Search

Molecular methods are one of the most effective tools to monitor fungicide resistance. Long-read sequencing is an emerging technology in the field of plant pathology. We developed a PCR-based Oxford Nanopore Technologies amplicon sequencing method allowing the simultaneous detection and quantification of Plasmopara viticola variants conferring fungicide resistance to complex III inhibitors, zoxamide and oxathiapiprolin in the same vineyard population. Analysis of cyt b gene variants in natural P. viticolapopulations showed that almost all samples (23 out of 24 populations) collected in France contain variants G143A, S34L and/or E203-DE-V204 insertion. In the analysed populations, only cyt b reads with both substitutions S34L and G134A were detected at significant levels, suggesting the selection of resistant strains to both QoI fungicides and ametoctradin. French P. viticolapopulation P36 with low sensitivity to oxathiapiprolin did not contain oxysterol binding protein sequences with both variants G770V and N837I, suggesting the presence of two different  genotypes of P. viticolastrain in this population. Zoxamide insensitivity associated with β-tubulin variants carrying the C239S substitution was detected in Italian vineyard populations but not in France.

L’apparition de lésions cutanées granulomateuses est un effet indésirable fréquent du mogamulizumab (moga) mais la survenue de granulomes dans d’autres organes n’a encore jamais été rapportée. Nous rapportons la première série d’infiltrats granulomateux extracutanés, à localisation osseuse (GO), survenus au cours d’un traitement par moga.

Abstract: Localized in vivo NMR spectroscopy, chemical shift imaging or multi-voxel spectroscopy are potentially useful tools in small animals that are complementary to MRI, adding biochemical information to the mainly anatomical data provided by imaging of water protons. However the contribution of such methods remains hampered by the low spectral resolution of the in vivo 1D spectra. Two-dimensional methods widely developed for in vitro studies have been proposed as suitable approaches to overcome these limitations in resolution. The different homonuclear and heteronuclear sequences adapted to in vivo studies are reviewed. Their specific contributions to the spectral resolution of spectroscopic data and their limitations for in vivo investigations are discussed. The applications to experimental models of pathological processes or pharmacological treatment in mainly brain and muscle are presented. According to their combined sensitivity, acquisition duration and spatial resolution, the heteronuclear 2D experiments, which are mainly used for 1H detected-13C spectroscopy after administration of 13C-labeled compounds, appear to be less efficient than 1H detected-13C 1D methods at high field. However, the applications of 2D proton homonuclear methods show that they remain the best tools for in vivo studies when an improved resolution is required.

The interpretation of creatine kinase (CK) flux measured by 31P NMR magnetization transfer in vivo is complex because of the presence of competing reactions, metabolite compartmentation, and CK isozyme localization. In the isovolumic perfused rat heart, we considered the influence of both ATP compartmentation and ATP-Pi exchange on the forward (Ff: PCr → ATP) and reverse (Fr) CK fluxes derived from complete analysis of inversion transfer. Although Ff should equal Fr because of the steady state, in both protocols when PCr (inv-PCr) or ATP (inv-ATP) was inverted and the contribution of ATP-Pi was masked by saturation of Pi (sat-Pi), Ff/Fr significantly differed from 1 (0.80±0.06 or 1.32±0.06, respectively, n=5). These discrepancies could be explained by a compartment of ATP (fATP) not involved in CK. Consistently, neglecting ATP compartmentation in the analysis of CK in vitro results in an underestimation of Ff/Fr for inv-PCr and its overestimation for inv-ATP. Both protocols gave access to fATP if the system was adequately analyzed. The fraction of ATP not involved in CK reaction in a heart performing medium work amounts to 20–33% of cellular ATP. Finally, the data suggest that the effect of sat-Pi might not result only from the masking of ATP-Pi exchange.

This report describes the first 1H-1H phased spectrum obtained in vivofrom the hind-leg muscles of an intact mouse. TOCSY correlations can follow the complete spin system and give a more detailed graph of each molecule than can COSY. TOCSY is also better suited than COSY for studying long fatty-acid chains. All the peaks are in phase in a TOCSY experiment and the intensities of the cross-correlation peaks are less sensitive to low digitalization in the t1domain than are those of COSY. The improvement in sensitivity was estimated by measuring the volumes of the cross-correlation peaks in COSY and TOCSY spectra.

MAMMALS react to acute hypoxia with an initial augmentation and a secondary depression of the respiratory rhythm generated by brain stem neuronal networks. To investigate the cytosolic level of energy rich phosphorus metabolites during these responses, we developed 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain stem. Moderate hypoxia (paO2= 40 mmHg, 2 min) caused a reversible 62 ± 15 respiratory rhythm depression and decreased cytosolic phosphocreatine levels by 43 ± 11 (p< 0.01, n= 7) without affecting adenosine triphosphate levels. Cellular metabolic depletion therefore contributes to the brain stem response to hypoxia, and appears to reflect adaptive mechanisms to limited oxygen availability in the brain stem.

Mammals react to acute hypoxia with an initial augmentation and a secondary depression of the respiratory rhythm generated by brain stem neuronal networks. To investigate the cytosolic level of energy rich phosphorus metabolites during these responses, we developed 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain stem. Moderate hypoxia (paO240 mmHg, 2 min) caused a reversible 62 ± 15 respiratory rhythm depression and decreased cytosolic phosphocreatine levels by 43 ± 11 (p< 0.01, n7) without affecting adenosine triphosphate levels. Cellular metabolic depletion therefore contributes to the brain stem response to hypoxia, and appears to reflect adaptive mechanisms to limited oxygen availability in the brain stem.

A new method for analysing complex mixtures, 1 H 2D n.m.r., was used to determine polyaromatics in crude gas oil mixtures. 2D NMR overcomes the lack of resolution due to crowded 1D spectra and provides structural information. In particular, TOCSY (total correlation spectroscopy) 2D n.m.r. is well suited to polyaromatics because these molecules give specific 2D fingerprints which can be easily recognized. These patterns were selected and analysed in two ways: (1) specific fingerprint recognition using a pure compound library; (2) using the mixing time τ m of the TOCSY sequence. Variation of τ m gives a change in cross-peak intensities. The intensity variation curves are characteristic of spin systems and hence of the structures of compounds. Alkylated substitutions were also studied. The compounds were quantified. This strategy was used to analyse crude gas oils and measure the contents of separated alkylated naphthalene isomers, biphenyls, anthracene, phenanthrene and benzothiophene.

Muscle degeneration and regeneration were studied by 2D 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and histological examination, in an experimental model of muscle injury using a myotoxic snake venom, notexin. The injured muscles produced a very specific MRS signal, corresponding to a tri‐unsaturated fatty acid (linolenic acid‐like) signal, from day 2 to day 9 after injury. The combination of MRS with histology showed that this signal was associated with a mechanism occurring during myoblast fusion to form myotubes. 2D 1H MRS is thus a useful non‐invasive tool for detecting muscle regeneration in vivo.

The authors report a case of recurrent sulfhemoglobinemia resulting from a chronic abuse of phenacetin. Cyanosis was accompanied by hemolytic anemia and numerous features of tissue aging. While phenacetin was found to be the oxidizing drug, no source of sulfur was identified. The origin of sulfhemoglobinemia in man is discussed and the possible role of intraerythrocytic glutathione is emphasized.

Muscle degeneration and regeneration were studied by 2D 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and histological examination, in an experimental model of muscle injury using a myotoxic snake venom, notexin. The injured muscles produced a very specific MRS signal, corresponding to a tri-unsaturated fatty acid (linolenic acid-like) signal, from day 2 to day 9 after injury. The combination of MRS with histology showed that this signal was associated with a mechanism occurring during myoblast fusion to form myotubes. 2D 1H MRS is thus a useful non-invasive tool for detecting muscle regeneration in vivo.

The mobility kof hydroxylic protons of carbohydrates is shown to depend upon structure, especially for the anomeric protons OH1in the α and β-D-glucose : k(β)k(α)= 1.6.

N‐(2,4‐Dinitrophenyl)pyridinium chloride (I) undergoes exchange reaction with the chiral amines (II) to give the salts (III), which are reduced with boranate, yielding the dihydropyridines (IV).