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Due to the lack of effective attack detection measures, cyberattacks may cause strong damage to industrial cyber–physical systems (CPSs). The embedding of attack categories learned by the existing attack detection methods is highly coupled to each other with fuzzy boundaries and overlapped neighborhood, leading to weak robustness and high false positive rates. To address these issues, in this article, we propose a few-shot attack detection method based on decoupled prototype learning (DPL-FSAD), aiming to enhance the detection accuracy and generalization capabilities for malicious attacks in CPS. Specifically, we first introduce feature contrastive learning to extract differentiated features from highly similar samples, achieving compact intraclass and sparse interclass feature embedding space. To solve the problem of fuzzy boundaries of different attack categories, prototype contrastive learning is then employed to reduce the coupling degree among prototypes and enhance their discriminability. A regularization term is exploited to mitigate the overfitting problem by reducing the gap between the feature embedding and prototypes. Furthermore, an orthogonal constraint is employed to separate prototypes of different attack types, generating a decoupled prototype embedding space. The experimental results on three public cyberattack datasets show that, compared with the suboptimal model a few-shot learning model with Siamese convolutional neural network (FSL-SCNN), the proposed DPL-FSAD can improve the precision by 5.53%, F1-score by 3.3%, and reduce the false positive rate by 2.37% in average, which proves that the space decoupled prototype learning is effective for improving the generalization and robustness of industrial CPS attack detection in few-shot scenario.

We consider a distributed personalized optimization problem over a network of nodes whose cost functions depend on a decision variable consisting of two parts: global (shared) part and local (node-specific) part. This problem structure arises in several important scenarios, where the global part captures the common feature among nodes and the local part represents the personalized feature. To solve this problem, we develop a flexible algorithmic framework employing personalized distributed stochastic gradient tracking method, where each node updates variables locally and communicates the shared part with its neighbors for coordination in a stochastic way. Different from existing works, the proposed framework provides great flexibility in designing algorithms with uncoordinated stepsizes for updating local and global parts over changing topologies. Most importantly, it can eliminate the effect of heterogeneity among nodes thanks to the gradient tracking scheme. Leveraging a properly designed Lyapunov function, we prove the convergence of the proposed algorithm for both (strongly) convex and nonconvex objective functions with cross-block Lipschitz gradients. The obtained rate results show clear dependence of the convergence performance on topology, heterogeneity of stepsize, and properties of objective functions. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm accounting for node-specific heterogeneity.

Ru-based electrocatalysts hold great promise for developing affordable proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers. However, the harsh acidic oxidative environment of the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) often causes undesirable overoxidation of Ru active sites and subsequent serious activity loss. Here, we present an ultrathin and conformal depletion layer attached to the Schottky heterojunction of core/shell RuCo/RuCoOxthat not only maximizes the availability of active sites but also improves its durability and intrinsic activity for acidic OER. Operando synchrotron characterizations combined with theoretical calculations elucidate that the lattice strain and charge transfer induced by Schottky heterojunction substantially regulate the electronic structures of active sites, which modulates the OER pathway and suppresses the overoxidation of Ru species. Significantly, the closed core/shell architecture of the RuCo/RuCoOxensures the structure integrity of the Schottky heterojunction under acidic OER conditions. As a result, the core/shell RuCo/RuCoOxSchottky heterojunction exhibits an unprecedented durability up to 250 0 h at 10 mA cm–2with an ultralow overpotential of ∼170 mV at 10 mA cm–2in 0.5 M H2SO4. The RuCo/RuCoOxcatalyst also demonstrates superior durability in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, showcasing the potential for practical applications.

Currently, experimental research on variable stiffness design mainly focuses on laminates. To ensure adaptability in practical application, it is imperative to conduct a systematic study on stiffened variable stiffness structures, including design, manufacture, experiment, and simulation. Based on the minimum curvature radius and process schemes, two types of T-stiffened panels were designed and manufactured. Uniaxial compression tests have been carried out and the results indicate that the buckling load of variable stiffness specimens is increased by 26.0%, while the failure load is decreased by 19.6%. The influence mechanism of variable stiffness design on the buckling and failure behavior of T-stiffened panels was explicated by numerical analysis. The primary reason for the reduced strength is the significantly increased load bearing ratio of stiffeners. As experimental investigations of stiffened variable stiffness structures are very rare, this study can be considered a reference for future work.

Aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13) is a widely expressed transmembrane ectoenzyme that is crucial for maintaining normal physiological activities. It exhibits abnormal activity closely associated with hepatic fibrosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, there is a high demand for noninvasive detection of aminopeptidase N (APN) in the diagnosis and research of related diseases. Here, we developed a small molecule fluorescent probe, Hcy-APN, which is a fluorescent probe with high sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of APN. Furthermore, we synthesized the fluorescent nanoprobe Hcy-APN@MSN by self-assembling Hcy-APN and mesoporous silica nanoparticles in solution using a combination of molecular probe design and nanofunctionalization strategies. The detection limit of this probe was 1.5 ng/mL. Hcy-APN@MSN exhibits more stable spectral characteristics compared to Hcy-APN and is suitable for detecting APN activity in live cells and mice. Hcy-APN@MSN was utilized for in vivo and intracellular imaging of NAFLD and hepatic fibrosis at different stages, as well as for a systematic assessment of APN levels in the liver. The results confirm an elevation in the expression levels of APN in NAFLD and hepatic fibrosis models. Furthermore, we investigated the inhibitory effect of the APN inhibitor bestatin in nonalcoholic fatty liver and hepatic fibrosis disease models, confirming its regulatory effect on APN levels in cells and in vivo in both disease models. Therefore, this study may offer diagnostic possibilities for detecting NAFLD and hepatic fibrosis.

Regulating the reaction pathway of a hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst to achieve ultradeep desulfurization of diesel is a low-energy-consumption yet effective strategy but remains a tricky challenge. Herein, we present a Ni2P/Al2O3catalyst with mesoporous properties synthesized by a facile hydrothermal-temperature-programmed reduction and normal impregnation (TPRI) method, and then different precious metals with similar loadings were introduced to prepare M–Ni2P/Al2O3(M = Pt, Pd) catalysts through incipient wetness impregnation. Their structures were analyzed by a series of characterization methods, and their catalytic performances were examined for 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) HDS. The correlation characterization results revealed that the kind of precious metals significantly affected the surface acidity and then the metal–support interaction (MSI) between Ni2P and Al2O3. Among them, the Pt–Ni2P/Al2O3catalyst exhibits superior HDS activity with 88.5% 4,6-DMDBT conversion to Pd–Ni2P/Al2O3(76.3%) and pristine Ni2P/Al2O3(58.6%) catalysts under reaction conditions of 3.4 MPa, 340 °C, and LHSV = 4.8 h–1. This should be due to the introduction of Pt, which significantly facilitates the dissociation rate of H2and the subsequent generation of more active hydrogen species than Pd, thereby promoting the formation of Brønsted acid sites, remarkably facilitating the isomerization (ISO) pathway, and markedly enhancing the 4,6-DMDBT HDS conversion of Pt–Ni2P/Al2O3. This work provides an efficient protocol to tame the reaction pathway and thereafter the catalytic performance of the HDS catalyst in the future.

Recent advances in chemical proteomics have focused on developing chemical probes that react with nucleophilic amino acid residues. Although histidine is an attractive candidate due to its importance in enzymatic catalysis, metal binding and protein–protein interaction, its moderate nucleophilicity poses challenges. Its modification is frequently influenced by cysteine and lysine, which results in poor selectivity and narrow proteome coverage. Here we report a singlet oxygen and chemical probe relay labelling method that achieves high selectivity towards histidine. Libraries of small-molecule photosensitizers and chemical probes were screened to optimize histidine labelling, enabling histidine profiling in live cells with around 7,200 unique sites. Using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, we characterized the reaction mechanism and the structures of the resulting products. We then applied this method to discover unannotated histidine sites key to enzymatic activity and metal binding in select metalloproteins. This method also revealed the accessibility change of histidine mediated by protein–protein interaction that influences select protein subcellular localization, underscoring its capability in discovering functional histidines.

Small secreted peptides (SSPs) are essential for defense mechanisms in plant–microbe interactions, acting as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Despite the first discovery of SSPs over three decades ago, only a limited number of SSP families, particularly within Solanaceae plants, have been identified due to inefficient approaches. This study employed comparative genomics screens with Solanaceae proteomes (tomato, tobacco, and pepper) to discover a novel SSP family, SolP. Bioinformatics analysis suggests that SolP may serve as an endogenous signal initiating the plant PTI response. Interestingly, SolP family members from tomato, tobacco, and pepper share an identical sequence (VTSNALALVNRFAD), named SlSolP12 (also referred to as NtSolP15 or CaSolP1). Biochemical and phenotypic analyses revealed that synthetic SlSolP12 peptide triggers multiple defense responses: ROS burst, MAPK activation, callose deposition, stomatal closure, and expression of immune defense genes. Furthermore, SlSolP12 enhances systemic resistance against Botrytis cinereainfection in tomato plants and interferes with classical peptides, flg22 and Systemin, which modulate the immune response. Remarkably, SolP12 activates ROS in diverse plant species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, soybean, and rice, showing a broad spectrum of biological activities. This study provides valuable approaches for identifying endogenous SSPs and highlights SlSolP12 as a novel DAMP that could serve as a useful target for crop protection.

Background: Placebo control plays an important role in evaluating the effectiveness of interventions. Specifying differential effects of various placebo controls on migraine prevention would be essential in the explanation of preventive treatment for migraine and the indirect comparison between different prophylactic therapeutics. Objectives: To access the impact of different non-pharmacologic placebo types on different outcomes in migraine patients. Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, Embase, and Web of Science databases from the date of creation to June 19, 2023. Randomized controlled trials of migraine that included sham intervention of acupuncture or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or non-invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation (nVNS) or repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) or transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) were conducted. The primary outcome was the migraine days, and the secondary outcomes were the number of migraine attacks, headache days, headache frequency, and responder’s rate. Placebo effects were assessed using five individual placebos for network meta-analysis, using mean differences to measure the relative effect of pair-wise comparisons between interventions. Result: A total of 50 trials with 4880 subjects were included. Twenty-seven trials were evaluated for low risk of bias. The results of indirect comparisons show that sham rTMS and sham tDCS had optimal and similar effects in reducing migraine days; sham acupuncture has the greatest effect on reducing the number of migraine attacks and relieving headache frequency; sham rTMS had a highly significant advantage in reducing headache days compared with the other placebo controls. Conclusion: Based on the network meta-analysis results, we found that sham acupuncture had the greatest effect on migraine prophylaxis. The strong placebo effect of sham acupuncture should be considered when assessing the therapeutic effect.

With the surge of vehicles and transportation, sensing obstacles and warning drivers to avoid accidents have become a great concern in recent years. In the current roadworthy electromagnetic environment, the number of frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) millimeter-wave (MMW) automotive radars has exploded due to their unique advantages in environmental sensing. However, the frequency band of the automotive radars is limited from 77 to 81 GHz, hence the burgeoning of radars on the road is bound to cause mutual interference and jeopardize further target detection and parameter estimation. In this paper, two basic schemes are considered to mitigate mutual interference of automotive radars. First, we consider the sparse characteristics of the mutual interference in the two-dimensional (2-D) time domain and employ a sparse interference extraction (SIE) method to tackle the mutual interference. Next, we further consider the low-rank property of the useful echoes across multiple channels and propose a novel three-dimensional (3-D) tensor decomposition (TD) method to decompose the received signals into mutual interference and useful echoes. Several numerical simulations are fulfilled to test the robustness of the proposed TD method, especially for multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) systems under complex electromagnetic circumstances. Furthermore, more experiments are implemented to demonstrate its feasibility in practical applications in comparison to multiple state-of-the-art methods.

AbstractThe influenza A virus matrix protein 2 (AM2) protein is a proton-gated, proton-selective ion channel essential for influenza replication that has been identified as an antiviral target. The drug-resistance of the M2-V27A/S31N strain, which has been growing more prevalent in recent years and has the potential to spread globally, prevents current amantadine inhibitors from having the desired impact. In this study, we compiled the most common influenza A virus strains from 2001–2020 from the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information database and hypothesized that M2-V27A/S31N would become a common strain. The lead compound ZINC299830590 was screened for M2-V27A/S31N in the ZINC15 database using a pharmacophore model and molecular descriptors. This lead compound was then optimized by molecular growth, which allowed us to identify important amino acid residues and create interactions with them to produce compound 4. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that the complex of compound 4 and M2-V27A/S31N had certain degrees of stability and flexibility. The binding free energy of compound 4 was calculated using the MM/PB(GB)SA method and totaled −106.525 kcal/mol. Finally, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles were predicted using the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity model, which indicated the good bioavailability of compound 4. These results provide the basis for further in vivoand in vitrostudies to demonstrate that compound 4 is a promising drug candidate against M2-V27A/S31N.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Telomeres are specialized structures at the ends of linear chromosomes that protect genome stability. The telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) that is transcribed from subtelomeric regions can invade into double-stranded DNA regions and form RNA:DNA hybrid-containing structure called R-loop. In tumor cells, R-loop formation is closely linked to gene expression and the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway. Dysregulated R-loops can cause stalled replication forks and telomere instability. However, how R-loops are recognized and regulated, particularly at telomeres, is not well understood. We discovered that ILF3 selectively associates with telomeric R-loops and safeguards telomeres from abnormal homologous recombination. Knocking out ILF3 results in excessive R-loops at telomeres and triggers telomeric DNA damage responses. In addition, ILF3 deficiency disrupts telomere homeostasis and causes abnormalities in the ALT pathway. Using the proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) technology, we mapped the ILF3 interactome and discovered that ILF3 could interact with several DNA/RNA helicases, including DHX9. Importantly, ILF3 may aid in the resolution of telomeric R-loops through its interaction with DHX9. Our findings suggest that ILF3 may function as a reader of telomeric R-loops, helping to prevent abnormal homologous recombination and maintain telomere homeostasis.

The associative phase separation of charged biomacromolecules plays a key role in many biophysical events that take place in crowded intracellular environments. Such natural polyelectrolyte complexation and phase separation often occur at nonstoichiometric charge ratios with the incorporation of bioactive proteins, which is not studied as extensively as those complexations at stoichiometric ratios. In this work, we investigated how the addition of a crowding agent (polyethylene glycol, PEG) affected the complexation between chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA), especially at nonstoichiometric ratios, and the encapsulation of enzyme (catalase, CAT) by the colloidal complexes. The crowded environment promoted colloidal phase separation at low charge ratios, forming complexes with increased colloidal and dissolution stability, which resulted in a smaller size and polydispersity (PDI). The binding isotherms revealed that the addition of PEG greatly enhanced the ion-pairing strength (with increased ion-pairing equilibrium constant Kafrom 4.92 × 104without PEG to 1.08 × 106with 200 g/L PEG) and switched the coacervation from endothermic to exothermic, which explained the promoted complexation and phase separation. At the stoichiometric charge ratio, the enhanced CS-HA interaction in crowded media generated a more solid-like coacervate phase with a denser network, slower chain relaxation, and higher modulus. Moreover, both crowding and complex encapsulation enhanced the activity and catalytic efficiency of CAT, represented by a 2-fold increase in catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) under 100 g/L PEG crowding and CS-HA complex encapsulation. This is likely due to the lower polarity in the microenvironment surrounding the enzyme molecules. By a systematic investigation of both nonstoichiometric and stoichiometric charge ratios under macromolecular crowding, this work provided new insights into the complexation between natural polyelectrolytes in a scenario closer to an intracellular environment.

Sex pheromone analogs have high structural similarity to sex pheromone components. They also play a role in studying many agricultural pests. In our study, (Z, Z, Z)-3,6,9-nonadecadiene (Z3Z6Z9-19:Hy) was successfully synthesized, which is an analogue to 1 of 2 sex pheromone components of Ectropis grisescensWarren (Z, Z, Z)-3,6,9-octadecatriene (Z3Z6Z9-18:Hy), and it showed potential inhibition in experiments. In the electroantennogram test, Z3Z6Z9-19:Hy showed a dose-dependent response, and only measured half the response of Z3Z9-6,7-epo-18:Hy. However, the compound significantly reduced positive response of E. grisescensmales by up to 70% in the Y-tube olfactometer. Furthermore, in the wind tunnel, it significantly inhibited all types of behavioral responses. The percentage of moths contacting the pheromone odor source was reduced even at the lowest dose tested. In silico study afterward, molecular docking results showed affinity between Z3Z6Z9-19:Hy and sensory neuron membrane protein 1. Our study revealed the potential of Z3Z6Z9-19:Hy as a sex pheromone inhibitor, which would provide new tools for monitoring and mating disruption of E. grisescens.

•EXT1 and EXT2 were highly expressed in HNSC.•EXT2 was significantly negatively correlated to the prognosis of patients with HNSC.•EXT2 was considerably negatively connected with immune infiltrating levels of HNSC.

The critical role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been recognized by researchers recently, and natural antioxidants have been demonstrated to have anti-AD activity in animal models, such as Ginkgo bilobaextract, soy isoflavones, lycopene, and so on. This paper summarized these natural antioxidants and points out that natural antioxidants always have multiple advantages which are help to deal with AD, such as clearing free radicals, regulating signal transduction, protecting mitochondrial function, and synaptic plasticity. Based on the available data, we have created a relatively complete pathway map of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and AD-related targets and concluded that oxidative stress caused by ROS is the core of AD pathogenesis. In the prospect, we introduced the concept of a combined therapeutic strategy, termed “Antioxidant-Promoting Synaptic Remodeling,” highlighting the integration of antioxidant interventions with synaptic remodeling approaches as a novel avenue for therapeutic exploration.

Al–10Bi–7Zn and Al–10Bi–7Zn–1.5X (X: Cu, Fe, Ni, in wt.%) composite powders were designed and prepared through phase diagram calculation and gas atomization method. The effects of Cu, Fe, and Ni on the hydrolysis of Al–Bi–Zn-base composite powders for hydrogen production were investigated respectively. The composition and morphology of powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. Hydrolysis performance test results indicate that the additions of Cu, Fe, or Ni can modify the hydrogen production rate and enhance oxidation resistance in Al–10Bi–7Zn ternary alloy composite powder. In the quaternary composite powder system, Al–10Bi–7Zn–1.5Ni (wt.%) exhibits the best performance with the hydrogen generation yield of 75.3% (954.1 mL/g) within 500 min when reacting with distilled water at 60 °C and maintains a hydrogen yield of 57.9% (733.7 mL/g) within 1500 min after being stored (30 °C, relative humidity of 60%) for 7 d. In addition, the mechanism investigation suggested that the additions of Cu, Fe, or Ni in Al–Bi–Zn-base composite powders can stabilize the Al matrix to retain the high activity of powders resulting from inhibiting the cracking of composite powders in the air.

Coumarin was detected as one of the most abundant compounds by nontargeted analysis of natural product components in actual water samples prior to disinfection. More importantly, prechlorination of humic acid generated 3-hydroxycoumarin and monohydroxy-monomethyl-substituted coumarin with a total yield of =10.1%, which suggested the humic substance in raw water is an important source of coumarins. 7-Hydroxycoumarin, 6-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin, and 7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin were identified in raw water by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry because only some coumarin standards were commercially available. Their chlorination generated monochlorinated and polychlorinated coumarins, and their structures were confirmed by the synthesized standards. These products could form at various dosages of chlorine and pH levels, and some with a concentration of 600 ng/L can be stable in tap water for days. 3,6,8-Trichloro-7-hydroxycoumarin, 3-chloro-7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin, and 3,6-dichloro-7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin were first identified in finished water with concentrations of 0.0670, 78.1, and 14.7 ng/L, respectively, but not in source water, suggesting that they are new DBPs formed during disinfection. The cytotoxicity of 3-chloro-7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin in CHO-K1 cells was comparable to those of 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone in TIC-Tox analyses, suggesting that further investigation of their occurrence and control in drinking water systems is warranted.

The rapid growth of the Chinese economy has fueled the expansion of power grids. Power transformers are key equipment in power grid projects, and their price changes have a significant impact on cost control. However, the prices of power transformer materials manifest as nonsmooth and nonlinear sequences. Hence, estimating the acquisition costs of power grid projects is difficult, hindering the normal operation of power engineering construction. To more accurately predict the price of power transformer materials, this study proposes a method based on complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) and gated recurrent unit (GRU) network. First, the CEEMD decomposed the price series into multiple intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Multiple IMFs were clustered to obtain several aggregated sequences based on the sample entropy of each IMF. Then, an empirical wavelet transform (EWT) was applied to the aggregation sequence with a large sample entropy, and the multiple subsequences obtained from the decomposition were predicted by the GRU model. The GRU model was used to directly predict the aggregation sequences with a small sample entropy. In this study, we used authentic historical pricing data for power transformer materials to validate the proposed approach. The empirical findings demonstrated the efficacy of our method across both datasets, with mean absolute percentage errors (MAPEs) of less than 1% and 3%. This approach holds a significant reference value for future research in the field of power transformer material price prediction.

Because it can make “snail house” realize the dream of large screen, ultra‐short throw projection display has developed rapidly in the application of indoor display. However, due to its unique characteristics of short‐distance projection, using illuminance meter to test and evaluate the uniformity of projection will cause large errors. In this paper, it is recommended to use imaging luminance meter instead of illuminance meter to evaluate the optical characteristics of ultra‐short throw projection display by referring to the test methods of traditional indoor displays, and the applicability of this method is proved by measured data.

Lean NOxtraps (LNTs) have proven to be efficient in mitigating NOxemissions from light-duty diesel or lean-burn engines. Nevertheless, “NOxpuff” is usually observed on conventional LNT catalysts due to the release of previously stored NOxrather than reducing it during the initial lean-burn period, which significantly lowers the overall NOxremoval efficiency. Thus, Rh was introduced into the Cu5Ba5Ce catalyst with an excellent NOxstorage performance to address the “NOxpuff” issue in this work. The onset of the “NOxpuff” on Rh1Cu5Ba5Ce during the initial phase of the rich-burn period is effectively controlled. The concentration of the “NOxpuff” is decreased from 1200 ppm on Cu5Ba5Ce to 400 ppm on Rh1Cu5Ba5Ce. Moreover, the NOxstorage and removal efficiency are improved from 75.2 and 22.0% on Cu5Ba5Ce to 99.1 and 74.2% on the Rh1Cu5Ba5Ce catalyst, respectively. The concentration of oxygen vacancies is increased, and the adsorption behavior of CO is adjusted by the introduction of Rh. The concentrations of Ce3+, Cu2+, and surface oxygen are promoted, which are contributed to enhance the amount of NOxadsorption and storage. The introduction of Rh compensates for the insufficient reduction capability of the Cu5Ba5Ce catalyst during the initial lean-burn period, enhancing the reactivity of NOxand CO. Finally, the “NOxpuff” was inhibited by NO catalytic reduction with CO to improve NOxremoval efficiency. This study provides an efficient strategy to address “NOxpuff” issues on Ce-based LNT catalysts.