themselves regarding their privilege as American students and the inequality between the two nations. Through their teaching of Marshallese students, they deeply questioned the meaning of privilege, culture, identity, and community. We interpreted these experiences through the lens of transformative learning theory and the notion of constructive disequilibrium. When critical-transformative pedagogies inform these experiences, they nudge students out of their comfort zone and offer them opportunities to consider new possibilities that widen their life trajectories and develop global citizenship. We conclude with advocating for the importance of study abroad experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Caribbean Ornithology is the property of Society for the Conservation & Study of Caribbean Birds and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Illicit stimulants such as crystal methamphetamine and cocaine are a rising cause of morbidity and mortality in North America. Unfortunately, there are few evidence-based approaches for the management of stimulant use disorder. Contingency management programs are currently the best evidenced treatment strategy, designed to reward behavior change and offer competing reinforcers toward the goal of reducing substance use, but these programs are often difficult to access. Given that it is well understood that hospitalization presents a valuable opportunity for the initiation of treatment for a variety of substance use disorders, the adaptation of contingency management programs to an acute medicine inpatient setting is a potentially viable option to improve care, and to increase access to effective treatment for stimulant use disorders. Case Summary: We present a case outlining the clinical care of a complex medical patient admitted with osteomyelitis, whose course in hospital changed significantly upon enrollment in a pilot contingency management program in an urban hospital in Canada. Discussion: This case illustrates how effective treatment programs can be adapted as needed for use in novel settings, especially where current options are inaccessible, inadequate, or ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Neuropathic bladder and urinary system pathology, such as incontinence and stone formation, are the most frequently encountered complications of spinal cord injury (SCI) and neurological disease. This study assesses the patient population and current practice at a tertiary UK neurourology service following dedicated clinic restructuring in 2017. Methods: A retrospective database was created to assess all patients attending the neurourology clinic over an 8-month period. The database recorded patient demographics, pathologies and subsequent investigations and management. Clinical innovations such as dedicated patient questionnaires and the formation of a dedicated multidisciplinary team, and their subsequent impacts on service improvement, were also assessed. Results: A total of 99 patients attended the clinic during the study. The most common pathology was SCI (51.5% (51)). The most common complaints were continence and catheter issues (61.6% (61)). Urinary symptoms such as frequency (15.2% (15)), infection (13.1% (13)) and urinary tract stones (9.1% (9)) accounted for the remainder of presenting complaints. Operative intervention was required in 25.3% (25) of cases. Conclusion: Patients with SCI and neurological disease experience a range of urinary symptoms with significant morbidity. Ensuring upper tract integrity, safe bladder management and intervening when necessary to improve quality of life are important concerns for the neurourologist. The redesigning of a dedicated neurourology clinic has permitted the treatment of such patients with a systematic approach ensuring safe bladder monitoring and upper tract surveillance. The introduction of a validated patient-reported symptom score has helped objective monitoring of symptoms before and after specific interventions. Patient concerns regarding sexual function and fertility are increasingly being encountered and addressed in the clinic. Level of evidence: 4 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Photography has often been considered tainted as a source of research data, even in tourism, its natural habitat. This situation is undoubtedly a legacy of the prejudice that many social scientists held toward the use of visual data when the academic study of tourism took off in the 1970s and 1980s. Tourism research has therefore persistently favoured textual data over visual data. This paper argues that the power of photography to prove and move can be harnessed to bridge this theoretical and practical cognitive gap. Issues relating to the performance of photography, including those of timing and intent, as well as the speed of information exchange, need however to be considered when designing and implementing research using photographic data. This implies a need to review the 'circle of representation' of tourism destination images, as well as to divide participant-generated image methods into two strands: found photographs and commissioned photographs. Highlights • Tourism researchers have been prejudiced against the use of photographs as data. • The power of photography to move and to prove can be positively harnessed. • Issues relating to the performance of photography, such as timing and intent, have vital methodological implications. • Participant -generated-image methods should be divided into two strands: found photographs and commissioned photographs. • Recent changes in photographic practices and technology require the 'circle of representation' to be revisited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers solutions to some of the challenges around maintaining productive agricultural land close to cities in countries facing a decline in urban populations. In such circumstances, some farmers have been observed to convert their land into real estate and leave farming before land prices decline, therefore decreasing the area of agricultural land close to large cities. In contrast, many suburban farmers in developed countries remain in farming even when land prices decline and suburbs shrink. We argue that such behaviour can be explained by a desire to remain in farming, even at the expense of profits. In such cases, agricultural income may be supplemented by rental income or by selling land. This paper demonstrates that, when land prices are high, a preferential taxation system may help farmers with real estate income to retain more of their land. This study is based on data from a survey of farmers in Tokyo, Japan where, in 1992, a programme combining preferential taxation and restrictions on the conversion of farmland was implemented. Our findings suggest that farmers in more populated areas with a strong dependence on real estate income tend to continue farming, as do those in less populated areas who are less dependent on this income source. Analysis further suggests that imposing heavy taxes on residential property simply increases living costs for farmers and results in the loss of agricultural land and that policies which promote diversification and reduce housing costs are important for keeping urban fringe land in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Material artefacts evolve by cumulative cultural evolution (CCE), the accumulation of adaptive modifications over time. We present a large-scale experiment investigating the CCE of a social artefact in transmission chains, each containing 8 adult human participants (N = 408). The social artefact is what Wittgenstein calls a ‘language game’, the subset of language used to perform a particular activity; in the present study the language game is to communicate a route on a map. Two social learning conditions were compared: Observational Learning and Social Coordinative Learning. Participants tried to accurately communicate a route on a map to the next person in their transmission chain. Over the experimental generations the routes were reproduced with progressively higher accuracy in both conditions, demonstrating the CCE of the language game. The rate of CCE was comparable across conditions, but route reproduction accuracy was consistently higher in the Social Coordination condition compared to the Observation condition. In both conditions performance improved due to the accumulation of adaptive patterns of verbal route descriptions, and the progressive elimination of non-adaptive patterns. Whereas change in the content of the language game was similar across conditions, change to the communication process differed between the Observation and Social Coordination conditions. In conclusion, like material artefacts, social artefacts, in our case the language game, evolve by cumulative cultural evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upland farming provides important benefits to society. To retain these benefits, measures to encourage farms to adopt practices that balance economic, environmental and social aspects of sustainability are required. This study used survey data from a sample of farms located in less-favoured areas in Northern England to identify the trade-offs between the three dimensions of farm-level sustainability and the impacts of farm behaviours on them, including diversification, participation in agri-environmental policies and stakeholder management. Results showed that farm businesses may face a trade-off between improving economic and environmental performance through their decisions about participating in agri-environmental schemes and that strengthening relationships with some stakeholders is critical for achieving sustainability. This suggests that future policy design may simultaneously improve three dimensions of sustainability by promoting environmental conservation activities through non-economic incentives and by encouraging farm businesses to build good working relationships with their stakeholders. • Interrelationships and factors of 3 dimensions of farm-level sustainability of upland farms in Northern England identified. • AESs participation is a factor in economic vs environmental performance trade-off. • Social sustainability improved economic sustainability; opposite not true. • Family decision-making aids social sustainability not environmental sustainability. • Measures to support stakeholder management by farmers may increase sustainability performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the ‘mobility turn’, research in rural studies has engaged with new explorations of mobilities, beyond the now well-explored counterurbanisation and rural gentrification processes, including local and temporary mobility in diverse socio-economic and cultural contexts. This paper explores past and potential future mobility patterns in two regional towns in non-metropolitan Greece in the context of the ongoing financial crisis. Using a choice experiment, we assess the importance of settlement types, family networks, previous residency in the area, cultural opportunities and change in employment type in informing future mobility decisions. The analysis finds evidence of diverse mobilities, and distinguishes between two predominant mobility groups, i.e. counterurbanisers and local movers. We further look at relocation preferences for the two groups and find similar preferences for regional towns. In this context, we provide evidence for the potential emergence of an alternative, i.e. not rooted in pastoralism, version of the Anglo-American ‘rural idyll’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourists' photographs can serve as a rich database for researchers wishing to study tourists' perceptions and attitudes towards destinations. Such data can also be useful in examining how tourists behave, where, when, with whom and why. Many researchers favour the qualitative analysis of such data, which requires the use either of relatively small numbers of photographs or a considerable expense of researcher time and effort to undertake. Much of this process is speculative, in that it involves working with variables which may or may not prove to be significant in addressing the hypotheses chosen for the research. This paper recommends the use of a preliminary phase of research in which a quantitative approach is used to reduce the number of variables needing to be coded. Canonical variate analysis is suggested as an appropriate tool for achieving this. Case study results are presented to demonstrate the utility of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fulfil international conservation commitments, governments have begun to recognise the need for more proactive marine planning policies, advocating sensitive engineering design that can deliver secondary benefits above and beyond the primary purpose of developments. In response, there is growing scientific interest in novel multi-functional coastal defence structures with built-in secondary ecological and/or socio-economic benefits. To ensure research efforts are invested effectively, it is first necessary to determine what secondary benefits can potentially be built-in to engineered coastal defence structures, and further, which of these benefits would be most desirable. It is unlikely that secondary benefits are perceived in the same way across different stakeholder groups. Further, their order of priority when evaluating different options is unlikely to be consistent, since each option will present a suite of compromises and trade-offs. The aim of this study was to investigate stakeholder attitudes towards multi-functional coastal defence developments across different sector groups. A preliminary questionnaire indicated unanimous support for implementing multi-functional structures in place of traditional single-purpose ones. This preliminary survey informed the design of a Delphi-like study, which revealed a more nuanced and caveated level of support from a panel of experts and practitioners. The study also elicited a degree of consensus that the most desirable secondary benefits that could be built-in to developments would be ecological ones - prioritised over social, economic and technical benefits. This paper synthesises these findings, discusses the perceived barriers that remain, and proposes a stepwise approach to effective implementation of multi-functional coastal defence developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability potential of peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation sharing will not be fully achieved until sustainability is fully understood as a motivating force. This study examines the influence of perceived sustainability and familiarity on loyalty intentions with platform trust and satisfaction as mediators and age as a moderator. An online survey with 507 UK Airbnb users found that perceived sustainability and familiarity are effective drivers of consumers' loyalty in relation to Airbnb, alongside the mediators of platform trust and satisfaction. In addition, the effect of perceived sustainability on platform trust is greater among younger users, which feeds further to satisfaction and consequently loyalty. This timely study adopts an integrative approach which recognises the interplay of sustainability, familiarity, trust and satisfaction in predicting loyalty intentions for P2P accommodation. This can, in turn, help to unlock the potential of P2P accommodation to deliver more sustainable outcomes for people, places and the planet. ● Sustainability and familiarity are effective drivers of consumer loyalty to Airbnb. ● Trust and satisfaction mediate the relationship. ● The effect of perceived sustainability decreases with consumer age. ● Sustainability is an important precursor to platform trust and loyalty to Airbnb. ● Peer-to-peer accommodation providers must emphasise sustainability and build trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of how tourists react to unethical incidents in destinations are scarce. Based on an online survey (n = 1350) and grounded in cognitive appraisal theory, this study examines people's reactions to a hypothetical breach of ethics at a tourism destination. Results from a structural equation model suggest that the more severe the incident and the greater the attribution of responsibility to agencies within the destination, the more likely it is that an individual will develop hostile emotions toward the destination. The tourist may then decide to avoid the incident emotionally or to spread negative word of mouth (WOM) about it. The study also highlights the importance of a positive destination image in reducing hostile emotions during such incidents. Moreover, tourists will be more likely to re-visit a destination if they choose to avoid engaging emotionally with an unethical incident and less likely to do so if they spread negative WOM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although rural partnership working is a well-researched area, less attention has been paid to the particular challenges in IUCN Category V protected areas. This paper explores the policy and practice of partnership working in a case study Category V area—Northumberland National Park, England. Qualitative research was conducted through documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews with a sample of 23 stakeholders involved in the management of this protected area. It was found that a convoluted institutional history has shaped the present day approach to its management. The processes driving partnership working were understood in terms of governance factors with a relatively high degree of control and behavioural factors with a relatively low degree of control. There was a tacit acceptance among actors that success was dependent upon uncontrollable factors and in particular inter-personal relations between representatives of stakeholder bodies. These findings are important for all IUCN Category V protected areas reliant upon working within stakeholder partnerships to achieve sustainable development objectives. Management bodies can benefit from examining the history of these often complex webs of relationships and the implications for communications between organisations if they are to understand the processes that underpin this form of governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A better understanding of why EU farmers choose to join agri-environmental schemes (AESs) is vital to help policy makers design programmes that would be more attractive to participants. This paper identifies the key factors influencing farmers’ participation in AESs through a qualitative meta-analysis of papers published in peer-reviewed journals between 2000 and 2013. A range of empirical studies that explored factors influencing farmers’ willingness to participate in such schemes were selected and systematically analysed. The meta-analysis reveals several key drivers for participation in AESs including fair payments, lower household dependency on agricultural incomes, age and education levels, the presence of a successor and the ability to make progressive rather than step changes to agricultural activities. Of particular importance is the finding that the design of agri-environmental policy is not the only relevant factor influencing uptake but other policies which impact on the farm household and the rural community can also encourage or discourage participation in an AES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]