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AbstractThe vacuum vessel (VV) of the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) was designed to withstand the variable structural loads resulting from dynamic excitation, such as seismic and plasma disruption. Modal analysis, a powerful tool, was used to evaluate the structural dynamic characteristics, such as frequency and mode shape. In addition, the CFETR VV has three different temperature conditions: room temperature (20°C), normal operation temperature (100°C), and baking temperature (200°C).In this paper, in order to investigate the influence of such different temperature conditions to the dynamic behavior of the VV, three independent finite element analysis with the same modal analysis method were performed. According to analysis results, there are obvious thermal effects on the dynamic behavior, such as nature frequency and mode shape, among the different temperature cases for the CFETR VV. Moreover, the results show that the natural frequency for each order decreases as the temperature increases, and the mode shape of the VV also changed with temperature.

External factors often lead to predictable damage, such as chemical injuries, burns, incisions, and wounds. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics at wound sites underscores the importance of developing hydrogel composite systems with inorganic nanoparticles possessing antibacterial properties to treat infected wounds and expedite the skin regeneration process. In this study, a promising TiO2–HAp@PF-127@CBM inorganic and organic integrated hydrogel system was designed to address challenges associated with bacterial resistance and wound healing. The synthesized TiO2–hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanocomposites were coated with an FDA-approved PluronicF-127 polymer and combined with a carbomer hydrogel (CBM) to accomplish the final product. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibit enhanced biocompatibility against L929 and HUVECs and cell proliferation effects. To mitigate oxidative stress caused by TiO2-induced reactive oxygen species in dark environments for effective antibacterial effects, HAp promotes cell proliferation, expediting wound skin layer formation. CBM binds to inorganic nanoparticles, facilitating their gradual release and promoting wound healing. The reduced inflammation and enhanced tissue regeneration observed in the TiO2–HAp@PF-127@CBM group suggest a favorable environment for wound repair. These results align with prior findings highlighting the biocompatibility and wound-healing properties of titanium-HAp-based materials. The ability of the TiO2–HAp@PF-127@CBM hydrogel dressing to promote granulation tissue formation and facilitate epidermal regeneration underscores its potential for promoting antibacterial effects and wound healing applications.

As the key power part of the linear compressor, the linear oscillatory motor (LOM) has been paid more attention by both academia and industry recently for its compact size, high efficiency, low vibration, etc. In practice, the efficiency of LOM is significantly impacted by the changes in load parameters, of which the best working point can be tracked by the resonant frequency tracking control (RFTC). However, the traditional RFTC with the idea of stroke-current phase suffers some problems, such as slow tracking speed, low accuracy, fluctuate amplitude of piston, and so on. In this article, a novel fast efficiency optimization control algorithm based on the orthogonal current phasor model is proposed for LOM. This new model can achieve the decoupling of current components that act on piston stroke and system efficiency, respectively. Moreover, the driving frequency can be adjusted by current decoupling control with a designed phase-locked loop. Based on the aforementioned, the decoupling control of the LOM drive system can be achieved, which can simultaneously improve the system response speed and the output efficiency. Comprehensive simulation and experimental results have fully demonstrated the advantages of the proposed method.

The negative impacts of greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2emissions, have garnered widespread attention. Various old residential areas in China, built more than 20 years ago, have been undergoing urgent transformation to improve citizens’ quality of life, which may significantly reduce carbon emissions. This study developed a carbon emissions accounting framework for residential areas to account the emissions impact of residential transformation. The framework addressed the inventory classifications of landscape greening, residential buildings, water resources, solid waste, infrastructure and transportation. The consumption-based calculation model and bottom-up data collection methods were used. The results show that the transformation of two old residential areas achieved considerable carbon reductions of 17.16% and 33.37% in South and North China, respectively. The macro guidance of local policies, specifically those regarding local urban infrastructure construction, significantly aided the carbon emissions reductions. Based on the calculation results, a list of recommended technologies was proposed to reduce carbon emissions, and four measures (adding greening, improving the garbage recovery rate, separating rain and sewage and transforming envelope structures for energy savings in northern China) were recommended to promote low carbon development in residential areas.

Selective transformations at the more sterically hindered sites of organic molecules represent a frontier in the ability to precisely modify molecules. The lack of effective synthetic methods stands in stark contrast to the large number of encumbered sites encountered in molecules of interest. Here, we demonstrate that 1,2-bis(boronates) undergo selective alkynylation and alkenylation at the more sterically hindered C–B bond. Our preliminary mechanistic studies disclosed that this reaction can proceed through two convergent pathways involving direct coupling of sterically encumbered site versus 1,2-boron migratory coupling. Notably, this method facilitated convenient access to alkenyl and alkynyl boron products, which can be diversified by an array of transformations.

Multifunctional magnetometers enable high-precision observations of the geomagnetic direction and total magnetic field, which have broad applications in geoscience research and space weather forecasting. However, inconsistencies still occur between the optical and magnetic axes of classic multifunctional magnetometers, and few studies have investigated their direct detection. To address this issue, we propose a novel method for the detection of the optical-magnetic axis inconsistency. The magnetic azimuths for the magnetic axis and the optical axis of the multifunctional magnetometer are determined through the bias field loading and fluxgate theodolite, thereby allowing direct detection of the inconsistency. The proposed method is also modeled to quantify the detection errors introduced by the total-field sensor and the observation operation. In addition, we develop a dedicated experimental platform and conduct comparative tests at a geomagnetic observatory to validate the practicality and performance of the method. The experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly reduce the deviation of the declination curve measured by the multifunctional magnetometer relative to the curve measured by the fluxgate theodolite from $3959{}^{\prime \prime }$ to $19{}^{\prime \prime }$ , achieving a 99.5% reduction rate.

The absolute measurement of geomagnetic parameters can be applied directly not only in magnetic navigation and target detection but also in the correction of relative measurement. The absolute geomagnetic measurement generally adopts a combined measurement mode. Owing to differences in the principles of different magnetometers, it is difficult to comprehensively apply absolute data. To address this problem, we propose a novel automatic measurement model for the absolute geomagnetic total field and directions. Gearing toward field mobile measurement, we developed an integrated vector magnetometer using an improved Overhauser total-field sensor and a miniaturized spherical magnetic field generator. Component test results obtained for an artificial magnetic field generator show that the expanded uncertainty of Overhauser sensor with reduced dimensions was still below 0.10 nT, and the magnetic gradient formed by the applied bias fields had no negative effect on the performance of Overhauser sensor. In overall tests conducted in geomagnetic observatories, between the proposed magnetometer and a standard manually operated declination–inclination magnetometer, the differences of inclination and declination were only 14.40” and 12.96”, respectively. The noises of total field, horizontal component, and declination measured by the proposed magnetometer were 0.02 nT, 0.08 nT, and 0.47”, respectively, which are much lower than those of a state-of-the-art standard variometer. The proposed magnetometer is expected to be applied to unattended monitoring of geomagnetic field for the geomagnetic navigation, exploration of weak magnetic anomaly produced by the deep mineral resources, automatic remote detection of moving magnetic targets, fine-scale characterization of the plate tectonics, etc.

Accurate measurement of geomagnetic field inhomogeneity commonly necessitates the use of two or more magnetic sensors for differential measurements, and most of the geomagnetic sensors are unusable in large inhomogeneous fields. To address these issues, this article presents a new approach for estimating the geomagnetic field’s inhomogeneities based on a single Overhauser magnetometer. First, we establish the improved free induction decay (FID) signal model by integrating the phases of all protons over the entire Overhauser sensor in arbitrary inhomogeneous fields, which enables the inversion of the geomagnetic field gradient using the relaxation characteristics of the FID signal. Then, we propose a composite algorithm designed to accurately derive the relaxation parameters of the FID signal by carefully extracting and denoising its envelope and after that calculate the gradient of the geomagnetic field by the above FID signal model. Moreover, we designed a specialized Overhauser magnetic sensor prototype for measuring geomagnetic gradients and conducted experiments on a dedicated experimental platform. The designed prototype successfully measured the magnetic gradient even under high gradients of up to 10 005 nT/m, yielding a measurement error of 15.83%, with one sensor in the experiments. In addition, we employed this method to successfully detect unexploded ordnance (UXO) using the transverse relaxation time of the FID signal as an indicator. This application further validates the effectiveness and practicality of our proposed methodology.

To improve the reliability of control system and obtain the maximum output efficiency, it is very necessary to carry out the position sensorless piston stroke control and the resonance frequency tracking control for linear oscillatory machine (LOM) at the same time. The conventional resonant frequency tracking control method based on the model reference adaptive system (MRAS) has the problem of low estimation accuracy caused by inaccurate model parameters. In order to obtain more accurate resonant frequency, an improved position sensorless resonant frequency tracking control method is proposed in this article. In this method, the adjustable model is constructed based on the mechanical dynamics equation of LOM to track the system resonant frequency. A hybrid terminal sliding-mode observer (HTSMO) is designed to replace the conventional reference model, which can obtain more accurate velocity reference signal for adjustable model by introducing the current error feedback link, thereby further improving the resonant frequency tracking accuracy. Moreover, a second-order generalized integrator is introduced to filter the estimated velocity signal of HTSMO. The filtered velocity signal is not only used for the adjustable model to track the resonant frequency, but also used to obtain the smooth piston stroke signal for the stroke closed-loop control. Comprehensive simulation and experimental results have proved the effectiveness and the superiority of the proposed method.

Magnetic field sensing is of great significance for marine geoscience research and industrial engineering. This article proposes a high-precision and dual-mode Overhauser marine magnetometer, which integrates base station monitoring mode and towed mobile survey mode. To accurately extract the frequency of weak free induction decay (FID) signals in complex marine environments, a precision narrowband resonant pickup circuit is adopted to enhance the signal, and a short-time precision frequency measuring method is presented. In addition, in terms of long-range underwater power supply and communication, we propose an interactive communication method for the Overhauser marine magnetometer based on low-voltage power line carrier, which not only provides power supply but also supports reliable duplex communication at 2.4 kbps baud rate within 3 km in the case of twin-core cable. The effectiveness and superiority of the developed Overhauser marine magnetometer were validated through extensive laboratory and field experiments. Results from a standard magnetic metrology laboratory indicate that the proposed magnetometer covers a field range from 20 to $100 \mu \text{T}$ , while the indicated value error is less than 0.09 nT and the noise is less than 0.06 nT. The geomagnetic observation experiment demonstrates the reliability and the advanced performance of the magnetometer under base station monitoring mode. Furthermore, the comparison results of the marine magnetism survey under towed mobile survey mode show that the agreement of the magnetometer and the commercial instrument installed on board is 0.95, which proves the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed instrument for the marine magnetism survey.

For proton precession magnetometers, the influence of free induction decay (FID) signal noise on the frequency measurement procedure is a significant impediment to improving the precision of geomagnetic field measurements. However, the existing noise suppression methods treat the noise as a system, aiming to reduce its impact on frequency estimation without directly addressing the specific noise interference. To address this issue, an intelligent full-wavenumber fitting algorithm for measuring the FID signal frequency is proposed. It entails converting all the FID signal waves within the sampling cycle into a time series with the signal period as the independent variable. Effectively determining the frequency of the FID signal by fitting a linear regression on this time series of the full-wavenumber FID signal. Moreover, we introduce an intelligent noisy point detection method by analyzing the deviation between the time series and the fit curve. This enables targeted and localized noise elimination, resulting in improved noise suppression. To validate the effectiveness and character of the performance of the proposed algorithm, we conducted rigorous testing on a purpose-built experimental platform and the standard magnetism laboratory. Using a simulated FID signal, the results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can obtain a precision greater than ${1.47} \times {10}^{-{5}}$ Hz and a resolution greater than ${3} \times {10}^{-{6}}$ Hz within a measurement time of 1000 ms. When aligned the sensor of the proposed prototype is with a standard artificial magnetic field, it demonstrates a 0.0667-nT measurement precision.

Indoor and outdoor seamless higher precision positioning has recently become a research hotspot. Heterogeneous sensor fusion technology has emerged as a popular approach to achieving seamless positioning technology. However, the problem of ping-pong effects in cross-domain areas between indoors and outdoors still poses a challenge to high-precision localization. This article proposes a smartphone-based smooth positioning method for indoor–outdoor crossover areas that utilize global navigation satellite system (GNSS), inertial measurement unit (IMU), and ultrawideband (UWB) localization techniques. Essentially, seamless positioning is implemented by optimizing the subfilter factor allocation structure in the two-stage filter structure of the error-state Kalman filter (ESKF) and the federal filter. In addition, a monitoring and optimization algorithm based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and gray prediction model is designed to enhance positioning accuracy and system robustness. The experiment results verify that in indoor–outdoor cross-region environments, this method has higher positioning accuracy and robustness than the environmental discrimination-based seamless positioning method. Moreover, the algorithm ensures the smooth transition of positioning effect when the environment changes. This method distinguishes from other solutions by weighting different sensor data based on the data itself rather than environmental discrimination, which can suppress the impact of the ping-pong effect on the results and obtain smoother, more reliable, and higher precision positioning performance.

From 16 to 19 June 2023, the seventh IEEE International Conference on Predictive Control of Electrical Drives and Power Electronics (PRECEDE’23) took place in Wuhan, China as a hybrid conference. PRECEDE is a biennial international academic conference that focuses to provide a platform for experts, scholars, and industry professionals to share latest research findings and engage in discussions about future technological advancements. The conference was organized by the IEEE Power Electronics Society (PELS), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) in China, and Wuhan New Energy Research Institute.

The number of urban vitality assessment studies is rising continuously, owing to the emergence of geographic data. The current literature focuses primarily on evaluation, rather than implementation, of urban vitality. Hence, a scoping review and research agenda are needed for urban vitality research to be more practical. This study aims to fill the research gap by exploring the content and methods of vitality assessment that can make urban vitality research more compatible with policy, planning, and design practice. We chose the neighborhood scale, which is the most practical initiative unit for vitality enhancement. We discovered that the gaps between the current research and practice primarily lie in the diversity of research subjects, the authenticity and comprehensiveness of vitality measurement, and the multi-domain of impact factor analysis. On this basis, we classified the following expandable aspects: (1) multi-type, multi-dimensional, multi-temporal, and implementation-adaptive vitality evaluation; (2) methods reflecting high-quality social interactions and the perceptions of vulnerable groups; (3) how design and urban management impacts vitality; and (4) the synergistic effects of multiple indicators on vitality. Overall, the research content and methodology presented in this paper can help neighborhood-scale vitality assessment to provide more meaningful insights for policy makers and practitioners.

• The self-assembled Mn 3 O 4 @PF68 with OVA provide an effective antigen delivery nanosystem. • The designed paramagnetic nanovaccine possessed excellent OVA delivery to dendritic-regulated antigen-specific t cells. • Vaccination with Mn 3 O 4 @PF68-OVA offer complete protection in the prophylactic group and significant tumor inhibition in the therapeutic group. • The designed nanovaccine demonstrated high T 1− MR imaging in the tumor, and capability to real-time monitor the treatment procedure. Vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy has demonstrated a significant potential for cancer treatment in clinics. Although the efficiencies of vaccines are limited, they can be enhanced by a well-designed antigen delivery system that promotes sufficient antigen presentation of dendritic cells (DCs) for initiating high T cell immunity. Herein, antigen-loaded manganese oxide (Mn 3 O 4) triangular-shaped ultrasmall nanoparticles were prepared to stimulate DC-based immunotherapy under the guidance of T 1 magnetic resonance imaging. The FDA-approved triblock copolymer Pluronic® F-68 was used not only to transfer the phase from hydrophobic to hydrophilic but also to enrich antigen loading and improve the biocompatibility of the prepared nanoparticles. Ovalbumin (OVA), a model antigen, was adsorbed on the surface of polymer-coated nanoparticles through electrostatic interaction to form Mn 3 O 4 @PF68-OVA nanoparticle-antigen complexes to stimulate DC-based immunization and antigen-specific T cell immunity. The Mn 3 O 4 @PF68-OVA nanovaccine (NV) induces negligible toxicity effects against 4T1 and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) by conventional methods supports the proliferation of intestine organoids, which are an innovative three-dimensional cytotoxicity evaluation system, thereby indicating their potential safety for in vivo cancer therapies. The designed paramagnetic nanovaccine possessed excellent OVA delivery to dendritic-regulated antigen-specific T cells in vitro by stimulating the maturation level of BMDCs. In addition, Mn 3 O 4 @PF68-OVA NVs enhance immunity in vivo by increasing the T-cells and M1 macrophages, which suggests improved immunity. Excitingly, vaccination with Mn 3 O 4 @PF68-OVA offer complete protection in the prophylactic group and significant tumor inhibition in the therapeutic group against B16-OVA tumor. In addition, the designed nanovaccine demonstrated high T 1 -MR imaging in the tumor, further justifying enhanced tumor accumulation and capability to real-time monitor the treatment procedure. This study presents a promising nanosystem to design an effective nanovaccine for T 1 -MR imaging-guided tumor immunotherapy. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low number of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) present in the adult and aged primate brains represents a challenge for generating high-yield and viable in vitro cultures of primary brain cells. Here we report a step-by-step approach for the fast and reproducible isolation of high-yield and viable primary brain cells, including mature neurons, immature cells and NPCs, from adult and aged macaques. We describe the anesthesia, transcardial perfusion and brain tissue preparation; the subsequent microdissection of the regions of interest and their enzymatic dissociation, leading to the separation of single cells. The cell isolation steps of our protocol can also be used for routine cell culturing, in particular for NPC expansion and differentiation, suitable for studies of hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult macaque brain. The purified primary brain cells are largely free from myelin debris and erythrocytes, paving the way for multiple downstream applications in vitro and in vivo. When combined with single-cell profiling techniques, this approach allows an unbiased and comprehensive mapping of cell states in the adult and aged macaque brain, which is needed to advance our understanding of human cognitive and neurological diseases. The neural cell isolation protocol requires 4 h and a team of four to six users with expertize in primary brain cell isolation to avoid tissue hypoxia during the time-sensitive steps of the procedure.

Coil vector magnetometer is an advanced instrument that can perform integrated multielement geomagnetic measurements and has excellent prospects for geoscience research and resource exploration applications. The attitude deviation is one of the main error sources of magnetic direction measurements of the coil vector magnetometer. The existing attitude determination method requires the use of additional auxiliary instruments (e.g., a spirit level). Furthermore, this method cannot be used to perform direct determination of the directional shift of the bias field caused by attitude deviation, and the magnetism of the detection instrument inevitably introduces new measurement errors. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve high-precision attitude deviation correction. To address this issue, we propose a novel electrical method to enable direct, high-precision determination of the attitude deviation and the corresponding correction indicator for the coil vector magnetometer using only a single rotation of the magnetometer and applying bias fields, thereby realizing comprehensive high-precision hard and soft corrections of the attitude deviation via indicator alignment without relying on auxiliary detection instruments. In addition, we developed a dedicated experimental platform and then validated both the practicality and the performance of the proposed method in a geomagnetic observatory. Comparative experimental results for two coil vector magnetometers indicate that when the correction indicator’s alignment inaccuracy is less than 1 nT, the magnetic direction measurement error caused by the attitude deviation can be less than 6 in.

This paper investigates the speed regulation issue of the tubular permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (TPMLSM) control system based on sliding-mode control (SMC) and disturbance compensation technology. By introducing the terminal attractor on the basis of exponential reaching law, an improved adaptive terminal sliding-mode reaching law (IATSMRL) is proposed to ensure the state variables of the control system to reach their equilibrium points quickly and suppress the chattering effectively. Based on the IATSMRL, the sliding-mode speed controller is designed to improve the dynamic performance of the TPMLSM control system. To further compensate the lumped disturbance in the TPMLSM control system, the paper utilizes an extended sliding-mode disturbance observer (ESMDO) to obtain the estimated lumped disturbance. Then an anti-disturbance sliding-mode speed controller is designed to strengthen the disturbance rejection capability of the TPMLSM control system and further improve the dynamic performance. The stability of the controller is proved by the Lyapunov stability theory. Comprehensive simulation and experimental results have been carried out to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method.

In the aeromagnetic survey based on a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), the non-maneuvering magnetic interference generated by the magnetic components can significantly reduce the data quality of the airborne magnetometer. Aircraft layout modification is a standard method of addressing this problem. However, the existing layout modification methods rely heavily on personal experience and cannot precisely determine the overall layout of multiple magnetic components quantitatively and cooperatively. Even if the layout of magnetic components is determined through multiple experiments, obtaining an optimal suppression effect of the magnetic interference is difficult. An intelligent suppression method of non-maneuvering magnetic interference is proposed to address this problem. An eccentric multimagnetic dipole (EMMD) model that can accurately characterize the primary magnetic components is established; then, an intelligent cooperative optimization method for the layout of magnetic components based on the Aquila Optimizer (AO) algorithm is proposed to quantitatively determine the optimal combination of positions and orientations of multiple components. A dedicated experimental platform, including a nonmagnetic rotating stage, a three-axis fluxgate magnetic sensor, an optically pumped magnetometer, and an aeromagnetic tester, was built to validate the proposed characterization model and layout optimization method. The experimental results observed in a nonmagnetic laboratory demonstrated that the goodness-of-fits of the EMMD model to the total field and three-component magnetic interference generated by the magnetic components are all above 0.932. Furthermore, the total-field intensities of magnetic interference in the magnetometer areas located at the left and right wingtips were suppressed by 98.7% and 98.9%, respectively; the magnetic inhomogeneities in the two areas were reduced by 97.7% and 98.4%; and the magnetic imbalance between the two wingtips was reduced by 95.5%.

For the existing coil vector magnetometers, the negative effect of the geomagnetic background interference generated by solar activity has hardly been considered, making it difficult to further improve the solution precision for the magnetic direction. To address this issue, we propose a novel method of mitigating the measurement noise arising from the geomagnetic background interference. We combine the total field with the synchronous component data of the three-axis fluxgate magnetic sensor to correct the resultant field after applying a bias field in real time, and then propose a new measurement algorithm of magnetic inclination and declination to reduce noise. In theoretical evaluation, we model the measurement noise and then verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Moreover, we build a dedicated experimental platform to verify the practicality of the proposed method. Comparative observation results obtained in a nonmagnetic room of a geomagnetic observatory show that the proposed method significantly mitigates the measurement noise of the magnetic inclination and declination by 83% and 75%, respectively.

Position and speed information are very important to realize the efficient control for permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM). In order to obtain more accurate position estimation signals, this article investigates an improved position sensorless control method for PMLSM by combining an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC)-based speed controller and an adaptive full-order observer (AFO)-based position estimator. The AFO is constructed based on model reference adaptive system (MRAS), which can obtain more accurate position estimation signal by introducing a current error feedback gain matrix. However, there are lots of thrust fluctuations existing in PMLSM caused by end effect, which will affect the estimation accuracy. Since it is difficult to reduce the influence of thrust fluctuation by only improving the observer itself, an ADRC-based speed controller is designed to improve the anti-interference ability of control system, thereby improving the position estimation accuracy. For the ADRC controller, an second-order linear extended state observer (LESO) is designed to observe the thrust fluctuation and an nonlinear state error feedback (NLSEF) control law is introduced to compensate the observed disturbance. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method have been verified by simulation and experimental results.

Model predictive thrust control (MPTC) is one of the most effective approaches for linear induction machine (LIM) drive system. It can achieve the optimization of multiple objectives with suitable weighting factors, such as low ripples and fast dynamic performance. Due to the longitudinal end effect, the selection of weighting factor becomes particularly important in LIM. However, the process of tuning the weighting factors in the objective function is very long and tedious. In this article, a dynamic fuzzy MPTC approach is proposed to solve the multi-objective problem for minimizing the flux and thrust ripples. Based on the fuzzy optimization technique, the tuning process of weighting factors can be transformed into a discrete membership function. A “max-min” objective function of voltage vectors is employed to select a more balanced switch combination on the Pareto optimal-frontier for LIM. Furthermore, this approach can adapt to different operating conditions by adjusting objective priority of membership function. At last, comprehensive simulation and experimental results are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.

The cuprate high-temperature superconductors exhibit many unexplained electronic phases, but the superconductivity at high doping is often believed to be governed by conventional mean-field Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory1. However, it was shown that the superfluid density vanishes when the transition temperature goes to zero2,3, in contradiction to expectations from Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory. Our scanning tunnelling spectroscopy measurements in the overdoped regime of the (Pb,Bi)2Sr2CuO6+δhigh-temperature superconductor show that this is due to the emergence of nanoscale superconducting puddles in a metallic matrix4,5. Our measurements further reveal that this puddling is driven by gap filling instead of gap closing. The important implication is that it is not a diminishing pairing interaction that causes the breakdown of superconductivity. Unexpectedly, the measured gap-to-filling correlation also reveals that pair breaking by disorder does not play a dominant role and that the mechanism of superconductivity in overdoped cuprate superconductors is qualitatively different from conventional mean-field theory.

The information on the high-precision and multidirectional magnetic gradient is highly relevant to detecting and locating shallow subsurface unexploded ordnance (UXO). In this article, the design of a 3-D Overhauser magnetic gradiometer is presented. Taking the sensor array interferences and working efficiency into account, a time slice overlapping based operating time sequence is devised. A precision narrowband tuning capacitance network based on a cascaded subdivision strategy is constructed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of free induction decay (FID) signals. Additionally, a frequency measuring approach combining multiphase clock and multichannel is developed to suppress counting errors and improve the frequency measuring accuracy of FID signals. The 3-D Overhauser magnetic gradiometer’s effectiveness was validated through extensive laboratory and field experiments. The laboratory test results show that the magnetic measuring performance of each sensor from the Overhauser magnetic sensor array is consistent. The proposed 3-D Overhauser magnetic gradiometer is able to measure magnetic fields from 20 to $100~\mu \text{T}$ with an indicating error of less than 0.1 nT. The field exploration demonstrates the applicability of the gradiometer for shallow subsurface UXO detection within the urban complex electromagnetic surroundings. Overall, this study can provide support for the accurate detection and localization of shallow subsurface UXO under strong interference surroundings.

ABSTRACTIn this study, we focused on electricity consumption and household characteristics with Dynamic Pricing(DP) experiment in the collective housing complex of a Japanese Smart Community, which had been divided into two groups, Treatment group (110 households) and Control group (65 households). We collected and analyzed a questionnaire survey on the family attributes of residents and all housing electrical appliances to understand the actual conditions of household characteristics. The annual energy consumption by smart meters had been aggregated and analyzed to understand the actual conditions of electricity end-use of the households. The results showed the main factors of household, which affect the electricity consumption, were floor area, family number, income of households, and the number of air conditioner. During dynamic pricing experiment in summer and winter, we found that the implementation of Dynamic Pricing would affect household users' habits of using electrical equipment and had a contribution to energy peak cut. Through the hierarchical cluster analysis, we divided both group into three types of household characteristics respectively. The result has revealed that the family structure would affect the electricity consumption during Dynamic Pricing implement.In this study, we focus on energy consumption and household characteristics with dynamic pricing experiment in the collective housing complex of a Japanese Smart Community. we collected and analyzed a questionnaire survey on the family attributes of residents and the lifestyle of all housing equipment to understand the actual conditions such as the attributes of the resident generation. The annual energy consumption by smart meters will be aggregated and analyzed to understand the actual conditions of electricity consumption of the resident generation. Based on the aggregated results, a database of lifestyle patterns and energy consumption is constructed, and the relationship between each factor and energy consumption, and each lifestyle pattern has been analyzed.

The superconducting magnet system of a fusion reactor plays a vital role in plasma confinement, a process that can be disrupted by various operational factors. A critical parameter for evaluating the temperature margin of superconducting magnets during normal operation is the nuclear heating caused by D–T neutrons. This study investigates the impact of nuclear heating on a superconducting magnet system by employing an improved analysis method that combines neutronics and thermal hydraulics. In the magnet system, toroidal field (TF) magnets are positioned closest to the plasma and bear the highest nuclear-heat load, making them prime candidates for evaluating the influence of nuclear heating on stability. To enhance the modeling accuracy and facilitate design modifications, a parametric TF model that incorporates heterogeneity is established to expedite the optimization design process and enhance the accuracy of the computations. A comparative analysis with a homogeneous TF model reveals that the heterogeneous model improves accuracy by over 12%. Considering factors such as heat load, magnetic-field strength, and cooling conditions, the cooling circuit facing the most severe conditions is selected to calculate the temperature of the superconductor. This selection streamlines the workload associated with thermal-hydraulic analysis. This approach enables a more efficient and precise evaluation of the temperature margin of TF magnets. Moreover, it offers insights that can guide the optimization of both the structure and cooling strategy of superconducting magnet systems.

Functional dyes with a chromeno[b]quinoline skeleton (3a–d) were synthesized by one-step cyclization between coumarin derivatives and aromatic amines under the promotion of anhydrous aluminum chloride in 41.2–45.8% yields. Their maximum absorption and emission wavelengths locate at 358–396 and 420–603 nm with large Stokes shifts (168–231 nm), and their intramolecular charge transfer has been corroborated by density functional theory calculations. Cell experiments have proved that the probes 3a–cpossess the ability to target lipid droplets.

AbstractThe China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is the next tokamak device in China to bridge the gaps between ITER and the DEMOnstration nuclear fusion reactor (DEMO). The CFETR vacuum vessel (VV) was designed to remove nuclear heating, provide safety shielding, and maintain a high-quality vacuum environment. Seismic load is considered one of the most relevant accidental events affecting the structural integrity of the VV. In order to investigate the resistance of the CFETR VV against seismic load, finite element models of the VV were built. In this paper, equivalent static and response spectrum analyses were carried out to calculate displacements and stress fields aiming to check the response of the CFETR VV against a foreseen seismic load. The resulting stresses are lower than the allowable limits and satisfy the design requirements.