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Biochar amalgamated from grass Desmostachya bipinnatawas used for supercapacitors and microbial fuel cell applications. Herein, the nitrogen driven simple carbonization method at 800 C was used without activating agent for preparation of biochar material. The crystalline state, morphology, structural porosity, thermal properties, and vibrational surface area of the biochar were examined using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Raman, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), thermogravimetric analysis/derivative thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the surface functional groups containing oxygen are assessed. The electrodes in supercapacitor and microbial fuel cells are developed from the functionalized biochar material. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies with 1 M H2SO4electrolytes and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazoliu thiocyanate (EMImSCN) ionic liquid were conducted to compare the electrochemical properties of the fabricated supercapacitor. The primed electrodes unveiled augmented capacitance in1M H2SO4electrolyte as ~ 26 F/g in comparison to EMImSCN ionic liquid as ~ 22 F/g. The microbial fuel cell (MFC) emboding the primed electrode as cathode material exhibited a maximum open circuit voltage (OCV) about 819 ± 25 mV and a power density maximum of 0.78 ± 0.09 mW/m3. Significant removal of 77.14% was achieved in chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the effluent with an average effluent concentration of 1423 ± 25 mg/l. On the basis of the obtained results, we can predict that Desmostachya bipinnatacan be a very suitable precursor for preparing carbon material for its use as electrode material for electrochemical energy system (energy conversion and energy storage) devices.

In the present work, the precursor performance of Datura stramoniumas bioresource material was studied for its electrochemical applications. Datura stramoniumcommonly known as thornapple or jimsonweeds is a wild and medicinal shrub belonging to the Solanaceae family, containing tropane alkaloids. Datura stramoniumstem was used to synthesize porous activated carbon as an electrode material to check their performance in electric double-layer supercapacitor. The prepared activated carbon was investigated for the crystal structure, presence of functional groups, and textural properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and N2adsorption-desorption isotherm. The study revealed that activated carbon is microporous in nature and showed BET surface areas of 703 m2/g. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX) spectrum of DSSC sample clearly showed the presence of carbon (67.53 at%) and oxygen (25.63 at%). The presence of elemental chemical composition was further confirmed by XPS analysis. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed to study capacitive behavior of the synthesized activated carbon. The maximum calculated value of specific capacitance (Cs) was found to be 81 F/g for one electrode at current density of 1 A/g. Thus, prepared novel material proves to be an excellent electrode material for energy storage devices.

The concept of graphene in a carbon framework has given rise to enormous improvements to the specific properties of materials. Notably, the combination of graphene with polymeric, metallic and ceramic materials has significantly improved mechanical resistance, electrical and thermal conductivity, and thermal stability of the resulting composite material. In this review, we discuss comprehensive literature on graphene-based composite materials for biomedical and related energy storage applications with emphasis to the synthesis techniques and improved properties of the nanocomposite materials due to graphene addition.

Electrolyte is one of the key components, which plays an important role in various modern electrochemical energy storage devices. Electrode and electrolyte both are key factors which yield high capacitance value, power density and energy density for energy storage devices. This review article emphasizes an overview about classes of electrolyte. Various types of liquid electrolytes (organic, ionic liquid & aqueous) & solid electrolyte (polymer-based electrolytes) are also discussed. There are new compositions like deep eutectic solvent, which have also been discussed in detail, along with their advantages, merits, and demerits. This review also emphasizes recent research efforts in order to elucidate the next steps needed to develop a fundamental framework needed for a deeper understanding of DESs. It covers recent developments in DES research, frames outstanding scientific questions, and identifies promising research thrusts aligned with the advancement of the field towards understanding of these solvents. Natural polymers or starch-based polymer electrolytes are also discussed which are prepared using various methods like solution casting technique, sol-gel method, ionotropic gelation, spin coating and hot-press technique. Performance of polymer electrolyte is then discussed based on different parameters like conductivity, electrochemical stability window, thermal stability window and impedance spectroscopy. Performance indicators of supercapacitor and batteries have been compared for different kind of electrolytes. In the last section, important directions for future scope have been highlighted.

Supercapacitors in combination with renewable energy sources can provide environment friendly and sustainable energy devices. But due to their lower energy density, they are not able to replace batteries for all commercial applications. Their energy density can be increased by using high quantum capacitance electrodes. MXenes have potential to be used for such electrodes. In present work, density of states, band structure and quantum capacitance (QC) of bare and functionalized niobium carbide and titanium carbide MXenes are studied using DFT simulations. The calculated quantum capacitances of Nb2C and Ti2C show significant values of 324.1 and 246.2 µF/cm2respectively. Nb2C shows higher value for QC in comparison to Ti2C for both positive as well as negative electrodes. These calculations are also performed for functionalized MXenes using =O, -F and –OH as functional group. Functionalization of MXenes with these groups reduces the QC of Nb2C and Ti2C MXenes at Fermi level.

•The classification of supercapacitors based on materials used for electrodes and their performance is described.•Recent advancements in the field of activated carbons, amorphous nanostructured oxides, and mixed metal oxides are reviewed.•MnO2based composites and the electrodes prepared by green approach are discussed in detail.•The preposition of supercapattery for futuristic energy storage is also discussed.

Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive T-cell lymphoma associated with the retrovirus human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Cases are classified into one of four subtypes – acute, lymphomatous, chronic and smouldering - according to the criteria of Shimoyama. Essential data necessary for accurate classification are the absolute lymphocyte count, percentage of abnormal lymphocytes, corrected calcium, lactate dehydrogenase measurement and pattern of tissue involvement but assessment of bone marrow (BM) is not essential for classification. Reported median survival in aggressive ATLL is 6.2 months for acute and 10.2 months for lymphomatous subtypes. Data regarding BM involvement in ATLL is scarce coming from small series or case reports and ATLL subtype is rarely reported. In one study BM involvement occurred in 35% of patients with aggressive ATLL, subtype not specified, and was an independent predictor of poor overall survival (Takatsuki et al,2007).To determine the frequency, pattern and morphological features of BM involvement in ATLL.A retrospective analysis of pathology records of patients with ATLL diagnosed between 2000 and 2009 in whom bone marrow staging by trephine examination was undertaken. In addition to morphological analysis immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using a panel comprising monoclonal antibodies against CD2/CD3/CD4/CD5/CD7/CD8/CD20/CD25/CD30/CD56. CD25 staining was further analysed as membranous, cytoplasmic and golgi localisation. HTLV-1 infection was confirmed serologically in all cases.Of the 19 cases 10 had lymphomatous, 8 acute and 1 chronic ATLL. The median age was 49.4 years (range 31.2–74.5) and 11 cases were female. BM involvement was detected in 12 cases (63%). This was evident morphologically in 10 patients, including all 9 with leukemic ATLL and 1 with lymphomatous disease. Disease bulk ranged from 5–40% overall but was <20% in 4/8 with acute ATLL. In 2 additional patients, both ATLL lymphoma, BM involvement was confirmed on IHC only but was minimal (<1%). The absolute lymphocyte count was significantly higher in cases with BM involvement (10.2×109/L v 1.2×109/L, p=0.004) but there was no correlation between degree of BM involvement and lymphocyte count. There was no significant difference in haemoglobin, platelet count, corrected calcium or lactate dehydrogenase levels. The pattern of infiltration was a mixture of interstitial (80%) and nodular (90%) with juxta-trabecular (30%) and peri-sinusoidal (10%) infiltrates also seen. Cell size varied from small to large with large lymphocytes more frequent in acute ATLL (75% of cases). Nuclear irregularity was present in 3/10, all of whom had a range of small, medium and large lymphocytes present. BM eosinophilia was present in 4/19 cases, all with acute ATLL. Of the 5 patients with hypercalcaemia at presentation, all with acute ATLL, bone resorption was observed in 2/5. On IHC the morphologically abnormal cells were CD3+ (11/12), CD2+ (9/10) and CD4+ (9/10). One case was CD4/CD8 dual positive. CD25 was positive in 100% and staining was a mixture of membranous (100%), cytoplasmic (89%) and golgi (22%). CD7 and CD56 were negative in all cases. CD5 expression was lost in 2/8 cases. CD30 was positive on large cells only and this was noted in 2/7 cases. Overall median survival was 8.5 months (range 0.4–72.5) and outcome did not differ according to the presence of bone marrow disease (BM+ 8.0 v BM- 10.4 months, p=0.33).BM involvement was present in all cases with leukaemic ATLL but only in a minority with lymphomatous ATLL, in 2 cases detectable by IHC only; the latter suggests the usefulness of this technique in residual disease assessment post therapy. Appearances were heterogenous with nodular and interstitial infiltrates frequently present in the same case. Eosinophilia and bone resorption were present in cases of acute ATLL only. The significance of BM involvement in ATLL prognosis remains uncertain.No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract 5085

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