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A molecular Kuhn-scale model is presented for the stress relaxation dynamics of entangled polymer networks. The governing equation of the model is given by the general form of the linearized Langevin equation. Based on the fluctuation–dissipation theorem, the stress relaxation modulus is derived using the normal mode representation. The entanglements are introduced as additional entropic springs connecting internal beads of the network strands. The validity of the model is assessed by comparing predicted stress relaxation modulus and viscoelastic storage and loss moduli with the estimates from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, using the same computer models. A finite element procedure is proposed and used to assemble the network connectivity matrix, and its numerically solved eigenvalues are used to predict the linear stress relaxation dynamics. Both perfect (fully polymerized stoichiometric) and imperfect networks with different soluble and dangling structures and loops are studied using mapped Kuhn-scale network models with up to several dozen thousand Kuhn segments. It is shown that for the overlapping ranges of times and frequencies, the model predictions and MD estimates agree well.

Hybrid multiferroic films are fabricated by depositing Pt/Co/Pt multilayers onto [001] and [110] cuts of PMN-PT crystal. The dependence of the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (iDMI) on applied electric field is experimentally investigated in the system by the Brillouin light scattering (BLS) method. A strong variation (from −0.2 to 0.8 mJ/m2) of the iDMI constant is observed when the electric field is applied. In the case of [001] cut, the observed changes in the iDMI have an isotropic character, while in the case of [110] cut, they are anisotropic, which corresponds to the symmetry of the PMN-PT deformations. The change in the iDMI is accompanied by the formation of various unusual domain structures and skyrmion lattices. External control of the DMI with an electric field opens the way to manipulate topological magnetic solitons (such as skyrmions), which are promising objects for information processing and storage.

Obesity is a risk factor for cancer, but whether obesity is linked to specific genomic subtypes of cancer is unknown. We examined the relationship between obesity and tumor genotype in two clinicogenomic corpora. Obesity was associated with specific driver mutations in lung adenocarcinoma, endometrial carcinoma and cancers of unknown primaries, independent of clinical covariates, demographic factors and genetic ancestry. Obesity is therefore a driver of etiological heterogeneity in some cancers.

Men of African descent have the highest prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates, yet the genetic basis of prostate cancer in African men has been understudied. We used genomic data from 3,963 cases and 3,509 controls from Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Uganda to infer ancestry-specific genetic architectures and fine-map disease associations. Fifteen independent associations at 8q24.21, 6q22.1 and 11q13.3 reached genome-wide significance, including four new associations. Intriguingly, multiple lead associations are private alleles, a pattern arising from recent mutations and the out-of-Africa bottleneck. These African-specific alleles contribute to haplotypes with odds ratios above 2.4. We found that the genetic architecture of prostate cancer differs across Africa, with effect size differences contributing more to this heterogeneity than allele frequency differences. Population genetic analyses reveal that African prostate cancer associations are largely governed by neutral evolution. Collectively, our findings emphasize the utility of conducting genetic studies that use diverse populations.

IMPORTANCE: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer care; however, accompanying immune-related adverse events (irAEs) confer substantial morbidity and occasional mortality. Life-threatening irAEs may require permanent cessation of ICI, even in patients with positive tumor response. Therefore, it is imperative to comprehensively define the spectrum of irAEs to aid individualized decision-making around the initiation of ICI therapy. OBJECTIVE: To define incidence, risk factors, and clinical spectrum of an irreversible and life-threatening irAE: ICI-induced diabetes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study, conducted at an academic integrated health care system examined 14 328 adult patients treated with ICIs, including 64 patients who developed ICI-induced diabetes, from July 2010 to January 2022. The data were analyzed from 2022 to 2023. Cases of ICI-induced diabetes were manually confirmed; detailed clinical phenotyping was performed at diagnosis and 1-year follow-up. For 862 patients, genotyping data were available, and polygenic risk for type 1 diabetes was determined. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: For ICI-induced diabetes cases and controls, demographic characteristics, comorbidities, tumor category, and ICI category were compared. Among ICI-induced diabetes cases, markers of glycemic physiology were examined at diagnosis and 1-year follow-up. For patients with available genotyping, a published type 1 diabetes polygenic score (T1D GRS2) was calculated. RESULTS: Of 14 328 participants, 6571 (45.9%) were women, and the median (range) age was 66 (8-106) years. The prevalence of ICI-induced diabetes among ICI-treated patients was 0.45% (64 of 14 328), with an incidence of 124.8 per 100 000 person-years. Preexisting type 2 diabetes (odds ratio [OR], 5.91; 95% CI, 3.34-10.45) and treatment with combination ICI (OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.44-4.59) were significant clinical risk factors of ICI-induced diabetes. T1D GRS2 was associated with ICI-induced diabetes risk, with an OR of 4.4 (95% CI, 1.8-10.5) for patients in the top decile of T1D GRS2, demonstrating a genetic association between spontaneous autoimmunity and irAEs. Patients with ICI-induced diabetes were in 3 distinct phenotypic categories based on autoantibodies and residual pancreatic function, with varying severity of initial presentation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The results of this analysis of 14 328 ICI-treated patients followed up from ICI initiation determined the incidence, risk factors and clinical spectrum of ICI-induced diabetes. Widespread implementation of this approach across organ-specific irAEs may enhance diagnosis and management of these conditions, and this becomes especially pertinent as ICI treatment rapidly expands to treat a wide spectrum of cancers and is used at earlier stages of treatment.

Abstract—: The article analyzes the evolution of the system of strategic goal setting in modern Russia. An analysis of the mechanisms for determining and achieving the goals of economic and social development is given. Criteria for the successful implementation of a long-term development strategy are considered. It is stated that, despite a series of shocks of economic and noneconomic nature, in the formation of long-term development goals, continuity is maintained with the ideas of the Concept of Long-Term Development of 2008 (LDC 2020). The results of economic development achieved over the past 15 years are analyzed. Changes in the mechanisms and conditions for the formation of economic dynamics that occurred after 2022 and their impact on the tools for achieving long-term economic development goals are assessed. The need for long-term goal setting in terms of the formation of effective economic policy is emphasized.

Groin wound dehiscence and infection are a common complication of femoral artery exposure. In patients with prosthetic conduits placed in the groin, these complications can lead to graft infection or anastomotic dehiscence with hemorrhage. Sartorius flaps can be useful in preventing graft infections or anastomotic breakdown in the setting of wound infections. Prophylactic sartorius flaps have been suggested to be a useful adjunct in patients who are at high risk for groin complications. Standard sartorius flaps can be difficult to perform and increase the operative time. We present our experience with a modified sartorius flap, a Transversely Hemisected Sartorius (THT), which avoids dissection to the anterior superior iliac spine. Patients who received femoral artery exposure and a modified prophylactic sartorius flap were included in this case series. The Penn Groin Assessment Scale (PGAS) was calculated for each patient and our primary outcome was the rate of deep space wound infections. Fifteen patients received a THT muscle flap. The average age of the cohort was 67.5 (35–86) years. Eight (50%) were male. The mean PGAS was 2.5 (0–6). Eight (50%) groins had a prosthetic conduit underlying the flap. Four (25%) patients had infrainguinal bypass, 3 (18.8%) for femoral-femoral bypass, and 1 (6.3%) patient received aortic-bifemoral bypass. Eight (50%) patients received sartorius flap after femoral artery exposure for thromboembolectomy, endarterectomy, or access complications. Six (37.5%) patients developed superficial surgical site infections however no deep space infections or prosthetic graft excisions resulted. This procedure was effective in preventing graft infections in all patients with high-risk features for groin infection in our retrospective case series. The segmental blood supply is maintained while providing good coverage of the femoral vessels with this rotational flap.

In recent decades, a lot of research has been conducted to explore poultry feeding behavior. However, up to now, the processes behind poultry feeding behavior remain poorly understood. The review generalizes modern expertise about the hormonal regulation of feeding behavior in chickens, focusing on signaling pathways mediated by insulin, leptin, and ghrelin and regulatory pathways with a cross-reference to mammals. This overview also summarizes state-of-the-art research devoted to hypothalamic neuropeptides that control feed intake and are prime candidates for predictors of feeding efficiency. Comparative analysis of the signaling pathways that mediate the feed intake regulation allowed us to conclude that there are major differences in the processes by which hormones influence specific neuropeptides and their contrasting roles in feed intake control between two vertebrate clades.

Abstract: For the first time in Russia, we present a technology for temporary wafer bonding, which is used to form through holes in silicon (through-silica via (TSV) structures) with a high aspect ratio of depth to diameter (more than 10 to 1), as well as a method for transferring alignment marks from the front to the back side of a thin Si wafer, consisting in the use of a glass carrier plate, which allows for a sufficient amount of deflection of the assembly for lithography. The modernized operating parameters of Si-glass bonding, which consist in controlling the cooling rate of the plates and applying pressure to the plates during their cooling phase, ensure a reduction in the deflection of the resulting assembly by 75% before thinning and by 65% after thinning to a residual thickness of 125 μm while maintaining the mechanical integrity of the plates.

Abstract—: Russia is completing the stage of adaptation to the changed conditions of interaction with the outside world. Now our country is faced with the task of carrying out a set of active measures aimed at modernizing the economy and society in the face of increasing development restrictions. The success of the ongoing economic policy will be determined by the correct choice of directions for structural and technological modernization and tools for achieving results. The article analyzes key aspects of economic development: changes in the institutional environment, potential opportunities for expanding demand, objectives of innovation policy, mechanisms for financing modernization activities. It is stated that the Russian economy has the resources to ensure a significant increase in production efficiency and economic growth rates in the medium and long term. An active economic policy focused on the use of domestic demand reserves is substantiated. Quantitative estimates of the parameters of economic development in 2023–2035 are given.

Abstract: Based on the use of the SWAP land sutface model in combination with scenario projections of the dynamics of the daily values of meteorological characteristics in the territory of the Steppe Crimea until the end of the 21st century obtained using climate models with a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5°, simulations of the components of the water balance and the characteristics of water availability for the region’s ecosystems were carried out for 1961–2100. The climatic values of the average annual near-surface air temperature, annual precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, underground runoff, real transpiration, potential transpiration, water availability for ecosystems and the efficiency of ecosystem use of soil water resources were obtained for the historical (1981–2010) and two projection (2031–2060 and 2071–2100) periods under different global climate change scenarios: SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5. An analysis of changes in these characteristics for the territory of the Steppe Crimea in the 21st century was carried out.

Abstract: Using a small oscillating load (continuous stiffness measurement, CSM), in addition to the main quasi-static load, we determine the hardness, Young’s modulus, storage and loss moduli, mechanical loss coefficient (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\tan \delta $$\end{document}), and the plasticity characteristics in various components of the nanostructure and microstructure of pine (Pinus sylvestris) and spruce (Picea abies) wood. The contribution of structures of different scales to the ratio of the viscoelastic properties of early and late wood in the composition of one annual ring is determined. The plasticity characteristic δАis determined, and the influence of an additional oscillating load on the dynamic parameters of wood is assessed.

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Although smoking-related lung cancers continue to account for the majority of diagnoses, smoking rates have been decreasing for several decades. Lung cancer in individuals who have never smoked (LCINS) is estimated to be the fifth most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2023, preferentially occurring in women and Asian populations. As smoking rates continue to decline, understanding the aetiology and features of this disease, which necessitate unique diagnostic and treatment paradigms, will be imperative. New data have provided important insights into the molecular and genomic characteristics of LCINS, which are distinct from those of smoking-associated lung cancers and directly affect treatment decisions and outcomes. Herein, we review the emerging data regarding the aetiology and features of LCINS, particularly the genetic and environmental underpinnings of this disease as well as their implications for treatment. In addition, we outline the unique diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms of LCINS and discuss future directions in identifying individuals at high risk of this disease for potential screening efforts.

This article investigates the use of off-the-shelf (OTS) diodes as opening switches in a 500-kV nanosecond pulsed power generator. A 40-J test bench based on a saturable pulse transformer and a primary thyratron switch is designed to evaluate the performance of the OTS diodes in comparison with standard semiconductor opening switch (SOS) diodes. A distinguishing feature of the proposed circuit is the adjustability of the output pulse energy, which is achieved using flat hysteresis loop magnetic cores and variable reset magnetic field. The study confirms the operation of OTS diodes as an opening switch, although highlighting differences in the reverse current conduction that affect the generated voltage pulse characteristics. Based on the successful operation of the OTS diodes, a 500-kV pulsed power generator using an OTS Solid-State Opening Switch (GO-SSOS) is developed. The GO-SSOS provides output voltages of 100–500 kV across resistive loads from $50~\Omega $ to 1 k $\Omega $ , with a pulse width of about 100 ns and a rise time of less than 40 ns. The generator achieves a peak power of 335 MW and demonstrates an overall energy efficiency in the range of 30%–70% depending on the load. Operation at a pulse repetition rate of 60 Hz is presented, showing a good reproducibility of the pulses with an amplitude and duration deviation of about 2% and 10%, respectively. No degradation of the OTS diodes has been observed after the tests (more than 1000 pulses). As an example of the possible applications of the GO-SSOS, corona discharge in the air is performed, also proving the stability of all the systems under conditions of strong electromagnetic interference.

The magnetization curves of highly resistive CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB/IrMn magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) are studied in dependence of the electrical field in the barrier. It is shown that the magnetoresistive hysteresis curve of the free layer (FL) is shifted by 6 Oe with the increase of the applied voltage from 50 mV to 1 V. The 100-ns voltage pulse of 2 V changes the magnetization of the FL by 50%. At that the current density of the pulse is small enough as $10^{{3}}$ A/cm2. The most probable explanation of the observed effect is the dependence of the exchange interaction between the ferromagnetic (FM) layers in the MTJ on the electric field in the barrier, which reaches a value of $10^{{7}}$ V/cm. The architecture of the MRAM cell operating on the observed effect is proposed.

We employed the reflective probing of linearly polarized light to explore the dependence of electron spin dynamics, in a high mobility dense two-dimensional electron gas, on the external magnetic field, excitation power and sample temperature using the time-resolved Kerr rotation. Owing to the complex layered structure, the dynamics of spin polarization in the studied sample enclosed information about the spin signal corresponding to the different populations of electrons. Fit to the data revealed multiperiodic spin precession, with distinct g-factors that modulate the decay of the TRKR envelope. Additionally, the spin precession in our structure was seen to be thermally robust, persisting up to 250 K. The dynamics of optically induced spins, from different electron populations, was monitored as a function of different experimental parameters.

AbstractFor every group G, the set $\mathcal {P}(G)$ of its subsets forms a semiring under set-theoretical union $\cup $ and element-wise multiplication $\cdot $ , and forms an involution semigroup under $\cdot $ and element-wise inversion ${}^{-1}$ . We show that if the group Gis finite, non-Dedekind, and solvable, neither the semiring $(\mathcal {P}(G),\cup ,\cdot )$ nor the involution semigroup $(\mathcal {P}(G),\cdot ,{}^{-1})$ admits a finite identity basis. We also solve the finite basis problem for the semiring of Hall relations over any finite set.

A dual-tap coded-exposure-pixel (CEP) image sensor is presented and validated in two computational imaging applications. The NMOS-only data-memory pixel (DMP) reduces the transistor count yielding a $7{-}\mu \text {m}$ pitch. One frame period can include up to 900 subexposures when operating at 30 frames/s, corresponding to 39 000 coded subexposures/s. The $320\times 320$ -pixel sensor features two readout modes using column-parallel analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). ADC1 is a conventional high-accuracy $\Delta \Sigma $ -modulated ADC that digitizes pixel voltage at the end of every frame period, and ADC2 is a fast energy-efficient comparator that compares the pixel voltage with a constant reference voltage during each subexposure. The outputs of the 12-bit frame-rate ADC1 and the 1-bit subexposure-rate ADC2 are adaptively combined to boost the native dynamic range of the uncoded pixel by over 57 dB, demonstrating over 101-dB dynamic range in intensity imaging. In the second demonstrated application, combined with machine-learned projected illumination patterns, the CEP camera enables single-shot structured-light 3-D imaging at the native resolution and the nominal 30 frames/s video rate.

Thyristors triggered in the impact-ionization wave mode is a promising switching method in pulsed power technology. This triggering approach enhances the current capability of standard thyristors, allowing switching a current pulse with an amplitude of 200 kA and a current rise time rate-of-change (dI/dt) of 58 kA/ $\mu \text{s}$ . Thyristor wafer area can be considered as one of the factors that are limiting the peak current amplitude and dI/dt. Switching thyristors in parallel is a possible solution to overcome these limitations. However, no evidence was found in the literature for successful parallel switching of standard thyristors in the impact-ionization wave mode. In this research, the possibility of parallel switching of two standard thyristors rated for 2.2 kV with a wafer diameter of 32 mm was investigated. A Marx generator equipped with a peaking module was used to charge the thyristor equivalent capacitance (1 nF) up to double its static breakdown voltage with a voltage rise time rate-of-change (dV/dt) of more than 1 kV/ns, as required for impact-ionization triggering. The diagnostic system includes two wideband voltage probes (VPs) with a subnanosecond time response, which allows simultaneous measurement of a voltage drop across each thyristor connected in parallel. Two stages of thyristor operation were investigated: 1) a triggering stage, without energy switching, when a dc bias voltage is applied; and 2) a current flow stage, with energy switching, when an $RLC$ discharge circuit is connected. In these experiments, thyristors change from blocking to conducting state within 400 ps, switching a current pulse with an amplitude of 11 kA and a dI/dt of 6 kA/ $\mu \text{s}$ (circuit limits). The current imbalance between the thyristors was less than 10%. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the first time reported that high-voltage thyristors connected in parallel have been successfully triggered in the impact-ionization wave mode.

Semiconductor opening switch (SOS) diodes are capable to switch currents with a density of more than 1 kA/cm 2 and withstand nanosecond pulses with an amplitude of up to 1 MV. SOS diodes, however, require a specific pumping circuit that must simultaneously provide forward and reverse pumping currents with a time of $\sim $ 500 and $\sim $ 100 ns, respectively. Such a pumping circuit with energies $>$ 1 J typically requires a gas-discharge switch or a low-efficient solid-state solution. This study proposes a novel approach to pumping SOS diodes based on a spiral generator (SG) (also known as a vector inversion generator). Due to its wave characteristics, the SG produces a bipolar current discharge that meets the time duration and current amplitude required to pump an SOS diode. Moreover, the initial pulse from the spiral typically has a relatively low current amplitude compared to the opposite polarity secondary pulse, so the SOS diode can operate at very high efficiencies. This idea has been tested using an all-solid-state SG coupled with large-area SOS diodes (1 cm 2). With this combination, a voltage pulse of 62 kV having a rise time of only 11 ns was obtained on an open circuit load (3 pF, 1 $\text{M}\Omega $ ). The experiments were highly repeatable, with no damage to the components despite multiple tests. There is significant scope to further improve the results, with simple alterations to the SG.

This article is devoted to saturable pulse transformers (SPTs), combining the functions of a pulse transformer and a magnetic switch. Two nanocrystalline magnetic cores are investigated in the SPT of an inductive energy storage (IES) pulsed power system based on a semiconductor opening switch (SOS). The first magnetic core has a square hysteresis loop (Br/Bsat $>$ 90%), while the second core has a flat hysteresis loop (Br/Bsat $\sim $ 4%). A test bench with an initially stored energy of 10 J is developed. The circuit design is discussed, and the magnetic materials are compared. Based on the features of the hysteresis loops, two nanosecond high-voltage (HV) SOS generators are tested, with the output voltage adjusted by tuning the input voltage and controlling the bias magnetic field. The influence of the optimal core saturation on the operation of the SOS diode is studied. An adjustable output voltage impulse of more than 200 kV amplitude with a 16 ns rise time is demonstrated on a $1 \text {k}\Omega $ resistive load.

The increasing role of two-dimensional (2D) devices requires the development of new techniques for ultrafast control of physical properties in 2D van der Waals (vdW) nanolayers. A special feature of heterobilayers assembled from vdW monolayers is femtosecond separation of photoexcited electrons and holes between the neighboring layers, resulting in the formation of Coulomb force. Using laser pulses, we generate a 0.8 THz coherent breathing mode in MoSe2/WSe2heterobilayers, which modulates the thickness of the heterobilayer and should modulate the photogenerated electric field in the vdW gap. While the phonon frequency and decay time are independent of the stacking angle between the MoSe2and WSe2monolayers, the amplitude decreases at intermediate angles, which is explained by a decrease in the photogenerated electric field between the layers. The modulation of the vdW gap by coherent phonons enables a new technology for the generation of THz radiation in 2D nanodevices with vdW heterobilayers.

JNJ-73763989 (JNJ-3989), a small interfering RNA, targets all hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNAs, reducing all HBV proteins. JNJ-56136379 (JNJ-6379; also known as bersacapavir), a capsid assembly modulator, inhibits HBV replication. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy (ie, antiviral activity) and safety of these therapeutics in combination with nucleos(t)ide analogues in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Design, production, testing, and operation of reusable launch vehicles are promising areas of development and theoretical research in the field of systems for the maintenance, repair, restoration, and operation of aircraft, including reusable transport rocket and space systems, are relevant. The article is aimed at harmonizing the design solutions of technical systems related to measures for their maintenance during storage. The purpose of the article is to develop methods and algorithms that allow matching performance characteristics and design solutions. The scientific problem is solved by compiling and analyzing the state graph of maintenance models using the Kolmogorov system of differential equations. As a result, the models obtained make it possible to predict the performance of maintenance of complex technical systems during storage and explore the possibility of reducing downtime for maintenance without a significant decrease in the quality of maintenance, namely: to evaluate the optimal maintenance period, to agree on the reserve ratio and maintenance period (costs maintenance depending on the ratio of the reserve), choose the optimal strategy for scheduled maintenance, taking into account the continuous monitoring of the technical condition of the aircraft, evaluate the intensity of failure recovery during continuous and periodic monitoring, and justify the most appropriate ways to improve the quality of service, provided that downtime for maintenance is limited and predict the probability of detecting faults during maintenance.

In this article, we explore a novel architecture for distributing health monitoring computations over distributed cloud regions, both for constantly online patients and offline for several hours daily. We propose a conceptual architecture for a use-case example capable of processing thousands of simultaneous incoming streams with electrocardiogram signals.

Crystalline materials enable essential technologies, and their properties are determined by their structures. Crystal structure prediction can thus play a central part in the design of new functional materials1,2. Researchers have developed efficient heuristics to identify structural minima on the potential energy surface3–5. Although these methods can often access all configurations in principle, there is no guarantee that the lowest energy structure has been found. Here we show that the structure of a crystalline material can be predicted with energy guarantees by an algorithm that finds all the unknown atomic positions within a unit cell by combining combinatorial and continuous optimization. We encode the combinatorial task of finding the lowest energy periodic allocation of all atoms on a lattice as a mathematical optimization problem of integer programming6,7, enabling guaranteed identification of the global optimum using well-developed algorithms. A single subsequent local minimization of the resulting atom allocations then reaches the correct structures of key inorganic materials directly, proving their energetic optimality under clear assumptions. This formulation of crystal structure prediction establishes a connection to the theory of algorithms and provides the absolute energetic status of observed or predicted materials. It provides the ground truth for heuristic or data-driven structure prediction methods and is uniquely suitable for quantum annealers8–10, opening a path to overcome the combinatorial explosion of atomic configurations.

The most widespread approach in dendrochronology (wood dating) and dendroclimatology (climate reconstruction) is based on measurement of the width of annual growth rings by analyzing optical images of wood cross sections. This approach is quite efficient and easy to implement but it has inherent drawbacks. Raw data for these techniques originate from the optical properties of the wood surface, which are not directly related to other properties of wood, mechanical properties in particular. This paper describes a new quantitative approach applicable to dendrochronology and dendroclimatology based upon measurement of the micromechanical properties of wood by employing nanoindendation and digital sclerometry. It yields not only the width of annual growth rings and early and late wood layers with an accuracy not inferior to optical methods, but also rich data on the mechanical properties of the wood with a high spatial resolution that could be brought to subcellular scale if necessary. This data can be used for the dendrochronological analysis of archeological finds and the evaluation of climatic parameters during tree growth with a time resolution of up to a month or even better, which is unlike other common methods with a time resolution of one year. Moreover, the detailed continuous profiling of local mechanical properties can form a basis for improving our understanding of the nature and mechanisms of the formation of macromechanical properties important for applications and can clarify the climate factors that have the greatest impact on such properties.

Abstract: The increasing demand for products manufactured using nanotechnology contributes to a major increase in the synthesis of nanoscale materials and their inflow into the aquatic environment. TiO2nanoparticles as micropollutants in the aquatic environment directly affect many living organisms with generally negative effects. Microalgae have proven efficacy in bioremediation, which makes them a potential agent for the bioremediation of nanoparticles from wastewater. Evaluation of the capacity of microalgae from the genus Desmodesmusfor the bioaccumulation of TiO2nanoparticles is carried out and the degree of resistance of microalgae cells to the action of environmentally relevant concentrations of these nanoparticles is determined. Spherical TiO2nanoparticles with a size of 30–40 nm are used. It is found by flow cytometry that TiO2nanoparticles at concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L have no significant effect on the viability of microalgae cells and level of oxidative stress. Nanoparticles at a concentration of 1000 µg/L increase the concentration of photosynthetic pigments by 18–33% by day 13 of the experiment. Desmodesmussp. appears to be a culture relatively resistant to nanoparticles; the increased bioaccumulation of titanium by microalgae cells in the experimental groups is detected by ICP-MS. All this indicates the significant potential of Desmodesmussp. for the removal of nanostructured pollutants from the aquatic environment.

Abstract: Viral infections are responsible for the death of several million people every year and cause significant damage to the global economy. Existing methods for diagnosing and combating viruses are not always effective; therefore, it is promising to develop new methods based on the latest scientific achievements. The review discusses the potential application of nanotechnological approaches in the detection and treatment of viral infections, as well as for antiviral vaccination. Nanoparticles (NPs) of gold, silver, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, iron-oxide-based magnetic NPs, and NPs containing copper, tin, indium, nickel, and platinum are the most commonly used in this direction. At the same time, the unique optical, electrical, photocatalytic, and magnetic properties of NPs are actively used. A high penetrating power and surface activity facilitating functionalization are the key advantages of NPs for use as the basis for targeted delivery systems for antiviral drugs and vaccines. Finally, the size of NPs is identical to that of viruses, which makes it possible to use NPs for direct interaction with viral particles, including the competitive deposition of viruses on the surface of specially shaped particles and the selective capture of viruses by magnetic particles. The review presents an analysis of the results of new studies aimed at assessing the potential of using nanoparticles, including gold, silver, and iron oxides, for diagnostics and control of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which caused the COVID-19 pandemic. Numerous examples of the effective use of NPs based on noble and transition metals in laboratory experiments for diagnostics and therapeutics, as well as for the development of vaccines against viral infections, are given. This indicates the promise of using nanotechnological approaches in these areas. However, one should take into account the potential risks associated with the use of NPs and nanomaterials in direct contact with the human body.

Abstract—: The article discusses the key trends in Russia’s economic development. An assessment of economic growth rates for the period up to 2035 is being carried out. Based on alternative scenarios, the effectiveness of regular macroeconomic policy measures to stimulate economic growth is assessed. On the basis of econometric scenario calculations, the inefficiency of regular macroeconomic policy measures to stimulate long-term economic growth is shown. The strategic directions of economic policy are considered in order to overcome long-term stagnation.

Abstract—: The characteristics of the shape memory effect of a silicone rubber–titanium nickelide composite material under bending deformation have been studied. It is shown that the critical deformation (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varepsilon _{{{\text{cr}}}}^{{0.2}}$$\end{document}), upon reaching which 0.2% of unrecoverable deformation is accumulated in the composite, can reach 36–38% (at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varepsilon _{{{\text{cr}}}}^{{0.2}}$$\end{document}= 9% in a reinforcing filler made of titanium nickelide). A method for calculating the mechanical behavior of a composite under bending deformation is proposed.