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Brucellosis imposes substantial impacts on livestock production and public health worldwide. A stochastic, age-structured model incorporating herd demographics was developed describing within- and between-herd transmission of Brucella abortusin dairy cattle herds. The model was fitted to data from a cross-sectional study conducted in Punjab State of India and used to evaluate the effectiveness of control strategies under consideration. Based on model results, stakeholder acceptance and constraints regarding vaccine supply, vaccination of replacement calves in large farms should be prioritized. Test and removal applied at early stages of the control programme where seroprevalence is high would not constitute an effective or acceptable use of resources because significant numbers of animals would be ‘removed’ (culled or not used for breeding) based on false positive results. To achieve sustained reductions in brucellosis, policymakers must commit to maintaining vaccination in the long term, which may eventually reduce frequency of infection in the livestock reservoir to a low enough level for elimination to be a realistic objective. This work provides key strategic insights into the control of brucellosis in India, which has the largest cattle population globally, and a general modelling framework for evaluating control strategies in endemic settings.

The article discusses two studies on the effectiveness and humaneness of a slaughter method called puntilla conducted in the Department of Tarija in southern Bolivia. Puntilla is performed by stabbing the neck of an animal to sever the spinal cord and produce immediate collapse. The studies involved 20 llamas and 309 cattle. Brain and spinal responses were observed in certain proportions of the animals after being stabbed. The implications of the findings for developing countries are tackled.

Angiostrongylosis was diagnosed in 23 dogs presenting Queen Mother Hospital for Animals between June 1999 and 2002. The animals' clinical records were reviewed retrospectively and certain risk factors were compared with a control population of 3407 dogs. Twenty‐two of the 23 dogs were from south‐England and dogs from Surrey (n=8) were significantly overrepresented. There were also significantly more Cavalier Charles spaniels (n=5) and Staffordshire bull terriers (n=the affected dogs than in the control group. The median affected dogs was 10 months (range five to 90 months). common presenting signs were cough (65 per cent), dyspnoea (43 per cent), haemorrhagic diathesis (35 per cent) and (26 per cent). Four dogs were thrombocytopenic and eight significant prolongations in prothrombin time and/or activated partial thromboplastin time. Thoracic radiographs were abnormal 18 of 19 dogs. A variety of changes were observed, the most being a patchy alveolar‐interstitial pattern affecting the dorsocaudal lung fields. Angiostrongylus vasorumlarvae were found in 10 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens and 19 of 19 faecal Three dogs died shortly after admission to the hospital. The remainder were successfully treated with fenbendazole at of 50 mg/kg for five to 21 days. A vasorumshould now be considered endemic to south‐east England.

Experimental measurements for the axial and radial variations in gas holdup, axial and radial dispersion coefficients, volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient and liquid phase circulation velocity in a cone of a large diameter (122 cm) jet bubble column are presented. Two diameters of the inlet nozzle, namely 10.16 cm and 15.24 cm, three superficial gas velocities (based on cylinder diameter), 3 cm/sec, 6 cm/sec and 8 cm/sec and two superficial liquid velocities, 0.3 cm/sec and 0.6 cm/sec, are examined. The experimental data are obtained for two different bed heights.The experimental data showed significant axial and radial variations in the gas holdup. The volumetric average gas holdup was higher at higher gas velocity and larger nozzle diameter and somewhat higher at lower liquid velocity. The axial dispersion was high while the radial dispersion was low. The volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient was larger at higher gas velocity and larger nozzle diameter. The liquid recirculation begins only at the upper end of the cone. In general, experimental data indicate that a jet bubble column provides a high degree of mixing and transport rates.

The sensitivity of coccolithophores to changing CO2and its role modulating cellular photosynthetic carbon isotopic fractionation (εp) is crucial to understand the future adaptation of these organisms to higher CO2world and to assess the reliability of εpfor past CO2estimation. Here, we present εpmeasured on natural fossil samples across the glacial‐interglacial (G‐I) CO2variations of marine isotope stages 12 to 9 interval (454–334 ka) at the western tropical Atlantic Ocean Drilling Program Site 925 together with a set of organic and inorganic geochemical, micropaleontological and morphometrical data from Gephyrocapsacoccoliths in the same samples. The ∼2‰ variation in εpis significantly correlated with the CO2[aq] concentrations calculated from assumption of air‐sea equilibrium with measured ice core pCO2concentrations. The sensitivity of εpto CO2[aq] is similar to that derived from a multiple regression model of culture observations and is not well simulated with the classical purely diffusive model of algal CO2acquisition. The measured range of Gephyrocapsacell sizes is insufficient to explain the non‐CO2effects on εpat this location, via either direct size effect or growth rate correlated to cell size. Primary productivity, potentially triggered by shifting growth rates and light levels, may also affect εp.Proposed productivity proxies % Florisphaera profundaand the ratio between the C37to C38.etalkenone (C37/C38.et ratio) both correlates modestly with the non‐CO2effects on εp. When the observed G‐I εpto CO2sensitivity at this site is used to estimate pCO2from εpsince the Miocene, the inferred pCO2declines are larger in amplitude compared to that calculated from a theoretical εpdiffusive model. We find that oxygen and carbon stable isotope vital effects in the near monogeneric‐separated Gephyrocapsacoccoliths (respectively Δδ18OGephyrocapsa–Trilobatus sacculiferand εcoccolith) are coupled through the time series, but the origins of these vital effects are not readily explained by existing models. Coccolithophore εpsensitivity to CO2[aq] is consistent with that observed in cultures but contrasts with predictions of classical diffusive models of CO2acquisitionGeochemical, micropaleontological, and morphometrical proxies are assessed as indicators of the non‐CO2effects on εpGephyrocapsacoccoliths show coupled variations in oxygen and carbon isotope vital effects over the time series Coccolithophore εpsensitivity to CO2[aq] is consistent with that observed in cultures but contrasts with predictions of classical diffusive models of CO2acquisition Geochemical, micropaleontological, and morphometrical proxies are assessed as indicators of the non‐CO2effects on εp Gephyrocapsacoccoliths show coupled variations in oxygen and carbon isotope vital effects over the time series

Abstract: The present paper discusses the nomenclature problem of the nameChaerophyllo-Valerianetum pyrenaiceae: the later homonym appeared as the result of correction of another published name. Possible solutions are put forward.